Elektronika BK is a series of Russian home computers trademarked as Elektronika that are approximate clones of PDP-11. They are based on the КР1801ВМ1 (Soviet clone of 11/03 LSI-11) CPU and were available in several different versions. TRS-80 Color Computer II The home computer is a consumer-friendly word for the second generation of microcomputers (the technical term that was previously used), entering the market in 1977 and becoming common during the 1980s. ... Elektronika was the brand name used for many different electronic products such as calculators, electornic watches, portable games and radios. ... The PDP-11 was a 16-bit minicomputer sold by Digital Equipment Corp. ... The PDP-11 was a 16-bit minicomputer sold by Digital Equipment Corp. ...

Models

Elektronika BK-0010 (Электроника БК-0010) was the first model. It had a membrane keyboard, 32 kB RAM (half of which was used for the frame buffer), 32 kB ROM with FOCAL interpreter supporting only 512×256 monochrome graphics, a TV connected via EuroConnector (a version of SCART) or a monitor could be used as a display device. A tape recorder was used for data storage in factory configuration. An interpreted programming language resembling JOSS. Stands for Formula Calculator. ... An interpreter is a computer program that executes other programs. ... Braun HF 1, Germany, 1958 OT-1471 Belweder, Poland, 1957 Television is a telecommunication system for broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound over a distance. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... In general, a tape recorder, tape deck, cassette deck or tape machine is any device that records and plays back, fluctuating signal by moving a strip of magnetic tape across a tape head. ...

There also was a separate Euroconnector for a color TV. It would display 256×256 graphics in four colours. This mode was accessible to assembly language programs. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Although the instruction set and the I/O ports were described in the documentation provided with the computer, the assembly language development tools were not included. A gray market of games and development software flourished. The grey market (in U.S. spelling, gray market) refers to the flow of goods through distribution channels other than those authorized by the manufacturer or producer. ...

Elektronika BK-0010-01 was more powerful with a conventional keyboard and a BASIC dialect p-code compiler (Vilnius BASIC) that supported color graphics as well as monochrome. BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of high-level programming languages. ... In computer programming, a P-code machine or pseudo-code machine is a specification of a cpu whose instructions are expected to be executed in software rather than in hardware (ie, interpreted). ... A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ... Vilnius BASIC was a version of BASIC running on the Elektronika BK-0010-01 and BK-0011M computers. ...

Elektronika BK-0010Sh (Электроника БК-0010Ш) was a model intended specially for school use. It had a special network adapter which could be inserted into the Q-Bus slot. The Q-bus (also known as the LSI-11 Bus) was one of several bus technologies used with PDP and MicroVAX computer systems manufactured by the Digital Equipment Corporation of Maynard, Massachusetts. ...

Elektronika BK-0011 came in 1990, had 128 kB of RAM divided into 16 kB pages, a newer version of BASIC in ROM, 16 video palettes, and had the possibility to use a disk drive (The disk drive adaptor could also be used with BK-0010 series). One of the operating system was ANDOS. A modification of RT-11 also existed. Disk Drive is the afternoon show on CBC Radio Two. ... An operating system (OS) is a computer program that manages the hardware and software resources of a computer. ... ANDOS is a Russian operating system. ... RT-11 (for Run Time or Real Time) was a real-time operating system for the DEC PDP-11. ...

Elektronika BK-0011M was a modified version of Elektronika BK-0011, which fixed some incompatibilities with BK-0010. In particular, the sound in programs for BK-0010 didn't work on BK-0011. It was fixed in BK-0011M. BK-0011M quickly went into production, and most of BK-0011 series computers were actually BK-0011M.

A 16-bit universal port with separate input and output busses, present in all models, allowed to utilize a multitude of peripheral devices (joystick, mouse, printers, various sound output devices, etc.) for home entertainment, education, and for data acquisition and monitoring in various industrial and research settings. Joystick elements: 1. ... Operating a mechanical 1: Pulling the mouse turns the ball. ...

Enthusiasts managed to connect more advanced devices to BK series computers. They developed a HDD controller, and 2.5" HDDs were successfully used with BK computer. Other popular enhancement was an AY-3-8912 sound chip. Typical hard drives of the mid-1990s. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with AY-3-8910. ...

Mods

Many users found it useful to open the case and install one or two mechanical switches that made using the computer more convenient. The most common mods were the following. Electrical switches. ...

• Reset button. Programs often hung; also, some games did not have a properly implemented Exit function. Without the button, the computer had to be reset by power cycling, eventually leading to a worn out power switch on the external power supply.

• Pause switch. The switch activated hardware suspension of instructions execution in the processor. The pause switch was useful for pausing games, most of which did not have a pause key. A few games, however, did not behave gracefully after being returned from the suspension, because the programmable hardware timer built into the processor chip was still running while the instructions execution was suspended.

• Clock speed switch (“turbo” switch). Changed the processor clock speed from the standard 3 MHz (BK-0010* series) to 4 or 6 MHz, or from the standard 4 MHz (BK-0011* series) to 3 or 6 MHz. Not all processor samples worked reliably at 6 MHz; the possibility of such overclocking had to be determined experimentally for each sample. Switching the clock speed changed the pace of dynamic games. The turbo switch usually had to be installed together with the pause switch, because the simplest circuit for switching the clock speed produced bad shapes in the clock signal due to contact bounce when the mechanical switch was flipped, running the risk of hanging the software execution unless the processor was in the suspended state.

• “Sound on/off” switch, or sound volume knob which adjusted the volume level of the internal piezoelectric speaker using a potentiometer. While the modder was at it, the speaker could be replaced by a louder one.

These modifications were relatively simple and could be carried out by users who knew how to handle a soldering iron. Most of the guys in the cottage industry of selling programs could also do the mods for a small fee. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Button (computing). ... A computer program is a collection of instructions that describe a task, or set of tasks, to be carried out by a computer. ... This page is about the computer malfunction called hanging. ... It has been suggested that Multiplayer Video Games be merged into this article or section. ... A computer program is a collection of instructions that describe a task, or set of tasks, to be carried out by a computer. ... The break key is a special key on computer keyboards that no longer has a well-defined purpose. ... A simple digital timer. ... Integrated circuit showing memory blocks, logic and input/output pads around the periphery A monolithic integrated circuit (also known as IC, microchip, silicon chip, computer chip or chip) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Clock signal. ... AMD Athlon XP Overclocking BIOS Setup on ABIT NF7-S. FSB frequency has increased from 133MHz to 148MHz, and clock multiplier factor has changed from x13. ... Waveform quite literally means the shape and form of a signal, such as a wave moving across the surface of water, or the vibration of a plucked string. ... Electrical switches. ... Loudness is the quality of a sound which is high in volume (amplitude, or sound pressure). ... A loudspeaker is a device which converts an electrical signal into sound. ... The original meaning of the term potentiometer, which is still in use, is an apparatus used to measure the potential (or voltage) in a circuit by tapping off a portion of a known voltage from a resistive slide wire and comparing it with the unknown voltage by means of a... Using a soldering iron. ... The use of the term has expanded, and is used to refer to any event which allows a large number of people to lalalawork part time. ... One pays a fee as renumeration for services, especially the honorarium paid to a doctor, lawyer or member of a learned profession. ...

Emulators

There is a software emulator of BK for modern IBM PC-compatible computers. The emulator is able to run at a much higher speed than the original BK. An emulator reproducing a console games playable atmosphere on a Windows computer. ... IBM PC (IBM 5150) with keyboard and green screen monochrome monitor (IBM 5151), running MS-DOS 5. ...

See also

• List of Soviet computer systems

This article gives a list of Soviet computer systems. ...

External links

• image from oldbits.de

References