Electronic tagging is a form of non-surreptitious surveillance consisting of an electronic device attached to a person or vehicle, especially certain criminals, allowing their whereabouts to be monitored. In general, devices locate themselves using GPS and report their position back to a control centre, e.g. via the Cellular phone network. This form of criminal sentencing is known under different names in different countries, for example in New Zealand it is referred to as "home detention", and in North America "electronic monitoring" is a more common term. Surveillance is the monitoring of behavior. ... The Global Positioning System (GPS), is currently the only fully-functional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). ... Cellular redirects here. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...

In 1964, Ralph Kirkland Schwitzgebel (family name later shorted to "Gable") headed a research team at Harvard that experimented with a prototype electronic monitoring system. In 1969, he and William S. Hurd were granted a patent (#3,478,344). Also in 1969, Robert Schwitzgebel ("Gable"), a professor at UCLA and Claremont Graduate University in California, wrote an article in Psychology Today about an FCC-licensed experimental radio station to locate and send two-way radio signals to juvenile offenders. About a decade later in 1983, a district court judge, Jack Love persuaded Michael Goss, a computer salesperson, to develop a system to monitor five offenders in Albuquerque, New Mexico. This was probably the first court-sanctioned use of electronic monitoring.

Use in the United Kingdom

A simpler form is in regular use in the United Kingdom, where a base station is connected to a telephone line at the offender's home, and a tag is attached to the offender's ankle. If the tag isn't functioning and within range of the base during curfew hours, or if the base is disconnected from the phone line, then the authorities are automatically alerted. The system can also be used to enforce restrictions away from specified locations such as victims' homes, and football grounds. Instead of allowing full location tracking, this system can be used to enforce the curfews which commonly form partcovered by the Criminal Justice Act 2003 in England and Wales, with separate legislation applying in Scotland. The system is also used for monitoring those subject to house arrest or other "Control orders" under the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005. wanking furiously ... In justice and law, house arrest is the situation where a person is confined (by the authorities) to his or her residence. ... A control order is an order made by the Home Secretary of the United Kingdom to restrict an individuals liberty for the purpose of protecting members of the public from a risk of terrorism. Its definition and power were provided by Parliament in the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005. ... The Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 is a British Act of Parliament intended to deal with the Law Lords ruling of 16 December 2004, that the detention without trial of nine foreigners at HM Prison Belmarsh under Part IV of the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 was unlawful...

Trials of GPS-based systems to track the movements of sex offenders are under way in England.

A similar system is also in use in Belgium.

See also

• Local Positioning System
• Global Positioning System
• GPS tracking
• RFID

The Global Positioning System (GPS), is currently the only fully-functional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). ... A GPS tracking unit is a device that uses the Global Positioning System to determine the precise location of a vehicle, person, or other asset to which it is attached and to record the position of the asset at regular intervals. ... An EPC RFID tag used for Wal-Mart Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. ...

External links

• Electronic Monitoring and Tracking using Local Positioning Systems
• Tag 'too bulky' for bail woman at BBC News, 10 November 2005
• Group 4 Securicor on Electronic Tagging, G4S is contracted by the Home Office to monitor offenders
• National Probation Service official website