NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Electronic Stability Control

Electronic stability control (ESC) is a computerized technology that improves the safety of a vehicle's handling by detecting and preventing skids. When ESC detects loss of steering control, ESC automatically applies individual brakes to help "steer" the vehicle where the driver wants to go. Braking is automatically applied to individual wheels, such as the inner rear wheel to counter understeer, or the outer front wheel to counter oversteer. Some ESC systems also reduce engine power until control is regained.^[1] Car handling and vehicle handling is a description of the way wheeled vehicles perform transverse to their direction of motion, particularly during cornering and swerving. ... Ideally, when the car reaches the turn, the driver will steer it along the line marked with green dots. ... Ideally, when the car reaches the turn, the driver will steer it along the line marked with green dots. ...

Operation

ESC compares the driver's intended direction (by measuring steering angle) to the vehicle's actual direction (by measuring lateral acceleration, vehicle rotation (yaw) and individual wheel speeds). If the vehicle is not going where the driver is steering, ESC then brakes individual front or rear wheels and/or reduces excess engine power as needed to help correct understeer (plowing) or oversteer (fishtailing). Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. ... Acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity and/or direction, and at any point on a velocity-time graph, it is given by the slope of the tangent to the curve at that point. ... The word yaw can refer to: Yaw, the name for the Levantine god of chaos, rivers, the sea, and tempests; Yaw, an aeronautical and nautical term which indicates how far a craft is pointing away from its direction of travel due to rotation about its vertical axis. ... Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. ... For other uses, see Engine (disambiguation). ... Ideally, when the car reaches the turn, the driver will steer it along the line marked with green dots. ... Ideally, when the car reaches the turn, the driver will steer it along the line marked with green dots. ...

ESC incorporates yaw rate control into anti-lock brakes. Yaw is rotation around the vertical axis; i.e. spinning left or right. Anti-lock brakes enable ESC to brake individual wheels. ESC may also incorporate traction control, which senses drive-wheel slip under acceleration and individually brakes the slipping wheel or wheels and/or reduces excess engine power until control is regained. An anti-lock braking system (commonly known as ABS, from the German name Antiblockiersystem given to it by its inventors at Bosch) is a system on motor vehicles which prevents the wheels from locking while braking. ... The word yaw can refer to: Yaw, the name for the Levantine god of chaos, rivers, the sea, and tempests; Yaw, an aeronautical and nautical term which indicates how far a craft is pointing away from its direction of travel due to rotation about its vertical axis. ... An anti-lock braking system (commonly known as ABS, from the German name Antiblockiersystem given to it by its inventors at Bosch) is a system on motor vehicles which prevents the wheels from locking while braking. ... Traction control systems, on current production vehicles, are typically (but not necessarily) electro-hydraulic systems designed to prevent loss of traction (and therefore the control of the vehicle) when excessive throttle or steering is applied by the driver. ...

ESC cannot override a car's physical limits or increase traction. If a driver pushes the vehicle's traction beyond its limits, ESC cannot prevent a crash. It is a tool to help the driver maintain control using available traction.

Components and Design

The ESC-system uses several sensors to determine what the driver wants (input). Other sensors indicate the actual state of the vehicle (response). The control-algorithm compares driver input to vehicle response (25 times per second) and decides, when necessary, to apply brakes and/or reduce throttle. Not to be confused with censure, censer, or censor. ...

The sensors used for ESC have to send data at all times in order to detect possible defects as soon as possible. They have to be resistant to possible forms of interference (rain, holes in the road, etc.). The most important sensors are:

ESC uses a hydraulic modulator to assure that each wheel receives the correct brake force. A similar modulator is used in ABS. ABS needs to reduce pressure during braking, only. ESC additionally needs to increase pressure in certain situations. Magnetoresistance is the property of some materials to change the value of their electrical resistance when an external magnetic field is applied to them. ... A yaw rate sensor is a gyroscopic device that measures a vehicleâ€™s rotation around its vertical axis. ... Hall effect diagram, showing electron flow (rather than conventional current). ... Wheel speed sensors are sender devices used for reading the speed of the vehicles wheel rotation. ... An anti-lock braking system (ABS) (translated from German, Antiblockiersystem) is a system on motor vehicles which prevents the wheels from locking while braking. ...

The heart of the ESC-system is the Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The various control techniques are embedded in it. Often, the same ECU is used for diverse systems at the same time (ABS, Traction control, climate control, etc.). The input signals are sent through the input-circuit to the digital controller. The desired vehicle state is determined based upon the steering wheel angle, its gradient and the wheel speed. Simultaneously, the yaw sensor measures the actual state. The controller computes the needed brake or acceleration force for each wheel and directs via the driver circuits the valves of the hydraulic modulator. Via a CAN-interface the ECU is connected with other systems (ABS, etc.) in order to avoid giving contradictory commands. In automotive electronics, an electronic control unit (ECU) is an embedded microcomputer that controls one or more of the electrical subsystems in a vehicle. ... An anti-lock braking system (ABS) (translated from German, Antiblockiersystem) is a system on motor vehicles which prevents the wheels from locking while braking. ... Traction control systems, on current production vehicles, are typically (but not necessarily) electro-hydraulic systems designed to prevent loss of traction (and therefore the control of the vehicle) when excessive throttle or steering is applied by the driver. ... Controller Area Network (CAN) is a broadcast, differential serial bus standard, originally developed in the 1980s by Robert Bosch GmbH, for connecting electronic control units (ECUs). ... An anti-lock braking system (ABS) (translated from German, Antiblockiersystem) is a system on motor vehicles which prevents the wheels from locking while braking. ...

Most ESC systems use an indicator light on the dash to tell the driver when the system is active (i.e. has detected and corrected skidding).

Many ESC systems have an "off" switch so the driver can disable ESC, which may be desirable when badly stuck in mud or snow, or driving on a beach. However, ESC defaults to "On" when the ignition is re-started. Some ESC systems that lack an "off switch", such as on many recent Toyota and Lexus vehicles, can be temporarily disabled through an undocumented series of brake pedal and handbrake operations.^[2] Toyota Motor Corporation ) is a multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and currently is the worlds largest automaker. ... Lexus is the luxury vehicle division of Japanese automaker Toyota Motor Corporation. ...

Effectiveness

Numerous studies around the world confirm that ESC is highly effective in helping the driver maintain control of the car and saving lives and reducing the severity of crashes.^[3] In the fall of 2004 in the U.S., the National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration confirmed the international studies, releasing results of a field study in the U.S. of ESC effectiveness. NHTSA concluded that ESC reduces crashes by 35%. Additionally, Sport utility vehicles (SUV's) with stability control are involved in 67 percent fewer accidents than SUVs without the system. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) issued its own study results in 2004 concluding that universal use of ESC could save 7,000 lives a year in the United States. In June 2006, the IIHS released a second study showing that up to 10,000 fatal US crashes could be avoided annually if all vehicles were equipped with ESC^[4] The 2006 study concluded that ESC reduces the likelihood of all fatal crashes by 43 percent, fatal single-vehicle crashes by 56 percent, and fatal single-vehicle rollovers by 77-80 percent. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA, often pronounced nit-suh) is a U.S. Government agency, part of the Department of Transportation, responsible for setting safety standards and verifying compliance by automobile manufacturers. ... A fourth-generation (2006-) Ford Explorer, the best-selling mid-size SUV in the United States. ... The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety is a U.S. non-profit organization funded by auto insurers. ...

ESC is described as the most important advance in auto safety since the seat belt by many experts^[5] including Nicole Nason,^[6] Administrator of the NHTSA,^[7] Jim Guest and David Champion^[8] of Consumers Union^[9] Max Mosley of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), E-Safety Aware^[10], Csaba Csere, editor of Car and Driver^[11], and Bill Kozyra, CEO of Continental Automotive Systems^[7].The European New Car Assessment Program (EuroNCAP) "strongly recommends" that people buy cars fitted with stability control.^[12] This article is about the safety device. ... Max Rufus Mosley (born 1940, London, England) is currently serving his fourth term as president of the FÃ©dÃ©ration Internationale de lAutomobile. ... The FÃ©dÃ©ration Internationale de lAutomobile, commonly referred to as the FIA, is a non-profit association established on June 20, 1904 to represent the interest of motoring organisations and motor car users. ... Continental Automotive Systems (CAS), a division of Continental AG, is a leading brake and electronics supplier to the automotive industry, delivering systems, components, electronics and engineering services for vehicle safety, comfort and powertrain performance. ...

On November 21, 2006 the IIHS announced that 13 of the 2007 vehicles had earned its TOP SAFETY PICK rating which is based primarily on crashworthiness; however, a major new requirement for this top rating is that the vehicle must be equipped with ESC (which helps avoid crashes)^[13]. The NHTSA issued a final research report in July 2007, stating, "ESC reduced all fatal crashes by 14 percent for passenger cars and 28 percent for LTVs (Light Trucks and Vans). Only the reduction in LTVs is statistically significant." Although that data was not statistically significant for passenger cars generally, it was found to be statistically significant that "police-reported crash involvements decreased by 8 percent in passenger cars and 10 percent in LTVs." ^[14].

Cost

ESC is built on top of an anti-lock brake (ABS) system. The ESC components include a Yaw rate sensor, a Lateral Acceleration Sensor, a Steering Wheel Sensor, and an upgraded Integrated Control Unit. According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration research, ABS costs an estimated US$368 (in 2005) and ESC costs an additional US$111. The retail price of ESC varies; as a stand-alone option, it retails for as little as $450. Unfortunately, many auto makers bundle ESC with other features so the cost of a package that includes ESC could be several thousands of dollars. An anti-lock braking system (ABS) (translated from German, Antiblockiersystem) is a system on motor vehicles which prevents the wheels from locking while braking. ... A yaw rate sensor is a gyroscopic device that measures a vehicleâ€™s rotation around its vertical axis. ... The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA, often pronounced nit-suh) is an agency of the Executive Branch of the U.S. Government, part of the Department of Transportation. ... An anti-lock braking system (ABS) (translated from German, Antiblockiersystem) is a system on motor vehicles which prevents the wheels from locking while braking. ... USD redirects here. ... USD redirects here. ...

ESC is highly cost-effective^[15] and it might pay for itself in reduced insurance premiums.^[16]

Availability

ESC is not generally available for after-market installation. The only way consumers can get ESC is to buy a vehicle equipped by the manufacturer with standard or optional ESC.

Availability of ESC in passenger vehicles varies between manufacturers and countries. In 2007, ESC was available in roughly 50% of new North American models, whereas that figure is about 75% in Sweden. However, consumer awareness affects buying patterns so that roughly 45% of vehicles sold in North America and the UK are purchased with ESC^[17], contrasting with 78-93% in other European countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. While few vehicles had ESC prior to 2004, increased awareness will increase the number of vehicles with ESC on the used car market.

ESC is available on cars, SUV's, and pickup trucks from all major auto makers. ESC is also available on some motor homes. Elaborate ESC and ESP systems (including Roll Stability Control (RSC)^[18]) are available for many commercial vehicles^[19], including transport trucks, trailers, and buses from manufacturers such as Bendix Corporation^[20], WABCO ^[21], Daimler Chrysler,^[22], Scania AB^[23], and Prevost^[24] The Bendix Corporation was founded in 1924 by the inventor Vincent Bendix. ... DaimlerChrysler AG (Xetra: DCX) , (NYSE: DCX), with headquarters in Stuttgart, Germany and Auburn Hills, Michigan, is a prominent automobile and truck manufacturer, formed in 1998 by the buyout of the Chrysler Corporation (USA) by Daimler-Benz (Germany). ... A vintage Scania truck (L80 successor to the Scania-Vabis L56) Scania A1 1901 Scania Type A Tonneau 1903 Scania AB is a leading European manufacturer of heavy trucks (British English: lorries), buses, and diesel engines, based in SÃ¶dertÃ¤lje, Sweden. ... Prevost or Prèvost may mean: Prevost, a bus manufacturer and division of Volvo Buses Abbe Antoine François Prévost (1697-1763), French novelist Constant Prévost (1787-1856), French geologist Corinne Prevost, actor and singer Daniel Prevost, writer George Prevost (1767-1816), British general and governor Lucien Anatole Prevost-Paradol (1829-1870...

The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) website^[25] shows availability of ESC in individual US models and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA website^[26] lists US models with ESC. The National Roads and Motorists' Association NRMA shows availability of ESC in Australian models.^[27] CHOOSE ESC! shows availability of ESC in European countries^[28] The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety is a U.S. non-profit organization funded by auto insurers. ... The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA, often pronounced nit-suh) is an agency of the Executive Branch of the U.S. Government, part of the Department of Transportation. ... NRMA refers to either of two historically-related Australian companies: The National Roads and Motorists Association, known as NRMA Motoring and Services, is a member-owned mutual organisation offering roadside assistance, travel advisory, vehicle inspections and other services in New South Wales and The Australian Capital Territory. ...

Laws

While Sweden used public awareness campaigns to promote ESC use,^[29] others implemented or proposed legislation. Quebec was the first jurisidiction to implement an ESC law, making it mandatory for carriers of dangerous goods (without data recorders) in 2005.^[30] The United States was next, mandating ESC for all passenger vehicles under 10,000 pounds (4536 kg), phasing in the regulation starting with 55% of 2009 models, 75% of 2010 models, 95% of 2011 models, and 100% of 2012 models.^[31] Australia ^[32] and Canada^[33]^[34] will likely be next, requiring 100% of passenger vehicles to have ESC on September 1, 2011, matching the U.S. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe is working on a Global Technical Regulation to harmonize standards for ESC.^[35] The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE or ECE) was established in 1947 to encourage economic cooperation among its member states. ...

History

In 1959, Mercedes-Benz patented a device that prevents drive wheels from spinning by intervening at the engine, transmission, or brakes. In 1987, Mercedes-Benz applied its patent by introducing a Traction control system that worked under both braking and acceleration. Around the same time, BMW developed a Traction control system. This page is about the Mercedes-Benz brand of automobiles and trucks from the DaimlerChrysler automobile manufacturer. ... Traction control and Vehicle Stability Control systems, on current production vehicles, are typically (but not necessarily) electro-hydraulic systems designed to prevent loss of control when excessive throttle or steering is applied by the driver. ... For other uses, see BMW (disambiguation). ... Traction control and Vehicle Stability Control systems, on current production vehicles, are typically (but not necessarily) electro-hydraulic systems designed to prevent loss of control when excessive throttle or steering is applied by the driver. ...

From 1987 to 1992, Mercedes-Benz and Robert Bosch GmbH co-developed a system called Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm (Ger. "electronic stability programme" trademarked as ESP) a lateral slippage control system, the first electronic stability control (ESC). Meanwhile, BMW, working with Robert Bosch GmbH and Continental Automotive Systems, developed a system to reduce engine torque to prevent loss of control and applied it to the entire BMW model line for 1992. This page is about the Mercedes-Benz brand of automobiles and trucks from the DaimlerChrysler automobile manufacturer. ... Logo of Robert Bosch GmbH Robert Bosch GmbH [1] is a German corporation which was started in 1886 by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart, Germany. ... German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ... For other uses, see BMW (disambiguation). ... Logo of Robert Bosch GmbH Robert Bosch GmbH [1] is a German corporation which was started in 1886 by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart, Germany. ... Continental Automotive Systems (CAS), a division of Continental AG, is a leading brake and electronics supplier to the automotive industry, delivering systems, components, electronics and engineering services for vehicle safety, comfort and powertrain performance. ... For other uses, see BMW (disambiguation). ...

In 1995 Mercedes-Benz and Volvo began offering ESC on some of their models while Ford, General Motors, Toyota, Volkswagen, and others investigated and developed ESC systems. This page is about the Mercedes-Benz brand of automobiles and trucks from the DaimlerChrysler automobile manufacturer. ... Volvo Cars is the luxury car maker using the Volvo Trademark. ... â€œFordâ€ redirects here. ... General Motors Corporation, also known as GM, is a multinational corporation headquartered in the United States and has been the worlds largest and most dominant automaker since 1931 till the second half of 2007, surpassed by Toyota; as well as the global industry sales leader for 77 years. ... Toyota Motor Corporation ) is a multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and currently is the worlds largest automaker. ... VW redirects here. ...

In 1996, during a moose test (swerving to avoid an obstacle) a journalist rolled a Mercedes-Benz A-Class people-carrier (without ESC) at 37 km/h. Because Mercedes-Benz promotes its reputation for safety, they recalled and retrofitted 130,000 A-Class cars with ESC. This produced a significant reduction in crashes^[36] and the number of vehicles with ESC rose. Many high-end makes such as Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Volvo, Audi, and Lexus have made ESC standard on all vehicles, and the number of models with ESC continues to increase.^[37] Ford and Toyota have announced that all their North American vehicles will be equipped with ESC by the end of 2009.^[38]^[39] and General Motors has made a similar announcement for the end of 2010.^[40] The Moose test, also known as the Elk test or Älgtest in Swedish, has been used in Sweden for decades to test how a certain vehicle acts when avoiding a sudden danger, such as an elk. ... 2004 Mercedes-Benz W169 A200 The Mercedes-Benz A-Class (popularly known in the U.S. as the Baby Benz) is a small family car produced by the German automaker Mercedes-Benz. ... This page is about the Mercedes-Benz brand of automobiles and trucks from the DaimlerChrysler automobile manufacturer. ... This page is about the Mercedes-Benz brand of automobiles and trucks from the DaimlerChrysler automobile manufacturer. ... For other uses, see BMW (disambiguation). ... Volvo Cars is the luxury car maker using the Volvo Trademark. ... Audi AG, more commonly known as Audi, is a premium German automobile manufacturer and one of the worlds leading performance-luxury marques, with headquarters in Ingolstadt, Bavaria. ... Lexus is the luxury vehicle division of Japanese automaker Toyota Motor Corporation. ... Ford may mean a number of things: A ford is a river crossing. ... Toyota Motor Corporation ) is a multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and currently is the worlds largest automaker. ... General Motors Corporation, also known as GM, is a multinational corporation headquartered in the United States and has been the worlds largest and most dominant automaker since 1931 till the second half of 2007, surpassed by Toyota; as well as the global industry sales leader for 77 years. ...

Future

The market for ESC is growing at a very robust rate, especially in European countries such as Sweden and Germany. For example, in Sweden, in 2003, the purchase rate on new cars with ESC was 15%. The Swedish road safety administration issued a strong ESC recommendation and in September 2004, 16 months later, the purchase rate was 58%. A stronger ESC recommendation was then given and in December 2004, the purchase rate on new cars had reached 69%^[41] and by 2007 it had grown to 93%. ESC advocates around the world are promoting increased ESC use through legislation and public awareness campaigns and by 2012, most new vehicles should be equipped with ESC.

Just as ESC is founded on the Anti-lock braking system (ABS), ESC is the foundation for new advances such as roll stability control (RSC) that works in the vertical plane much like ESC works in the horizontal plane. When RSC detects impending rollover (usually on transport trucks^[42] or SUV's^[43]), RSC applies brakes, reduces throttle, induces understeer, and/or slows down the vehicle. An anti-lock braking system (ABS) (translated from German, Antiblockiersystem) is a system on motor vehicles which prevents the wheels from locking while braking. ...

The computing power of ESC facilitates the networking of active and passive safety systems, addressing other causes of crashes. For example, sensors may detect when a vehicle is following too closely and slow down the vehicle, straighten up seat backs, and tighten seat belts, avoiding and/or preparing for a crash.

Product names

Electronic stability control (ESC) is the generic term recognized by the Society of Automotive Engineers and other authorities. However, vehicle manufacturers use a variety of different trade names for ESC: SAE International (SAE) is a professional organization for mobility engineering professionals in aerospace, automotive and the commercial vehicle industries. ...

Acura (Japanese: ã‚¢ã‚ãƒ¥ãƒ©, Akyura) is the luxury vehicle brand of Japanese automaker Honda Motor Company. ... Alfa Romeo is an Italian automobile manufacturing company, founded as Darracq Italiana by Cavaliere Ugo Stella, an aristocrat from Milan in partnership with the French automobile firm of Alexandre Darracq. ... Audi AG, more commonly known as Audi, is a premium German automobile manufacturer and one of the worlds leading performance-luxury marques, with headquarters in Ingolstadt, Bavaria. ... Bentleys winged B badge and hood ornament 1929 Blower Bentley from the Ralph Lauren collection. ... , This article is about the original Bugatti car company, founded in 1909. ... Buick is a brand of automobile built in the United States, Canada, China and in Spain by General Motors Corporation. ... StabiliTrak is General Motors trademark name for their electronic automobile Electronic Stability Control system. ... For other uses, see BMW (disambiguation). ... Cadillac is a brand of luxury automobile, part of the General Motors corporation, produced and mostly sold in the USA; outside of North America, they have been less successful. ... Chevrolet (IPA: - French origin) (colloquially Chevy) is a brand of automobile, produced by General Motors (GM). ... StabiliTrak is General Motors trademark name for their electronic automobile Electronic Stability Control system. ... The Chrysler Corporation was a United States-based automobile manufacturer that existed independently from 1925â€“1998. ... CitroÃ«n is a French automobile manufacturer, founded in 1919 by AndrÃ© CitroÃ«n. ... For other uses, see Dodge (disambiguation). ... DaimlerChrysler AG (ISIN: DE0007100000) is a German car corporation and the worlds fifth largest car manufacturer. ... For other uses, see Fiat (disambiguation). ... This article is about the automobile manufacturer. ... â€œFordâ€ redirects here. ... General Motors Corporation, also known as GM, is a multinational corporation headquartered in the United States and has been the worlds largest and most dominant automaker since 1931 till the second half of 2007, surpassed by Toyota; as well as the global industry sales leader for 77 years. ... StabiliTrak is General Motors trademark name for their electronic automobile Electronic Stability Control system. ... This article is about the Japanese motor corporation. ... Holdens rule This article is about the Australian car manufacturer. ... South Korean business tycoon Chung Ju-yung, founder and honorary chairman of Hyundai Group, 1998 Hyundai refers to a group of companies founded by Chung Ju-yung in South Korea, and related organizations. ... For other uses, see Infinity (disambiguation). ... Jaguar Cars Limited is a luxury car manufacturer, originally with headquarters in Browns Lane, Coventry, England but now at Whitley, Coventry. ... For other uses, see Jeep (disambiguation). ... KIA or Kia may mean: Killed in action Kirby Ian Andersen Kings Indian Attack, a chess opening Kuwait Investment Authority Kachin Independence Army, in Kachin State, Myanmar Kia Motors Kia Asamiya, a popular Japanese manga artist. ... For other uses, see Lamborghini (disambiguation). ... Land Rover was the name of one of the first British civilian all-terrain utility vehicles, first produced by Rover in 1947. ... Lexus is the luxury vehicle division of Japanese automaker Toyota Motor Corporation. ... Lincoln is an American luxury automobile brand, operated under the Ford Motor Company. ... This article is about the automobile manufacturer. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This page is about the Mercedes-Benz brand of automobiles and trucks from the DaimlerChrysler automobile manufacturer. ... Mercury is an automobile marque of the Ford Motor Company founded in 1939 to market entry-level-luxury cars slotted between Ford-branded regular models and Lincoln-branded luxury vehicles, similar to General Motors Buick (and former Oldsmobile) brand and Chryslers Chrysler brand. ... The BMW or New MINI is a car produced by BMW since 2001. ... For information on Mitsubishi brand computer monitors, see NEC-Mitsubishi Electronics Display of America Inc. ... Nissan redirects here. ... Oldsmobile is a brand of automobile produced for most of its existence by General Motors. ... This article is about the European car manufacturer. ... Peugeot is a major French car brand, part of PSA Peugeot CitroÃ«n. ... This article is about Pontiac automobiles; for the Native American leader, see Chief Pontiac, for other uses see the Pontiac (disambiguation). ... StabiliTrak is General Motors trademark name for their electronic automobile Electronic Stability Control system. ... This article is about the auto company. ... For the author, see Mary Renault. ... Rover Group plc was the name that was given by the British government, in 1986, to the state-owned vehicle manufacturer British Leyland or BL. After divesting of its commercial vehicle and bus manufacturing divisions the company by then consisting of the car manufacturing arm Austin Rover Group and the... Saab Automobile AB is automobile manufacturing company in Sweden, and is currently a wholly-owned subsidiary of the General Motors Corporation. ... This article is about the planet. ... StabiliTrak is General Motors trademark name for their electronic automobile Electronic Stability Control system. ... SEAT, S.A. (English pronunciation: , seh-at; Spanish pronunciation: ) is a Spanish automobile manufacturer founded in 1950 by the Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI) with Fiat assistance, and now subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. ... Å koda Auto ( (helpÂ· info)) is a Czech automobile manufacturer and one of the four oldest car producers in the world. ... For cars with artificial intelligence, see Smart car. ... For other uses, see Subaru (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Suzuki (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Vauxhall Motors is a UK car company. ... Volvo Cars, or Volvo Personvagnar, is a well-known Swedish automobile maker founded in 1927 in the city of Gothenburg in Sweden. ... VW redirects here. ...

System Manufacturers

Logo of Robert Bosch GmbH Robert Bosch GmbH [1] is a German corporation which was started in 1886 by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart, Germany. ... TRW Incorporated was an American corporation involved in a number of businesses, mostly defense-related, but including automotive supply and credit reporting. ... Continental Automotive Systems (CAS), a division of Continental AG, is a leading brake and electronics supplier to the automotive industry, delivering systems, components, electronics and engineering services for vehicle safety, comfort and powertrain performance. ... Delphi is an automotive parts company headquartered in Troy, Michigan, USA. Delphi is one of the worlds largest automotive parts manufacturers and has approximately 171,400 employees (50,000 in the United States). ... Aisin Seiki Co. ... It has been suggested that Hitachi Works be merged into this article or section. ... The Bendix Corporation was founded in 1924 by the inventor Vincent Bendix. ...

Contents

Operation

Components and Design

Effectiveness

Cost

Availability

Laws

History

Future

Product names

System Manufacturers

See also

References

External links

Contents

Operation var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};

Components and Design

Effectiveness

Cost

Availability

Laws

History

Future

Product names

System Manufacturers

See also

References

External links

Operation