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The elephants (Elephantidae) are a family in the order Proboscidea in the class Mammalia. They were once classified along with other thick skinned animals in a now invalid order, Pachydermata. There are three living species: the African Bush Elephant, the African Forest Elephant (until recently known collectively as the African Elephant), and the Asian Elephant (also known as the Indian Elephant). Other species have become extinct since the last ice age, which ended about 10,000 years ago, the Mammoth being the most well-known of these. Look up elephant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (768 × 1024 pixel, file size: 571 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Recently, due to the work of George W. Bush the elephant population has tripled in the past three months. ...
The Serengeti is a region of grasslands and woodlands in Mara Region in Tanzania. ...
View of the Ngorongoro Crater The Ngorongoro Conservation Area or NCA is a conservation area situated 180 km west of Arusha in the Crater Highlands area of Tanzania. ...
Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ...
For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ...
Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in female mammary glands and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in...
Groups Jozaria (extinct) Anthracobunidae (extinct) Moeritheriidae (extinct) Euproboscidea Numidotheriidae (extinct) Barytheriidae (extinct) Deinotheriidae (extinct) Elephantiformes Phiomiidae (extinct) Palaeomastodontidae (extinct) Hemimastodontidae (extinct) Euelephantoidea Choerolophodontidae (extinct) Amebelodontidae (extinct) Gnathabelodontidae (extinct) Gomphotheriidae (extinct) Elephantidae Mammutidae (extinct) Proboscidea is an order containing only one family of living animals, Elephantidae, the elephants, with three species...
John Edward Gray. ...
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Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Elephas antiquus †Elephas beyeri †Elephas celebensis †Elephas cypriotes †Elephas ekorensis †Elephas falconeri †Elephas iolensis †Elephas planifrons †Elephas platycephalus †Elephas recki †Stegodon †Mammuthus †Elephantidae (the elephants) is a family of pachyderm, and the only remaining family in the order Proboscidea...
In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is 1) a rank or 2) a taxon in that rank. ...
In scientific classification used in biology, the order (Latin: ordo, plural ordines) is a rank between class and family (termed a taxon at that rank). ...
Groups Jozaria (extinct) Anthracobunidae (extinct) Moeritheriidae (extinct) Euproboscidea Numidotheriidae (extinct) Barytheriidae (extinct) Deinotheriidae (extinct) Elephantiformes Phiomiidae (extinct) Palaeomastodontidae (extinct) Hemimastodontidae (extinct) Euelephantoidea Choerolophodontidae (extinct) Amebelodontidae (extinct) Gnathabelodontidae (extinct) Gomphotheriidae (extinct) Elephantidae Mammutidae (extinct) Proboscidea is an order containing only one family of living animals, Elephantidae, the elephants, with three species...
A class is the rank in the scientific classification of organisms in biology below Phylum and above Order. ...
Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in female mammary glands and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in...
In scientific classification used in biology, the order (Latin: ordo, plural ordines) is a rank between class and family (termed a taxon at that rank). ...
The Pachydermata (meaning thick skin) is an obsolete order of mammals described by Georges Cuvier and at one time recognised by many systematists. ...
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ...
Binomial name (Blumenbach, 1797) The African Bush Elephant (Loxodonta africana) is the larger of the two species of African elephants. ...
It has been suggested that African Pygmy Elephant be merged into this article or section. ...
Distribution of Loxodonta africana (2007) Species Loxodonta adaurora (extinct) Loxodonta africana Loxodonta cyclotis African elephants are the two species of elephants in the genus Loxodonta, one of the two existing genera in Elephantidae. ...
Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Asian Elephant range The Asian or Asiatic Elephant (Elephas maximus), sometimes known by the name of its nominate subspecies (the Indian Elephant), is one of the three living species of elephant, and the only living species of the genus Elephas. ...
// Prepleistocene extinctions A large number of historical orders are extinct, for example dinosaurs, pterosaurs and ammonites. ...
Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ...
Species Mammuthus africanavus African mammoth Mammuthus columbi Columbian mammoth Mammuthus exilis Pygmy mammoth Mammuthus imperator Imperial mammoth Mammuthus jeffersonii Jeffersonian mammoth Mammuthus trogontherii Steppe mammoth Mammuthus meridionalis Mammuthus subplanifrons South African mammoth Mammuthus primigenius Woolly mammoth Mammuthus lamarmorae Sardinian Dwarf Mammoth A mammoth is any of a number of an...
The word "elephant" has its origins in the Greek ἐλέφας, meaning "ivory" or "elephant".[1]
Elephants are mammals, and the largest land animals alive today.[2] The elephant's gestation period is 22 months, the longest of any land animal. At birth it is common for an elephant calf to weigh 120 kilograms (265 lb). An elephant may live as long as 70 years, sometimes longer. The largest elephant ever recorded was shot in Angola in 1956. This male weighed about 12,000 kg (26,400 lb),[3] with a shoulder height of 4.2 m (13.8 ft), a metre (3 ft 4 in) taller than the average male African elephant.[4] The smallest elephants, about the size of a calf or a large pig, were a prehistoric species that lived on the island of Crete during the Pleistocene epoch.[5] Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in female mammary glands and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in...
The mammoth, an extinct genus of megafauna. ...
Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside a female viviparous animal. ...
The U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, which currently serves as the primary standard for measuring mass in the U.S. It was assigned to the United States in 1889 and is periodically recertified and traceable to the primary international standard, The Kilogram, held at the Bureau International des Poids et...
The pound (abbreviations: lb or, sometimes in the United States, #) is a unit of mass (called weight in everyday parlance) in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ...
For the famous World War II battle, see: Battle of Crete For other uses, see Crete (disambiguation). ...
The Pleistocene epoch (IPA: ) is part of the geologic timescale. ...
Elephants are symbols of wisdom in Asian cultures, and are famed for their exceptional memory and high intelligence, rivaled only by cetaceans and hominids.[6][7] Suborders Mysticeti Odontoceti (see text) The order Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. ...
Genera The hominids are the members of the biological family Hominidae (the great apes), which includes humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. ...
Elephants are increasingly threatened by human intrusion and poaching. Once numbering in the millions, the African elephant population has dwindled to between 470,000 and 690,000 individuals.[8] The elephant is now a protected species worldwide, with restrictions in place on capture, domestic use, and trade in products such as ivory. Elephants generally have no natural predators, although lions may take calves and occasionally adults.[9][10] In some areas, lions may regularly take to preying on elephants.[11] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Zoology
 Comparative view of the human and elephant frames, c1860. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3813x2779, 1447 KB) Hawkins, Benjamin Waterhouse. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3813x2779, 1447 KB) Hawkins, Benjamin Waterhouse. ...
Species The African Elephant genus contains two (or, arguably, three) living species; whereas, the Asian Elephant species is the only surviving member of its genus, but can be subdivided into three subspecies. Distribution of Loxodonta africana (2007) Species Loxodonta adaurora (extinct) Loxodonta africana Loxodonta cyclotis African elephants are the two species of elephants in the genus Loxodonta, one of the two existing genera in Elephantidae. ...
For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ...
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ...
Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Asian Elephant range The Asian or Asiatic Elephant (Elephas maximus), sometimes known by the name of its nominate subspecies (the Indian Elephant), is one of the three living species of elephant, and the only living species of the genus Elephas. ...
This article is about the zoological term. ...
African elephants, at up to 4 m (13 ft 1 in) tall and weighing 7500 kg (8.27 short tons), are usually larger than the Asian species and they have bigger ears. Both male and female African elephants have long tusks, while their Asian counterparts have shorter ones, with those of females vanishingly small. African elephants have a dipped back, smooth forehead and two "fingers" at the tip of their trunks, whereas the Asian have an arched back, two humps on the forehead and only one "finger" at the tip of their trunks.
African elephants are further subdivided into two populations, the Savanna and Forest, and recent genetic studies have led to a reclassification of these as separate species, the forest population now being called Loxodonta cyclotis, and the Savanna (or Bush) population termed Loxodonta africana. This reclassification has important implications for conservation, because it means that where previously it was assumed that a single and endangered species comprised two small populations, if in reality these are two separate species, then as a consequence, both could be more gravely endangered than a more numerous and wide-ranging single species might have been. There is also a potential danger in that, if the forest elephant is not explicitly listed as an endangered species, poachers and smugglers might be able to evade the law forbidding trade in endangered animals and their body parts. Binomial name (Blumenbach, 1797) The African Bush Elephant (Loxodonta africana) is the larger of the two species of African elephants. ...
Binomial name Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie, 1900 Until recently, it was thought that the so-called Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) was simply a subspecies of the African Savannah Elephant (Loxodonta africana). ...
The Forest elephant and the Savanna elephant can hybridise – that is, breed together – successfully, though their preferences for different terrains reduce such opportunities. As the African elephant has only recently been recognized to comprise two separate species, groups of captive elephants have not been comprehensively classified and some could well be hybrids.
Successful hybridisation between African and Asian Elephant species is much more unlikely, as is animal hybridization across different genera in general. In 1978, however, at Chester Zoo, an Asian elephant cow gave birth to a hybrid calf sired by an African elephant bull (the old terms are used here as these events pre-date the current classifications). "Motty", the resulting hybrid male calf, had an African elephant's cheeks, their ears (large with pointed lobes) and legs (longer and slimmer), but the toenail numbers, (5 for each front foot, 4 hind) and the single trunk finger of an Asian elephant. His wrinkled trunk was like that of an African elephant. His forehead was sloping with one dome and two smaller domes behind it. The body was African in type, but had an Asian-type centre hump and an African-type rear hump. The calf died of infection 12 days later. It is preserved as a mounted specimen at the British Natural History Museum, London. There are unconfirmed rumours of three other hybrid elephants born in zoos or circuses; all are said to have been deformed and none survived. Chester Zoo is an award winning zoological garden in Cheshire in the United Kingdom and was founded by George S. Mottershead and family. ...
Motty was the only proved hybrid between an Asian and an African elephant. ...
For other similarly-named museums see Museum of Natural History. ...
African Elephant -
African bush (savanna) elephant in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. The Elephants of the genus Loxodonta, known collectively as African elephants, are currently found in 37 countries in Africa. Distribution of Loxodonta africana (2007) Species Loxodonta adaurora (extinct) Loxodonta africana Loxodonta cyclotis African elephants are the two species of elephants in the genus Loxodonta, one of the two existing genera in Elephantidae. ...
Binomial name (Blumenbach, 1797) The African Bush Elephant (Loxodonta africana) is the larger of the two species of African elephants. ...
It has been suggested that African Pygmy Elephant be merged into this article or section. ...
Download high resolution version (906x591, 94 KB)A female elephant with offspring, in Kenya. ...
Download high resolution version (906x591, 94 KB)A female elephant with offspring, in Kenya. ...
World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1044, 293 KB) African Bush Elephant in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania Taken by Oliver Wright in 1992 I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1044, 293 KB) African Bush Elephant in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania Taken by Oliver Wright in 1992 I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Species Loxodonta adaurora(extinct) Loxodonta africana Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta is a genus in Elephantidae, the family of elephants. ...
African elephants are distinguished from Asian elephants in several ways, the most noticeable being their ears. Africans' ears are much larger and are shaped – some note – like the continent of their origin. The African is typically larger than the Asian and has a concave back. Both African males and females have external tusks and are usually less hairy than their Asian cousins.
African elephants have traditionally been classified as a single species comprising two distinct subspecies, namely the savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana africana) and the forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis), but recent DNA analysis suggests that these may actually constitute distinct species.[12] While this split is not universally accepted by experts[13] a third species of African elephant has also been proposed.[14] Genetic fingerprinting or DNA testing is a technique to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA. Its invention by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester was announced in 1985. ...
Under the new two species classification, Loxodonta africana refers specifically to the Savanna Elephant, the largest of all elephants. In fact, it is the largest land animal in the world, standing up to 4 m (13 ft) at the shoulder and weighing approximately 7,000 kg (7.7 tons). The average male stands about 3 m (10 ft) tall at the shoulder and weighs about 5500–6000 kg (6.1–6.6 tons), the female being much smaller. Most often, Savanna Elephants are found in open grasslands, marshes, and lakeshores. They range over much of the savanna zone south of the Sahara. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Freshwater marsh in Florida In geography, a marsh is a type of wetland, featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, cat tails, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water. ...
A political map showing national divisions in relation to deonte Shepard Club Of America Free burgers for new members the ecological break (Sub-Saharan Africa in green) A geographical map of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area Sub-Saharan Africa is the term used to...
The other postulated species is the Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis). Compared with the Savanna Elephant, its ears are usually smaller and rounder, and its tusks thinner and straighter and not directed outwards as much. The Forest Elephant can weigh up to 4,500 kg (10,000 lb) and stand about 3 m (10 ft) tall. Much less is known about these animals than their savanna cousins because environmental and political obstacles make them very difficult to study. Normally, they inhabit the dense African rain forests of central and western Africa, though occasionally they roam the edges of forests and so overlap the territories of the Savanna elephants and breed with them. In 1979, Iain Douglas-Hamilton estimated the continental population of African elephants at around 1.3 million animals.[15] This estimate is controversial and is believed to be a gross overestimate,[16] but it is very widely cited and has become a de facto baseline that continues to be incorrectly used to quantify downward population trends in the species. Through the 1980s, Loxodonta received worldwide attention due to the dwindling numbers of major populations in East Africa, largely as a result of poaching. Today, according to IUCN’s African Elephant Status Report 2007[17] there are approximately between 470,000 and 690,000 African elephants in the wild. Although this estimate only covers about half of the total elephant range, experts do not believe the true figure to be much higher, as it is unlikely that large populations remain to be discovered.[18] By far the largest populations are now found in Southern and Eastern Africa, which together account for the majority of the continental population. According to a recent analysis by IUCN experts, most major populations in Eastern and Southern Africa are stable or have been steadily increasing since the mid-1990s, at an average rate of 4.5% per annum.[19][20] In ethology, sociobiology and behavioral ecology, the term territory refers to any geographical area that an animal of a particular species consistently defends against conspecifics (and, occasionally, animals of other species). ...
The World Conservation Union or International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ...
Elephant populations in West Africa, on the other hand, are generally small and fragmented, and only account for a small proportion of the continental total.[21] Much uncertainty remains as to the size of the elephant population in Central Africa, where the prevalence of forest makes population surveys logistically difficult, but poaching for ivory and bushmeat is believed to be intense through much of the region.[22]
Asian Elephant -
An Asian elephant swimming. The Asian elephant is smaller than the African. It has smaller ears, and typically, only the males have large external tusks. Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Asian Elephant range The Asian or Asiatic Elephant (Elephas maximus), sometimes known by the name of its nominate subspecies (the Indian Elephant), is one of the three living species of elephant, and the only living species of the genus Elephas. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Elephantswimming. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Elephantswimming. ...
The world population of Asian elephants – also called Indian Elephants or Elephas maximus – is estimated to be around 60,000, about a tenth of the number of African elephants. More precisely, it is estimated that there are between 38,000 and 53,000 wild elephants and between 14,500 and 15,300 domesticated elephants in Asia with perhaps another 1,000 scattered around zoos in the rest of the world.[23] The Asian elephants' decline has possibly been more gradual with the causes primarily being poaching and habitat destruction by human encroachment.
There are several subspecies of Elephas maximus and some have been identified only using molecular markers. The first subspecies is the Sri Lankan Elephant (Elephas maximus maximus). Found only on the island of Sri Lanka, it is the largest of the Asians. There are only an estimated 3,000–4,500 members of this subspecies left today in the wild, although no accurate census has been carried out in the recent past. Large males can weigh upward to 5,400 kg (12,000 lb) and stand over 3.4 m (11 ft) tall. Sri Lankan males have very large cranial bulges, and both sexes have more areas of depigmentation than are found in the other Asians. Typically, their ears, face, trunk, and belly have large concentrations of pink-speckled skin. There is an orphanage for elephants in Pinnawala Sri Lanka, which gives shelter to disabled, injured elephants. This program plays a large role in protecting the Sri Lankan Elephant from extinction. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1266x854, 155 KB) Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1266x854, 155 KB) Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
The Sri Lankan Elephant is from all appearances identical to the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) except in one respect – its size. ...
An orphanage (historically an orphans asylum before the latter word took on its modern insane asylum connotation) is an institution dedicated to caring for orphans (children who have lost their parents) and abused, abandoned, and neglected children. ...
Pinnawala is a village in Kegalle district of Sri Lanka. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Another subspecies, the Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) makes up the bulk of the Asian elephant population. Numbering approximately 36,000, these elephants are lighter grey in colour, with depigmentation only on the ears and trunk. Large males will ordinarily weigh only about 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) but are as tall as the Sri Lankan. The mainland Asian can be found in 11 Asian countries, from India to Indonesia. They prefer forested areas and transitional zones, between forests and grasslands, where greater food variety is available. Trinomial name Elephas maximus indicus Cuvier, 1798 The Indian Elephant, Elephas maximus indicus, is one of three subspecies of the Asian elephant, the largest population of which is found in India. ...
The smallest of all the elephants is the Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus). Population estimates for this group range from 2,100 to 3,000 individuals. It is very light grey and has less depigmentation than the other Asians, with pink spots only on the ears. Mature Sumatrans will usually only measure 1.7–2.6 m (5.6–8.5 ft) at the shoulder and weigh less than 3,000 kg (6,600 lb). An enormous animal nonetheless, it is considerably smaller than its other Asian (and African) cousins and exists only on the island of Sumatra, usually in forested regions and partially wooded habitats. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
In 2003 a further subspecies was identified on Borneo. Named the Borneo pygmy elephant, it is smaller and tamer than other Asian elephants. It also has relatively larger ears, longer tail and straighter tusks. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Kalimantan. ...
Trinomial name Elephas maximus borneensis Deraniyagala, 1950 The Borneo Elephant or Borneo Pygmy Elephant Elephas maximus borneensis is a subspecies of the Asian Elephant and found in north Borneo (east Sabah and extreme north Kalimantan). ...
Body characteristics
Trunk The proboscis, or trunk, is a fusion of the nose and upper lip, elongated and specialized to become the elephant's most important and versatile appendage. African elephants are equipped with two fingerlike projections at the tip of their trunk, while Asians have only one. According to biologists, the elephant's trunk may have over forty thousand individual muscles in it,[24] making it sensitive enough to pick up a single blade of grass, yet strong enough to rip the branches off a tree. Some sources indicate that the correct number of muscles in an elephant's trunk is closer to one hundred thousand.[25] In general, a proboscis (from Greek pro before and boskein to feed) is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal. ...
Most herbivores (plant eaters, like the elephant) possess teeth adapted for cutting and tearing off plant materials. However, except for the very young or infirm, elephants always use their trunks to tear up their food and then place it in their mouth. They will graze on grass or reach up into trees to grasp leaves, fruit, or entire branches. If the desired food item is too high up, the elephant will wrap its trunk around the tree or branch and shake its food loose or sometimes simply knock the tree down altogether. The trunk is also used for drinking. Elephants suck water up into the trunk (up to fifteen quarts or fourteen litres at a time) and then blow it into their mouth. Elephants also inhale water to spray on their body during bathing. On top of this watery coating, the animal will then spray dirt and mud, which act as a protective sunscreen. When swimming, the trunk makes an excellent snorkel. In zoology, an herbivore is an animal that is adapted to eat primarily plants (rather than meat). ...
Snorkel, may refer to: Swimmers snorkel Submarine snorkel Vehicle snorkel, for motor vehicles Fume hood Sargeant Snorkel, a character in Beetle Bailey comics Hydraulic platform, a type of fire apparatus Category: ...
This appendage also plays a key role in many social interactions. Familiar elephants will greet each other by entwining their trunks, much like a handshake. They also use them while play-wrestling, caressing during courtship and mother / child interactions, and for dominance displays – a raised trunk can be a warning or threat, while a lowered trunk can be a sign of submission. Elephants can defend themselves very well by flailing their trunk at unwanted intruders or by grasping and flinging them.
 An elephant can use its trunk for a variety of purposes. This one is wiping its eye. An elephant also relies on its trunk for its highly developed sense of smell. Raising the trunk up in the air and swivelling it from side to side, like a periscope, it can determine the location of friends, enemies, and food sources. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Tusks The tusks of an elephant are its second upper incisors. Tusks grow continuously; an adult male's tusks will grow about seven inches a year. Tusks are used to dig for water, salt, and roots; to debark trees, to eat the bark; to dig into baobab trees to get at the pulp inside; and to move trees and branches when clearing a path. In addition, they are used for marking trees to establish territory and occasionally as weapons. Pacific Walrus at Cape Peirce A tusk is an extremely long tooth of certain mammals that protrudes when the mouth is closed. ...
Incisors are the first kind of tooth in heterodont mammals. ...
Species See text The baobab (Adansonia), or monkey bread tree are a genus of eight species of trees, native to Madagascar (the centre of diversity, with six species), and mainland Africa and Australia (one species in each). ...
Like humans who are typically right- or left-handed, elephants are usually right- or left-tusked. The dominant tusk, called the master tusk, is generally shorter and more rounded at the tip from wear. Both male and female African elephants have large tusks that can reach over 3 m (10 ft) in length and weigh over 90 kg (200 lb). In the Asian species, only the males have large tusks. Female Asians have tusks which are very small or absent altogether. Asian males can have tusks as long as the much larger Africans, but they are usually much slimmer and lighter; the heaviest recorded is 39 kg (86 lb). The tusk of both species is mostly made of calcium phosphate in the form of apatite. As a piece of living tissue, it is relatively soft (compared with other minerals such as rock), and the tusk, also known as ivory, is strongly favoured by artisans for its carvability. The desire for elephant ivory has been one of the major factors in the dramatic decline of the world's elephant population. Handedness is an attribute of human beings defined by their unequal distribution of fine motor skill between the left and right hands. ...
Calcium phosphate is the name given to a family of minerals containing calcium ions (Ca2+) together with orthophosphates (PO43-), metaphosphates or pyrophosphates (P2O74-) and occasionally hydrogen or hydroxide ions. ...
ske| Fracture|| Conchoidal to even Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually referring to hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, and chlorapatite, named for high concentrations of OH-, F-, or Cl- ions, respectively, in the crystal. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Some extinct relatives of elephants had tusks in their lower jaws in addition to their upper jaws, such as Gomphotherium, or only in their lower jaws, such as Deinotherium. Species Gomphotherium is an extinct genus of proboscid. ...
Species Deinotherium bozasi Arambourg, 1934 Deinotherium giganteus Kaup, 1829 Deinotherium indicum Falconer, 1845 Deinotherium (terrible beast) was a huge prehistoric proto-elephant that appeared in the Middle Miocene and continued until the Early Pleistocene. ...
Teeth Elephants' teeth are very different from those of most other mammals. Over their lives they usually have 28 teeth. These are: A humans visible teeth. ...
 Replica of an Asian Elephant's molar, showing upper side Unlike most mammals, which grow baby teeth and then replace them with a permanent set of adult teeth, elephants have cycles of tooth rotation throughout their entire life. After one year the tusks are permanent, but the molars are replaced six times in an average elephant's lifetime.[26] The teeth do not emerge from the jaws vertically like with human teeth. Instead, they have a horizontal progression, like a conveyor belt. New teeth grow in at the back of the mouth, pushing older teeth toward the front, where they wear down with use and the remains fall out. When an elephant becomes very old, the last set of teeth is worn to stumps, and it must rely on softer foods to chew. Very elderly elephants often spend their last years exclusively in marshy areas where they can feed on soft wet grasses. Eventually, when the last teeth fall out, the elephant will be unable to eat and will die of starvation. Were it not for tooth wearout, their metabolism would allow them to live much longer. Rupert Sheldrake has proposed this as an explanation for the elephant graveyards. However, as more habitat is destroyed, the elephants' living space becomes smaller and smaller; the elderly no longer have the opportunity to roam in search of more appropriate food and will, consequently, die of starvation at an earlier age. Pacific Walrus at Cape Peirce A tusk is an extremely long tooth of certain mammals that protrudes when the mouth is closed. ...
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The premolar teeth or bicuspids are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. ...
Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of tooth in most mammals. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 434 pixelsFull resolution (1568 × 850 pixel, file size: 139 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 434 pixelsFull resolution (1568 × 850 pixel, file size: 139 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Radiograph of lower right (from left to right) third, second, and first molars in different stages of development. ...
Rupert Sheldrake Rupert Sheldrake, Ph. ...
According to popular myth, older elephants instinctively leave their group when they reach a certain age, and direct themselves toward a special area, known as the elephants graveyard. ...
Tusks in the lower jaw are also second incisors. These grew out large in Deinotherium and some mastodons, but in modern elephants they disappear early without erupting. Species Deinotherium bozasi Arambourg, 1934 Deinotherium giganteus Kaup, 1829 Deinotherium indicum Falconer, 1845 Deinotherium (terrible beast) was a huge prehistoric proto-elephant that appeared in the Middle Miocene and continued until the Early Pleistocene. ...
Mastodons or Mastodonts (meaning nipple-teeth) are members of the extinct genus Mammut of the order Proboscidea and form the family Mammutidae; they resembled, but were distinct from, the woolly mammoth which belongs to the family Elephantidae. ...
Types of teeth Molars are used for grinding up foods Carnassials are used for slicing food. ...
Skin
 Skin of an African elephant Elephants are called pachyderms, which means thick-skinned animals. An elephant's skin is extremely tough around most parts of its body and measures about 2.5 centimetres (1 in) thick. However, the skin around the mouth and inside of the ear is paper thin. Normally, the skin of an Asian is covered with more hair than its African counterpart. This is most noticeable in the young. Asian calves are usually covered with a thick coat of brownish red fuzz. As they get older, this hair darkens and becomes more sparse, but it will always remain on their heads and tails. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2712x2386, 3933 KB) This image was originally posted to Flickr as elephant mugshot. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2712x2386, 3933 KB) This image was originally posted to Flickr as elephant mugshot. ...
A centimetre (American spelling centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length that is equal to one hundredth of a metre, the current SI base unit of length. ...
The species of elephants are typically greyish in colour, but the Africans very often appear brown or reddish from wallowing in mud holes of coloured soil. Wallowing is actually a very important behaviour in elephant society. Not only is it important for socialization, but the mud acts as a sunscreen, protecting their skin from harsh ultraviolet radiation. Though tough, an elephant's skin is very sensitive. Without regular mud baths to protect it from burning, as well as from insect bites and moisture loss, an elephant's skin would suffer serious damage. After bathing, the elephant will usually use its trunk to blow dirt on its body to help dry and bake on its new protective coat. As elephants are limited to smaller and smaller areas, there is less water available, and local herds will often come too close over the right to use these limited resources.
Wallowing also aids the skin in regulating body temperatures. Elephants spend every day fighting an uphill battle to stay cool. They have a very difficult time releasing heat through the skin because, in proportion to their body size, they have very little of it. The ratio of an elephant's mass to the surface area of its skin is many times that of a human. Elephants have even been observed lifting up their legs to expose the soles of their feet, presumably in an effort to expose more skin to the air. Since wild elephants live in very hot climates, they must have other means of getting rid of excess heat.
Legs and feet
 Elephant using its feet to crush a watermelon prior to eating it An elephant's legs are great straight pillars, as they must be to support its bulk. The elephant needs less muscular power to stand because of its straight legs and large pad like feet. For this reason an elephant can stand for very long periods of time without tiring. In fact, African elephants rarely lie down unless they are sick or wounded. Indian elephants, in contrast, lie down frequently. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1067, 685 KB) Asian Elephant eating a watermelon, Melbourne Zoo If you are a (commercial) publisher and you want me to write you an email or paper mail giving you an authorization to use my works in your products or a...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1067, 685 KB) Asian Elephant eating a watermelon, Melbourne Zoo If you are a (commercial) publisher and you want me to write you an email or paper mail giving you an authorization to use my works in your products or a...
Binomial name (Thunb. ...
The feet of an elephant are nearly round. African elephants have three nails on each hind foot, and four on each front foot. Indian elephants have four nails on each hind foot and five on each front foot. Beneath the bones of the foot is a tough, gelatinous material that acts as a cushion or shock absorber. Under the elephant's weight the foot swells, but it gets smaller when the weight is removed. An elephant can sink deep into mud, but can pull its legs out readily because its feet become smaller when they are lifted.[citation needed]
An elephant is a good swimmer, but it can neither trot, jump, nor gallop. It does have two gaits: a walk, and a faster gait that is similar to running. In walking the legs act as pendulums, with the hips and shoulders rising and falling while the foot is planted on the ground. With no "aerial phase," the faster gait does not meet all the criteria of running, as elephants always have at least one foot on the ground. However an elephant moving fast uses its legs like a running animal does, with the hips and shoulders falling and then rising while the feet are on the ground. In this gait an elephant will have three feet off the ground at one time. As both of the hind feet and both of the front feet are off the ground at the same time, this gait has been likened to the hind legs and the front legs taking turns running.[27] Although they start this "run" at only 8 km/h,[28] elephants may reach 25 km/h, all the while using the same gait. At this speed most other four-legged creatures are well into a gallop, even with leg length accounted for. Spring-like kinetics may explain the difference between the motion of these and other animals.[29] The trot is a gait of the horse where the diagonal pairs of legs move forwards at the same time, a diagonal gait. ...
Look up jump in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Horse gaits are the different ways in which a horse can move, either naturally or as a result of specialized training by humans. ...
Groups See text. ...
Ears The large flapping ears of an elephant are also very important for temperature regulation. Elephant ears are made of a very thin layer of skin stretched over cartilage and a rich network of blood vessels. On hot days, elephants will flap their ears constantly, creating a slight breeze. This breeze cools the surface blood vessels, and then the cooler blood gets circulated to the rest of the animal's body. The hot blood entering the ears can be cooled as much as ten degrees Fahrenheit before returning to the body. Differences in the ear sizes of African and Asian elephants can be explained, in part, by their geographical distribution. Africans originated and stayed near the equator, where it is warmer. Therefore, they have bigger ears. Asians live farther north, in slightly cooler climates, and thus have smaller ears. Image File history File links Anakotta1. ...
Image File history File links Anakotta1. ...
The Elephant Sanctuary in Hohenwald, Tennessee, was founded in 1995 as the United States first elephant refuge, recreating a natural habitat for sick, old, and/or needy elephants. ...
Elephant Sanctuary at Punnathur kotta, Guruvayoor. ...
, Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...
South India is a linguistic-cultural region of India that comprises the four states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and the two Union Territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry, whose inhabitants are collectively referred to as South Indians. ...
The ears are also used in certain displays of aggression and during the males' mating period. If an elephant wants to intimidate a predator or rival, it will spread its ears out wide to make itself look more massive and imposing. During the breeding season, males give off an odour from a gland located behind their eyes. Joyce Poole, a well-known elephant researcher, has theorized that the males will fan their ears in an effort to help propel this "elephant cologne" great distances.
Walking at a normal pace an elephant covers about 3 to 6 km/h (2 to 4 mph) but they can reach 40 km/h (24 mph) at full speed.
Evolution
 Evolution of elephants from the ancient Eocene ( bottom) to the modern day ( top). Although the fossil evidence is uncertain, scientists discovered genetic evidence that the elephant family shares distant ancestry with the Sirenians (sea cows) and the hyraxes through gene comparisons. In the distant past, members of the hyrax family grew to large sizes, and it seems likely that the common ancestor of all three modern families was some kind of amphibious hyracoid. One theory suggests that these animals spent most of their time under water, using their trunks like snorkels for breathing. Modern elephants have retained this ability and are known to swim in that manner for up to 6 hours and 50 km. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 397 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (722 × 1090 pixel, file size: 103 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 397 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (722 × 1090 pixel, file size: 103 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
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Families Dugongidae Trichechidae Hydrochichus (extinct) For information about the Gothic metal band, see Sirenia (band) The Sirenia are fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit rivers, estuaries and coastal marine waters. ...
Genera Procavia Heterohyrax Dendrohyrax A hyrax (from Greek shrewmouse; Afrikaans: klipdassie) is any of four species of fairly small, thickset, herbivorous mammals in the order Hyracoidea. ...
Snorkel, may refer to: Swimmers snorkel Submarine snorkel Vehicle snorkel, for motor vehicles Fume hood Sargeant Snorkel, a character in Beetle Bailey comics Hydraulic platform, a type of fire apparatus Category: ...
In the past, there was a much wider variety of elephant genera, including the mammoths, stegodons and deinotheria. There was also a much wider variety of species.[30][31] Species Mammuthus africanavus African mammoth Mammuthus columbi Columbian mammoth Mammuthus exilis Pygmy mammoth Mammuthus imperator Imperial mammoth Mammuthus jeffersonii Jeffersonian mammoth Mammuthus trogontherii Steppe mammoth Mammuthus meridionalis Mammuthus subplanifrons South African mammoth Mammuthus primigenius Woolly mammoth Mammuthus lamarmorae Sardinian Dwarf Mammoth A mammoth is any of a number of an...
Stegodon is a genus of the extinct subfamily Stegodontinae of the order Proboscidea. ...
Species Deinotherium bozasi Arambourg, 1934 Deinotherium giganteus Kaup, 1829 Deinotherium indicum Falconer, 1845 Deinotherium (terrible beast) was a huge prehistoric proto-elephant that appeared in the Middle Miocene and continued until the Early Pleistocene. ...
Diet Elephants are herbivores, spending 16 hours a day collecting plant food. Their diet is at least 50% grasses, supplemented with leaves, bamboo, twigs, bark, roots, and small amounts of fruits, seeds and flowers. Because elephants only digest 40% of what they eat, they have to make up for their digestive system's lack of efficiency in volume. An adult elephant can consume 140–270 kg (300–600 lb) of food a day. 60% of that food leaves the elephant's body undigested. A deer and two fawns feeding on some foliage A herbivore is often defined as any organism that eats only plants[1]. By that definition, many fungi, some bacteria, many animals, about 1% of flowering plants and some protists can be considered herbivores. ...
Intelligence With a mass just over 5 kg ((11 lb), elephant brains are larger than those of any land animal, and although the largest whales have body masses twentyfold those of a typical elephant, whale brains are barely twice the mass of an elephant's. A wide variety of behaviour, including those associated with grief, art, play, use of tools,[32] compassion and self-awareness[citation needed] evidence a highly intelligent species rivalled only by dolphins and primates.[33] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
For other articles about other subjects named brain see brain (disambiguation). ...
The temporal lobes are part of the cerebrum. ...
The cerebellum (Latin: little brain) is a region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output. ...
A Fin Whale The term whale is ambiguous: it can refer to all cetaceans, to just the larger ones, or only to members of particular families within the order Cetacea. ...
It has been suggested that Anticipatory Grief be merged into this article or section. ...
The Bath, a painting by Mary Cassatt (1844–1926). ...
It has been suggested that Idiot compassion be merged into this article or section. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Self-consciousness. ...
Genera See article below. ...
Families 15, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ...
The largest areas in elephant brain are those responsible for hearing, smell and movement coordination, and a large portion of the brain has to do with trunk management and sensitivity.
Increased out of any comparative proportion, the temporal lobe, responsible for processing of audio information, hearing and language, is relatively far greater than that of dolphins (which use elaborate echolocation) and humans (who use language and symbols). The temporal lobes are part of the cerebrum. ...
Senses The sensory capabilities of elephants are specific in their extremely well innervated trunks, and their exceptional sense of hearing and smell. The hearing receptors reside not only in ears, but also in trunks that are sensitive to vibrations, and most significantly feet, which have special receptors for low frequency sound and are exceptionally well innervated. It is believed that sound communication between elephants on large distances, through the ground, is important in their social lives, and elephants are observed listening by putting trunks on the ground and carefully moving their very sensitive feet.
Social behaviour Elephants live in a very structured social order. The social lives of male and female elephants are very different. The females spend their entire lives in tightly knit family groups made up of mothers, daughters, sisters, and aunts. These groups are led by the eldest female, or matriarch. Adult males, on the other hand, live mostly solitary lives.
The social circle of the female elephant does not end with the small family unit. In addition to encountering the local males that live on the fringes of one or more groups, the female's life also involves interaction with other families, clans, and subpopulations. Most immediate family groups range from five to fifteen adults, as well as a number of immature males and females. When a group gets too big, a few of the elder daughters will break off and form their own small group. They remain very aware of which local herds are relatives and which are not.
The life of the adult male is very different. As he gets older, he begins to spend more time at the edge of the herd, gradually going off on his own for hours or days at a time. Eventually, days become weeks, and somewhere around the age of fourteen, the mature male, or bull, sets out from his natal group for good. While males do live primarily solitary lives, they will occasionally form loose associations with other males. These groups are called bachelor herds. The males spend much more time than the females fighting for dominance with each other. Only the most dominant males will be permitted to breed with cycling females. The less dominant ones must wait their turn. It is usually the older bulls, forty to fifty years old, that do most of the breeding. The dominance battles between males can look very fierce, but typically they inflict very little injury. Most of the bouts are in the form of aggressive displays and bluffs. Ordinarily, the smaller, younger, and less confident animal will back off before any real damage can be done. However, during the breeding season, the battles can get extremely aggressive, and the occasional elephant is injured. During this season, known as musth, a bull will fight with almost any other male it encounters, and it will spend most of its time hovering around the female herds, trying to find a receptive mate. Musth is a periodic condition in bull elephants, characterized by a thick, tar-like secretion from the temporal ducts and, far more notably, by highly aggressive behaviour. ...
Self-awareness Mirror self recognition is a test of self awareness and cognition used in animal studies. A mirror was provided and visible marks were made on the elephant. The elephants investigated these marks, that were visible only via the mirror. The tests also included non-visible marks to rule out the possibility of their using other senses to detect these marks. This shows that elephants recognize the fact that the image in the mirror is their own self and such abilities are considered the basis for empathy, altruism and higher social interactions. This ability had earlier only been demonstrated in humans, apes and dolphins.[34]
Homosexuality African, as well as Asiatic males will engage in same-sex bonding and mounting. Such encounters are often associated with affectionate interactions, such as kissing, trunk intertwining, and placing trunks in each other's mouths. The encounters are analogous to heterosexual bouts, one male often extending his trunk along the other's back and pushing forward with his tusks to signify his intention to mount. Unlike heterosexual relations, which are always of a fleeting nature, those between males result in a "companionship", consisting of an older individual and one or two younger, attendant males. Same-sex relations are common and frequent in both sexes, with Asiatic elephants in captivity devoting roughly 45% of sexual encounters to same-sex activity.[35] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 559 pixelsFull resolution (994 × 694 pixel, file size: 868 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 559 pixelsFull resolution (994 × 694 pixel, file size: 868 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Communication Elephants communicate over long distances by producing and receiving low-frequency sound (infrasound), a sub-sonic rumbling, which can travel through the ground farther than sound travels through the air. This can be felt by the sensitive skin of an elephant's feet and trunk, which pick up the resonant vibrations much as the flat skin on the head of a drum. To listen attentively, every member of the herd will lift one foreleg from the ground, and face the source of the sound, or often lay its trunk on the ground. The lifting presumably increases the ground contact and sensitivity of the remaining legs. This ability is thought also to aid their navigation by use of external sources of infrasound. Discovery of this new aspect of elephant social communication and perception came with breakthroughs in audio technology, which can pick up frequencies outside the range of the human ear. Pioneering research in elephant infrasound communication was done by Katy Payne, of the Elephant Listening Project,[36] and is detailed in her book Silent Thunder. Though this research is still in its infancy, it is helping to solve many mysteries, such as how elephants can find distant potential mates, and how social groups are able to coordinate their movements over extensive range. Katharine Boynton Payne (born 1937) is a researcher in the Bioacoustics Research Program at the Laboratory of Ornithology at Cornell University. ...
Reproduction, calves, and calf rearing
Reproduction Females (cows) reach sexual maturity at around 9–12 years of age and become pregnant for the first time, on average, around age 13. They can reproduce until ages 55–60. Females give birth at intervals of about 5 years. Their gestation (pregnancy) period lasts about 22 months (630–660 days), the longest gestation period of any mammal, after which typically one calf is born. Twins are rare. Labour ranges in length from 5 minutes to 60 hours. The average length of labour is 11 hours. At birth, calves weigh around 90–115 kg (200–250 lb), and they gain 1 kg (2–2.5 lb) a day. In the wild, the mother is accompanied by other adult females (aunts), who protect the young, and baby elephants are raised and nurtured by the whole family group, practically from the moment of birth. Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside a female viviparous animal. ...
Motherhood and calf rearing - The first sound a newborn calf usually makes is a sneezing or snorting sound to clear its nasal passages of fluids. (In the first few minutes after a captive birth, the keepers must monitor the calf closely for the first sound or movement. Whichever happens first, the mother typically responds to her new baby with surprise and excitement.)
- With the help of its mother, a newborn calf usually struggles to its feet within 30 minutes of birth. For support, it will often lean against its mother's legs.
- A newborn calf usually stands within one hour and is strong enough to follow its mother in a slowly moving herd within a few days.
- Unlike most mammals, female elephants have a single pair of mammary glands located just behind the front legs. When born, a calf is about 90 cm (3 ft) high, just tall enough to reach its mother's nipples.
African elephant calf suckling - A calf suckles with its mouth, not its trunk, which has no muscle tone. To clear the way to its mouth so it can suckle, the calf will flop its trunk onto its forehead.
- A newborn calf suckles for only a few minutes at a time but many times per day, consuming up to 11 litres (3 U.S. gallons) of milk in a single day.
- A calf may nurse for up to 2 years or more. Complete weaning depends on the disposition of the mother, the amount of available milk, and the arrival of another calf.
- Newborn calves learn mainly by observing adults, not from instinct. For example, a calf learns how to use its trunk by watching older elephants using their trunks.
- It takes several months for a calf to control the use of its trunk. This can be observed as the calf trips over its trunk or as the trunk wiggles like a rubbery object when the calf shakes its head.
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
A fluid is defined as a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress regardless of the magnitude of the applied stress. ...
Mammary glands are the organs that, in the female mammal, produce milk for the sustenance of the young. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Bodybuilder showing highly developed muscle tone. ...
A breastfeeding infant Breastfeeding is the practice of a woman feeding an infant (or sometimes a toddler or a young child) with milk produced from her mammary glands, usually directly from the nipples. ...
The suckling of a newborn at its mothers nipple is an example of an instinctive behavior. ...
Elephant calves Elephant social life, in many ways, revolves around breeding and raising of the calves. A female will usually be ready to breed around the age of thirteen, at which time she will seek out the most attractive male to mate with. Females are generally attracted to bigger, stronger, and, most importantly, older males. Such a reproductive strategy tends to increase their offspring's chances of survival.
After a twenty-two-month pregnancy, the mother will give birth to a calf that will weigh about 113 kg (250 lb) and stand over 76 cm (2.5 ft) tall. Elephants have a very long childhood. They are born with fewer survival instincts than many other animals. Instead, they must rely on their elders to teach them the things they need to know. The ability to pass on information and knowledge to their young has always been a major asset in the elephant's struggle to survive. Today, however, the pressures humans have put on the wild elephant populations, from poaching to habitat destruction, mean that the elderly often die at a younger age, leaving fewer teachers for the young.
All members of the tightly knit female group participate in the care and protection of the young. Since everyone in the herd is related, there is never a shortage of baby-sitters. In fact, a new calf is usually the centre of attention for all herd members. All the adults and most of the other young will gather around the newborn, touching and caressing it with their trunks. The baby is born nearly blind and at first relies, almost completely, on its trunk to discover the world around it.
Allomothers After the initial excitement dies down, the mother will usually select several full-time baby-sitters, or "allomothers", from her group. According to Cynthia Moss, a well known researcher, these allomothers will help in all aspects of raising the calf.[citation needed] They walk with the young as the herd travels, helping the calves along if they fall or get stuck in the mud. The more allomothers a baby has, the more free time its mother has to feed herself. Providing a calf with nutritious milk means the mother has to eat more nutritious food herself. So, the more allomothers, the better the calf's chances of survival. An elephant is considered an allomother when she is not able to have her own baby. A benefit of being an allomother is that she can gain experience or receive assistance when caring for her own calf.
Effect on the environment Elephants' foraging activities affect the areas in which they live: - By pulling down trees to eat leaves, breaking branches, and pulling out roots they create clearings in which new young trees and other vegetation grow to provide future nutrition for elephants and other organisms.
- Elephants make pathways through the environment that are used by other animals to access areas normally out of reach. The pathways have been used by several generations of elephants, and today people are converting many of them to paved roads.
- During the dry season elephants use their tusks to dig into dry river beds to reach underground sources of water. These newly dug water holes may become the only source of water in the area.
- Elephants are a species which many other organisms depend on. For example, termites eat elephant faeces and often begin building termite mounds under piles of elephant faeces.
Wadi alMujib, Jordan A wadi (Arabic: ) is traditionally a valley. ...
Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...
Families Mastotermitidae Kalotermitidae Termopsidae Hodotermitidae Rhinotermitidae Serritermitidae Termitidae Reference: Earthlife as of 2002-07-26 A termite (also known as a white ant) is any member of the order Isoptera, a group of social insects that eat wood and other cellulose-rich vegetable matter. ...
Threat of extinction
Hunting The threat to the African elephant presented by the ivory trade is unique to the species. Larger, long-lived, slow-breeding animals, like the elephant, are more susceptible to overhunting than other animals. They cannot hide, and it takes many years for an elephant to grow and reproduce. An elephant needs an average of 140 kg (300 lb) of vegetation a day to survive. As large predators are hunted, the local small grazer populations (the elephant's food competitors) find themselves on the rise. The increased number of herbivores ravage the local trees, shrubs, and grasses. Elephants themselves have few natural predators besides man and, occasionally, lions.
Dehabitation Another threat to elephant's survival in general is the ongoing cultivation of their habitats with increasing risk of conflicts of interest with human cohabitants. These conflicts kill 150 elephants and up to 100 people per year in Sri Lanka.[37] Lacking the massive tusks of its African cousins, the Asian elephant's demise can be attributed mostly to loss of its habitat.
As larger patches of forest disappear, the ecosystem is affected in profound ways. The trees are responsible for anchoring soil and absorbing water runoff. Floods and massive erosion are common results of deforestation. Elephants need massive tracts of land because, much like the slash-and-burn farmers, they are used to crashing through the forest, tearing down trees and shrubs for food and then cycling back later on, when the area has regrown. As forests are reduced to small pockets, elephants become part of the problem, quickly destroying all the vegetation in an area, eliminating all their resources.
National parks Africa's first official reserve eventually became one of the world's most famous and successful national parks. Kruger National Park in South Africa first became a reserve against great opposition in 1898 (then Sabi Reserve). It was deproclaimed and reproclaimed several times before it was renamed and granted national park status in 1926. It was to be the first of many. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x853, 401 KB) Summary Taken by Schuyler S. in the Ngorongoro creator, Tanzania Canon 350 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Elephant ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x853, 401 KB) Summary Taken by Schuyler S. in the Ngorongoro creator, Tanzania Canon 350 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Elephant ...
View of the Ngorongoro Crater The Ngorongoro Conservation Area or NCA is a conservation area situated 180 km west of Arusha in the Crater Highlands area of Tanzania. ...
A zebra in the Kruger National Park Kruger National Park is the largest game reserve in South Africa. ...
Year 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Of course, there were many problems in establishing these reserves. For example, elephants range through a wide tract of land with little regard for national borders. however, when most parks were created, the boundaries were drawn at the human-made borders of individual countries. Once a fence was erected, many animals found themselves cut off from their winter feeding grounds or spring breeding areas. Some animals died as a result, while some, like the elephants, just trampled through the fences. This did little to belie their image as a crop-raiding pest. The more often an elephant wandered off its reserve, the more trouble it got into, and the more chance it had of being shot by an angry farmer. When confined to small territories, elephants can inflict an enormous amount of damage to the local landscapes. Today there are still many problems associated with these parks and reserves, but there is now little question as to whether or not they are necessary. As scientists learn more about nature and the environment, it becomes very clear that these parks may be the elephant's last hope against the rapidly changing world around them.
Additionally, Kruger National Park has suffered from elephant overcrowding, at the expense of other species of wildlife within the reserve. South Africa slaughtered 14,562 elephants in the reserve between 1967 and 1994; it stopped in 1995, mostly due to international and local pressure. Without action, it is predicted that the elephant population in Kruger National Park will triple to 34,000 by 2020.[38]
Humanity and elephants
Harvest from the wild The harvest of elephants, both legal and illegal, has had some unexpected consequences on elephant anatomy as well. African ivory hunters, by killing only tusked elephants, have given a much larger chance of mating to elephants with small tusks or no tusks at all. The propagation of the absent-tusk gene has resulted in the birth of large numbers of tuskless elephants, now approaching 30% in some populations (compare with a rate of about 1% in 1930). Tusklessness, once a very rare genetic abnormality, has become a widespread hereditary trait.
It is possible, if unlikely, that continued selection pressure could bring about a complete absence of tusks in African elephants, a development normally requiring thousands of years of evolution. The effect of tuskless elephants on the environment, and on the elephants themselves, could be dramatic. Elephants use their tusks to root around in the ground for necessary minerals, tear apart vegetation, and spar with one another for mating rights. Without tusks, elephant behaviour could change dramatically.[39]
Domestication and use
 African Savanna Elephant Loxodonta africana, born 1969 (left), and Asian Elephant Elephas maximus, born 1970 (right), at an English zoo. Elephants have been working animals used in various capacities by humans. Seals found in the Indus Valley suggest that the elephant was first domesticated in ancient India. However, elephants have never been truly domesticated: the male elephant in his periodic condition of musth is dangerous and difficult to control. Therefore elephants used by humans have typically been female, war elephants being an exception, however: as female elephants in battle will run from a male, only males could be used in war. It is generally more economical to capture wild young elephants and tame them than breeding them in captivity (see also elephant "crushing"). African Savannah Elephant (left) and Asian Elephant (right) at Paignton Zoo, Devon, England. ...
African Savannah Elephant (left) and Asian Elephant (right) at Paignton Zoo, Devon, England. ...
World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ...
This article deals primarily or exclusively with the definition of Asian in English-speaking countries, mainly referring to immigrants or descendants of immigrants living therein. ...
Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem - the United Kingdom anthem God Save the Queen is commonly used England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto)1 Unified - by Athelstan 927 AD Area - Total...
Giraffes in Sydneys Taronga Zoo A zoological garden, zoological park, or zoo is a facility in which animals are confined within enclosures and displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred. ...
A working animal is a (semi-)domesticated animal that is kept by humans and often trained to perform various tasks, regardless whether they are also used for consumption of meat and milk or for other products (such as leather). ...
Musth is a periodic condition in bull elephants, characterized by a thick, tar-like secretion from the temporal ducts and, far more notably, by highly aggressive behaviour. ...
Elephants occasionally dismembered the condemned as in this 1681 drawing from An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon by Robert Knox. ...
War elephants were used by armies in the Indian sub-continent, and later by the Persian empire. This use was adopted by Hellenistic armies after Alexander the Great experienced their worth against king Porus, notably in the Ptolemaic and Seleucid diadoch empires. The Carthaginian general Hannibal took elephants across the Alps when he was fighting the Romans, but brought too few elephants to be of much military use, although his horse cavalry was quite successful; he probably used a now-extinct third African (sub)species, the North African (Forest) elephant, smaller than its two southern cousins, and presumably easier to domesticate. A large elephant in full charge could cause tremendous damage to infantry, and cavalry horses would be afraid of them (see Battle of Hydaspes). The elephants thick hides made them difficult to injure or kill and the high position made them favored by commanding officers War elephants were important, although not widespread, weapons in ancient military history. ...
The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the old Persian homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. ...
The term Hellenistic (established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen) in the history of the ancient world is used to refer to the shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks, however scattered geographically, to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of whatever ethnicity, and from the political dominance...
Alexander the Great (Greek: ,[1] Megas Alexandros; July 356 BC–June 11, 323 BC), also known as Alexander III, king of Macedon (336–323 BC), was one of the most successful military commanders in history. ...
King Porus (also Raja Puru), was the King of Pauravaa, a Kingdom in Punjab located between the Jhelum and the Chenab (in Greek, the Hydaspes and the Acesines) rivers in the Punjab and dominions extending to Hyphasis[1]. Its capital may have been near the current city of Lahore [2...
cleopatra ruled seneca for 10 years before she ruled Egypt. ...
The Seleucid Empire was one of several political states founded after the death of Alexander the Great, whose generals squabbled over the division of Alexanders empire. ...
Roman Carthage with former military harbor Carthage (Greek: , Latin: , from the Phoenician meaning new town; Arabic: ) refers both to an ancient city in Tunisia and to the civilization that developed within the citys sphere of influence. ...
Hannibal Barca (247 BC – c. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus Roman provinces on the eve of the assassination of Julius Caesar, c. ...
The battle of the Hydaspes River was a battle fought by Alexander the Great in 326 BC against the Indian king Purushotthama (better known as Porus) on the Hydaspes River (now the Jhelum) in present-day Pakistan. ...
Throughout Siam, India, and most of South Asia elephants were used in the military for heavy labour, especially for uprooting trees and moving logs, and were also commonly used as executioners to crush the condemned underfoot. For the country formerly called Siam see Thailand SIAM is an acronym for Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. ...
A condemned prisoner being dismembered by an elephant in Ceylon. ...
 Elephant footprints (tire tracks for scale) Elephants have also been used as mounts for safari-type hunting, especially Indian shikar (mainly on tigers), and as ceremonial mounts for royal and religious occasions, whilst Asian elephants have been used for transport and entertainment, and are common to circuses around the world. elephant tracks in Namibia File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
elephant tracks in Namibia File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
“Hunter†redirects here. ...
A stilt-walker entertaining shoppers at a shopping centre in Swindon, England Entertainment is an event, performance, or activity designed to give pleasure or relaxation to an audience (although, for example, in the case of a computer game the audience may be only one person). ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
African elephants have long been reputed to not be domesticable, but some entrepreneurs have succeeded by bringing Asian mahouts from Sri Lanka to Africa. In Botswana, Uttum Corea has been working with African elephants and has several young tame elephants near Gaborone. African elephants are more temperamental than Asian elephants, but are easier to train. Because of their more sensitive temperaments, they require different training methods than Asian elephants and must be trained from infancy hence Corea worked with orphaned elephants. African elephants are now being used for (photo) safaris. Corea's elephants are also used to entertain tourists and haul logs. A mahout is a person who drives an elephant. ...
Satellite image of Gaborone Location of Gaborone in Botswana Gaborone (pron. ...
Elephants are also commonly exhibited in zoos and wild animal parks, the former of which has caused controversy. Animal rights advocates allege that elephants in zoos "suffer a life of chronic physical ailments, social deprivation, emotional starvation, and premature death".[40] However, zoos argue that standards for treatment of elephants are extremely high and that minimum requirements for such things as minimum space requirements, enclosure design, nutrition, reproduction, enrichment and veterinary care are set to ensure the wellbeing of elephants in captivity. A zoo. ...
Wild Animal Park may refer to: San Diego Wild Animal Park, in San Diego, California, United States Whipsnade Wild Animal Park, in Bedfordshire, England See also Zoo Category: ...
Elephants in culture Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903[1][2] – 21 January 1950), better known by the pen name George Orwell, was an English author and journalist. ...
Shooting an Elephant is an essay by George Orwell, written during the autumn of 1936. ...
Popular culture - The phrase 'elephants never forget' was reasonably common in the 20th century. It had no metaphorical meaning, referring literally to elephants supposedly having an excellent memory.
- The expression white elephant refers to an expensive burden, particularly to a situation in which much has been invested with false expectations. The phrase 'white elephant sale' was sometimes used in Australia as a synonym for jumble sale.
- Jumbo, a circus elephant, has entered the English language as a synonym for "large".
- Dumbo, the elephant who learns to fly in the Disney movie of the same name.
- The French children's storybook character Babar the Elephant (an elephant king) created by Jean de Brunhoff and also an animated TV series.
- The Oakland Athletics mascot is a white elephant. The story of picking the mascot was started when New York Giants' manager John McGraw told reporters that Philadelphia manufacturer Benjamin Shibe, who owned the controlling interest in the new team, had a “white elephant on his hands," Connie Mack defiantly adopted the white elephant as the team mascot, though over the years the elephant has appeared in several different colours (currently forest green). The A’s are sometimes, though infrequently, referred to as the Elephants or White Elephants. The team mascot is nicknamed Stomper.
- The Elephant's Child is one of Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories.
- Horton Hatches the Egg is a book by Dr. Seuss about a faithful elephant who sits on the nest of an irresponsible bird for months.
- Joseph Merrick, a British man in Victorian England, who suffered from substantial deformities, and was nicknamed "The Elephant Man" due to the nature and extent of his condition.
- American band the White Stripes' fourth album was entitled Elephant, possibly because of lead singer Jack White's fondness of the animals' extreme sensitivity toward each other. The album was #390 in Rolling Stone magazine's "500 Best Albums of All Time".
- The Thai movie Tom-Yum-Goong (US title: "The Protector", UK title: "Warrior King") is about a man named Kham who travels from Thailand to Australia in pursuit of poachers who have stolen two elephants. Kham is a member of a family that protects the elephants of the King of Thailand. The movie was directed by Prachya Pinkaew and stars Tony Jaa.
- The elephant joke, which typically relies on the elephant's characteristics (particularly its size) for its humour, became popular in the 20th century.
- In J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings story, there exist oliphaunts, house-sized versions of elephants.
Ganesha, the Hindu deity of wisdom. A white elephant For other uses, see White elephant (disambiguation). ...
A Jumble sale or rummage sale is a social event at which second hand goods are sold, usually by an institution such as a local Scout Group or church, as a fundraising or charitable effort. ...
It has been suggested that Jumbo the Circus Elephant be merged into this article or section. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Dumbo is a 1941 animated feature film produced by Walt Disney and first released on October 23, 1941 by RKO Radio Pictures. ...
The Walt Disney Company (NYSE: DIS) is one of the largest media and entertainment corporations in the world. ...
Cover of the first Babar story published 1931 Cover of the second Babar story published 1932 This article is about Babar the Elephant. ...
Jean de Brunhoff (December 9, 1899 – October 16, 1937) was a French writer and illustrator known for co-creating Babar, which first appeared in 1931. ...
Major league affiliations American League (1901–present) West Division (1969–present) Current uniform Retired Numbers 9, 27, 34, 42, 43, (As) Name Oakland Athletics (1968–present) Kansas City Athletics (1955-1967) Philadelphia Athletics (1901-1954) (Referred to as As) Other nicknames The As, The White Elephants, The...
City East Rutherford, New Jersey Other nicknames Big Blue Wrecking Crew, Big Blue, G-Men, The Jints, The New York Football Giants Team colors Royal Blue, Red, Gray, and White Head Coach Tom Coughlin Owner John Mara (50%) and Steve Tisch (50%) General manager Jerry Reese League/Conference affiliations National...
John Joseph McGraw (April 7, 1873–February 25, 1934), nicknamed Little Napoleon and Muggsy, was a Major League Baseball player and manager. ...
Benjamin F. Shibe (1838 - January 14, 1922) was an American executive in Major League Baseball who was half-owner of the Philadelphia Athletics. ...
Connie Mack baseball card, 1910 Cornelius Alexander Mack (December 22, 1862 – February 8, 1956), born Cornelius Alexander McGillicuddy, was an American professional baseball player, manager, and team owner. ...
Image:Stomper. ...
By Rudyard Kipling Long ago when elephants child had no trunk, a young elephant who was full of satiable curiosity asked the crocodile what he had for dinner. ...
This article is about the British author. ...
See also Just-so story for anthropological sense Wikisource has original text related to this article: Just So Stories The Just So Stories for Little Children were written by British author Rudyard Kipling. ...
Horton Hatches the Egg book cover. ...
Theodor Seuss Geisel (March 2, 1904 – September 24, 1991) was a famous American writer and cartoonist best known for his classic childrens books under the pen name Dr. Seuss, including The Cat in the Hat, Green Eggs and Ham, How the Grinch Stole Christmas and One Fish Two Fish...
For the Jamaican missionary to Cameroon, see Joseph Merrick (missionary) Joseph Carey Merrick. ...
redirect Victorian eramonkey ...
Joseph Merrick, sometimes called John Merrick, known as The Elephant Man. ...
The White Stripes are an American rock music duo from Detroit, Michigan, consisting of Jack White (principal songwriter, vocals, guitar, piano) and Meg White (drums, percussion, vocals). ...
This article is about the magazine. ...
Tom-Yum-Goong (Thai: ต้มยำà¸à¸¸à¹‰à¸‡; IPA: , distributed as Warrior King in the UK, as The Protector in the US) is a 2005 Thai martial arts film starring Tony Jaa. ...
The Protector is a 1985 Hong Kong action film that was Chinese martial arts movie star Jackie Chans second attempt at breaking into the American (and subsequently, global) film market. ...
From left, stunt choreographer Panna Rittikrai, director Prachya Pinkaew, producer Somsak Techaratanaprasert and actor Tony Jaa are on stage for the press screening of Tom-Yum-Goong on August 4, 2005 at Major Ratchayothin in Bangkok. ...
Panom Yeerum (Thai: ; Khmer: ចាភ្ំ យីរុាំ; IPA: ) born on February 5, 1976 in Surin Province, Thailand, better known in the West as Tony Jaa and in Thailand as Jaa Panom, is a Thai martial art film actor, choreographer and director. ...
An elephant joke is a joke, almost always an absurd riddle or conundrum and often a sequence of such, that involves an elephant. ...
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien CBE (January 3, 1892 – September 2, 1973) was an English philologist, writer and university professor, best known as the author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. ...
The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by the English academic J. R. R. Tolkien. ...
An oliphaunt from Peter Jacksons The Two Towers; note the humans riding on it for size comparison (note also that Tolkien himself did not necessarily envision them as being this large). ...
ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (531x800, 222 KB) Summary Elephants at the Esala Perahera in Kandy, Sri Lanka. ...
ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (531x800, 222 KB) Summary Elephants at the Esala Perahera in Kandy, Sri Lanka. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The Temple of the Tooth Relic in Kandy Kandy (මහනුවර/ සෙංකඩගල in Sinhala, கணà¯à®Ÿà®¿ in Tamil) is the name used by British invaders for the city of Senkadagala (Mahanuwara) in the centre of Sri Lanka. ...
Image File history File links Ganapati. ...
Image File history File links Ganapati. ...
Ganesha (Sanskrit: ; ; , also spelled Ganesa or Ganesh) is one of the best-known and most worshipped deities in Hinduism[8]. Although he is known by many other attributes, Ganeshas elephant head makes him easy to identify. ...
Religion and philosophy - The scattered skulls of prehistoric pygmy elephants on Crete, featuring a single large nasal cavity at the front, may have formed the basis of belief in existence of cyclops, the one-eyed giants featured in Homer's Odyssey.
- A white elephant is considered holy in Thailand.
- Ganesh, the Hindu god of wisdom, has an elephant's head.
- Elephants are used in festivals in Sri Lanka, such as the Esala Perahera.
- Temple elephant
- Guruvayur Keshavan famous temple elephant in Kerala, India
- The story of the Blind Men and an Elephant was written to show how reality may be viewed by different perspectives. Its source is unknown, but it appears to have originated in India. It has been attributed to Buddhists, Hindus, Jainists, and Sufis, and was also used by Discordians.
- In Judeo-Christian accounts, including Midrash on the sixth chapter of the apocryphal book of 1 Maccabees, the youngest of the Hasmonean brothers, Eleazar the Maccabee stuck a spear under the foot of an elephant carrying an important Greek-Assyrian general, killing the elephant, the general, and Eleazar.
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1865 KB) Summary An elephant carrying Thidambu during Thrissur Pooram festival in Kerala, south India. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1865 KB) Summary An elephant carrying Thidambu during Thrissur Pooram festival in Kerala, south India. ...
Among the varieties of festivals celebrated in Kerala, Thrissur Pooram is the most thunderous, spectacular and dazzling. ...
, Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...
South India is a linguistic-cultural region of India that comprises the four states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and the two Union Territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry, whose inhabitants are collectively referred to as South Indians. ...
For the famous World War II battle, see: Battle of Crete For other uses, see Crete (disambiguation). ...
The nasal cavity (or nasal fossa) is a large air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. ...
Polyphemus the Cyclops. ...
Jack the Giant-Killer by Arthur Rackham. ...
Homer (Greek: ) is the name given to the supposed unitary author of the early Greek poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. ...
Beginning of the Odyssey The Odyssey (Greek ΟδÏσσεια (Odússeia) ) is one of the two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to the Ionian poet Homer. ...
A royal white elephant A white elephant (also albino elephant) is a rare kind of elephant. ...
Popular image of Ganesh In Hinduism, Ganesha (Gaṇeśa, lord of the hosts, also spelled Ganesa and sometimes referred to as Ganesh in Hindi, Bengali and other Indian vernaculars) is the god of wisdom, intelligence, education and prudence. ...
A Hindu ( , Devanagari: हिनà¥à¤¦à¥), as per modern definition, is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, and the religious, philosophical and cultural system that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The image shows the decorated temple elephant at the Kamatchi temple Kanchipuram of Tamilnadu state. ...
Guruvayur Kesavan with his mahouts. ...
The story of the blind men and an elephant appears to have originated in India, but its original source is debated. ...
This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ...
Hinduism (known as in modern Indian languages) is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ...
This article is under construction. ...
Sufism is a mystic tradition within Islam and encompasses a diverse range of beliefs and practices dedicated to divine love and the cultivation of the heart. ...
Discordianism is a modern, chaos-centered religion founded circa 1958–1959 by Malaclypse the Younger with the publication of its principal text, the Principia Discordia. ...
Judeo-Christian (or Judaeo-Christian) is a term used to describe the body of concepts and values which are thought to be held in common by Judaism and Christianity, and typically considered (sometimes along with classical Greco-Roman civilization) a fundamental basis for Western legal codes and moral values. ...
Midrash (Hebrew: מדרש; plural midrashim) is a Hebrew word referring to a method of exegesis of a Biblical text. ...
Apocrypha (from the Greek word απόκÏυφα meaning those having been hidden away[1]) are texts of uncertain authenticity or writings where the authorship is questioned. ...
1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which was written by a Jewish (pre-Christian) author, probably about 100 BC, after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom. ...
The Hasmoneans (Hebrew: , Hashmonaiym, Audio) were the ruling dynasty of the Hasmonean Kingdom (140 BCE–37 BCE),[1] an autonomous Jewish state in ancient Israel. ...
Eleazar (or Elazar), (×ֶלְעָזָר [My] God has helped, Standard Hebrew ElÊ¿azar, Tiberian Hebrew ʾElÊ¿ÄzÄr) refers to a number of persons in the Hebrew Bible and in Jewish history: A son of Aaron, and a Levite priest. ...
The Maccabees were a Jewish family who fought against the rule of Antiochus IV Epiphanes of the Hellenistic Seleucid dynasty, who was succeeded by his infant son Antiochus V Eupator. ...
Politics and secular symbolism
The newspaper clip shows election officials carrying the EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) on an elephant. These officials are travelling to a remote polling station, inaccessible by other means of transport. - After Alexander's victory over the Indian king Porus, the captured war elephants became a symbol of imperial power, used as an emblem of the Seleucid diadoch empire, e.g. on coins.
- The elephant, and the white elephant (also a religious symbol of Buddha) in particular, has often been used as a symbol of royal power and prestige in Asia; occurring on the flag of the kingdom Laos (three visible, supporting an umbrella, another symbol of royal power) till it became a republic in 1975, and other Indochinese and Thai realms had also displayed one or more white elephants.
- The elephant is also the symbol for the Republican Party of the United States, originating in an 1874 cartoon of an Asian elephant by Thomas Nast of Harper's Weekly (Nast also originated the donkey as the symbol of the Democratic Party).
- See also the Danish royal Order of the Elephant.
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1160x833, 373 KB) Summary news paper clip from the Hindu; www. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1160x833, 373 KB) Summary news paper clip from the Hindu; www. ...
This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
A polling station situated inside a suburban library in the north of Cambridge during the United Kingdom general election, 2005. ...
The Seleucid Empire was one of several political states founded after the death of Alexander the Great, whose generals squabbled over the division of Alexanders empire. ...
Media:Example. ...
The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ...
Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Thomas Nast (September 27, 1840 – December 7, 1902) was a famous German-American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. ...
Teresa Bagioli Sickles confession, 1859 Harpers Weekly (A Journal of Civilization) was an American political magazine based in New York City. ...
Binomial name Equus asinus Linnaeus, 1758 For other uses, see Donkey (disambiguation). ...
Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas Politics Portal Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic...
Coat of arms of Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway surrounded by the collars of the Order of the Elephant and the Order of the Dannebrog. ...
Elephant rage Elephants are among the world's most potentially dangerous animals, capable of crushing and killing any other land animal, from humans to lions and even rhinoceros. They can experience unexpected bouts of rage, and can be vindictive.[41] In Africa, groups of young teenage elephants attack human villages in what is thought to be revenge for the destruction of their society by massive cullings done in the 1970s and 80s.[42] In India, male elephants attack villages at night, destroying homes and killing people on a regular basis. In the Indian state of Jharkhand, 300 people were killed by elephants between 2000 and 2004, and in Assam, 239 people have been killed by elephants since 2001.[41] In India alone there are up to 200 elephant-caused human deaths every year, and in Sri Lanka around 50 per year. Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ...
Binomial name Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758) The Lion (Panthera leo) is a mammal of the family Felidae. ...
Black Rhino from Howletts Wild Animal Park For other uses, see Rhinoceros (disambiguation). ...
Musth Adult male elephants naturally enter the periodic state called musth (Hindi for madness), sometimes spelt "must" in English. It is characterised by very excited and/or aggressive behavior and a thick, tar-like liquid secretion that discharges through the temporal ducts from the temporal glands on the sides of the head. Musth is linked to sexual arousal or establishing dominance, but this relationship is far from clear. A musth elephant, wild or domesticated, is extremely dangerous to humans. Domesticated elephants in India are traditionally tied to a tree and denied food and water for several days, after which the musth passes. In zoos, musth is often the cause of fatal accidents to elephant keepers. Zoos keeping adult male elephants need extremely secure enclosures, which greatly complicates the attempts to breed elephants in zoos. Musth is a periodic condition in bull elephants, characterized by a thick, tar-like secretion from the temporal ducts and, far more notably, by highly aggressive behaviour. ...
The temporal bones (os temporales) are situated at the sides and base of the skull. ...
A zoo. ...
Captive breeding is the process of breeding endangered animals by capturing them from their natural environment, breeding them in restricted conditions in zoos and other conservation facilities, and releasing them back to the wild when the population stabilizes and the threat to the animal in the wild is lessened or...
Musth is accompanied by a significant rise in reproductive hormones. Testosterone levels in an elephant in musth can be as much as 60 times greater than in the same elephant at other times. However, whether this hormonal surge is the sole cause of musth, or merely a contributing factor is unknown: scientific investigation of musth is greatly hindered by the fact that even the most otherwise placid of elephants may actively try to kill any and all humans. Similarly, the tar-like secretion remains largely uncharacterised, due to the difficulties of collecting a sample for analysis. A hormone (from Greek horman - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ...
Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ...
Although it has often been speculated that musth is linked to rut, this is unlikely, because the female elephant's estrus cycle is not seasonally-linked. Furthermore, bulls in musth have often been known to attack female elephants, regardless of whether or not the females are in heat. The Rut is the period of time when antlered ungulates, such as deer, sheep, elk, moose, caribou, ibex, goats, pronghorn and Asian and African antelope, mate. ...
Estrus (also spelled œstrus) or heat in female mammals is the period of greatest female sexual responsiveness usually coinciding with ovulation. ...
The Hindi word "musth" is from the Urdu mast, which in turn is from a Persian root meaning "intoxicated". Urdu ( , , trans. ...
Persian (Local names: Ùارسی Fârsi or پارسی Pârsi)* is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan as well as by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ...
The Channel 5 British television program "The Dark Side of Elephants" (March 20, 2006) stated that during musth: Five, launched in 1997, is the fifth and final national terrestrial analogue television channel to launch in the United Kingdom. ...
Television series redirects here. ...
is the 79th day of the year (80th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
- The swelling of the temporal glands presses on the elephant's eyes and causes the elephant severe pain comparable to severe root abscess toothache. One elephant behaviour that tries to counteract this is digging the tusks into the ground.
- The musth secretion, which naturally runs down into the elephant's mouth, is full of ketones and aldehydes and (to a human at least) tastes unbelievably foul.
- As a result, musth behaviour is at least partly due to the elephant being driven mad by pain and distress.
A human eye Eyes are organs of vision that detect light. ...
A tooth abscess or root abscess is pus enclosed in the tissues of the jaw bone at the tip of an infected tooth. ...
A toothache, also known as odontalgia or, less frequently, as odontalgy, is an aching pain in or around a tooth. ...
Ketone group A ketone(key tone) is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group (O=C) linked to two other carbon atoms or a chemical compound that contains this functional group. ...
An aldehyde. ...
Other causes At least a few elephants have been suspected to be drunk during their attacks. In December 1998, a herd of elephants overran a village in India. Although locals reported that nearby elephants had recently been observed drinking beer which rendered them "unpredictable", officials considered it the least likely explanation for the attack.[43] An attack on another Indian village occurred in October 1999, and again locals believed the reason was drunkenness, but the theory was not widely accepted.[44] Purportedly drunk elephants raided yet another Indian village again on December 2002, killing six people, which led to killing of about 200 elephants by locals.[45] Elephants have used their powers of deduction to "hijack" trucks carrying sugarcane.[46] Image File history File linksMetadata Steve_Hirano. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Steve_Hirano. ...
Steve Hirano and wife Amy Hayashi, December 12, 2000. ...
Steve Hirano attempts to hold Tyke the elephant behind a fenced gate as the animal went on a rampage. ...
Charles Siebert reports in his New York Times article An Elephant Crackup? that:
- Since the early 1990s, for example, young male elephants in Pilanesberg National Park and the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve in South Africa have been raping and killing rhinoceroses; this abnormal behavior, according to a 2001 study in the journal Pachyderm, has been reported in ‘‘a number of reserves’’ in the region.[47]
However, Rob Slotow, author of the cited article in Pachyderm, denies that any rape took place.[48]
Rogue elephant Rogue elephant is a term for a lone, violently aggressive wild elephant, separated from the rest of the herd. It is a calque of the Sinhala term hora aliya. Its introduction to English has been attributed by the Oxford English Dictionary to Sir James Emerson Tennant, but this usage may have been pre-dated by William Sirr. // In linguistics, a calque (pronounced ) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (Latin: verbum pro verbo) or root-for-root translation. ...
Sinhalese or Sinhala (සිංහල, ISO 15919: , IPA: [], earlier referred to as Singhalese) is the mother tongue of the Sinhalese, the largest ethnic group of Sri Lanka. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
The Oxford English Dictionary print set The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is a dictionary published by the Oxford University Press (OUP), and is the most successful dictionary of the English language, (not to be confused with the one-volume Oxford Dictionary of English, formerly New Oxford Dictionary of English, of...
Sir James Emerson Tennant F.R.S 7 April 1804 - 6 March 1869, a native of Belfast, Ulster, was a British/Irish traveller, author and politician. ...
Predators, parasites and diseases In some parts of Africa lions prey on elephants. Lions are the only known natural predators of elephants.[49] Binomial name Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758) The Lion (Panthera leo) is a mammal of the family Felidae. ...
Elephants have a variety of both ecto-parasites and endo-parasites, including the highly specialized flies of the genus Cobboldia. Species Cobboldia chrysidiformis Rodhain & Bequaert, 1915 Cobboldia elephantis (Cobbold), 1882 Cobboldia loxodontis Brauer, 1896 Cobboldia roverei Gedoelst, 1915 Cobboldia russanovi Grunin, 1973 Cobboldia is a genus of parasitic flies in the family Oestridae. ...
Family classification - Subfamilia Elephantinae
- Tribe Elephantini (Elephant)
- Subtribe Primelephantina †
- Subtribe Loxodontina
- Subtribe Elephantina or Supergenus Elephadon
- Genus Elephas
- Species Elephas maximus (Asian Elephant)
- Species Elephas beyeri †
- Species Elephas celebensis †
- Species Elephas iolensis †
- Species Elephas planifrons †
- Species Elephas platycephalus †
- Species Elephas recki †
- Subspecies Elephas recki atavus †
- Subspecies Elephas recki brumpti †
- Subspecies Elephas recki ileretensis †
- Subspecies Elephas recki illertensis †
- Subspecies Elephas recki recki †
- Subspecies Elephas recki shungurensis †
- Subgenus Palaeoloxodon †
- Species Elephas Palaeoloxodon antiquus †
- Species Elephas Palaeoloxodon creticus †
- Species Elephas Palaeoloxodon creutzburgi †
- Species Elephas Palaeoloxodon chaniensis †
- Species Elephas Palaeoloxodon cypriotes †
- Species Elephas Palaeoloxodon ekorensis †
- Species Elephas Palaeoloxodon falconeri †
- Species Elephas Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis †
- Species Elephas Palaeoloxodon melitensis †
- Species Elephas Palaeoloxodon namadicus †
- Species Elephas Palaeoloxodon naumanni †
- Genus Mammuthus †
- Tribe Belodontini †
- Subtribe Belodontina †
- Genus Stegotetrabelodon †
- Genus Stegodibelodon †
- Subfamilia Stegodontinae †
- Genus Stegodon †
- Species Stegodon aurorae †
- Species Stegodon elephantoides †
- Species Stegodon florensis †
- Species Stegodon ganesha †
- Species Stegodon insignis †
- Species Stegodon orientalis †
- Species Stegodon shinshuensis †
- Species Stegodon sompoensis †
- Species Stegodon sondaarii †
- Species Stegodon trigonocephalus †
- Species Stegodon zdanski †
- Subfamilia Lophodontinae or Rhynchotheriinae2†
- Genus Anancus †
- Species Anancus alexeevae †
- Species Anancus arvernensis †
- Species Anancus kenyensis †
- Genus Morrillia †
- Tribe Lophodontini (Lophodonty) †
- Subtribe Lophodontina †
- Genus Tetralophodon †
- Genus Paratetralophodon †
- Tribe Cuvieroniini †
- Genus Stegomastodon †
- Species Stegomastodon arizonae †
- Species Stegomastodon mirificus †
- Species Stegomastodon primitivus †
- Genus Cuvieronius †
- Species Cuvieronius hyodon †
- Species Cuvieronius priestleyi †
- Species Cuvieronius tropicus †
1. The Elephant population in Vietnam and Laos is undergoing tests to determine if it is a fifth subspecies. The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Species Loxodonta adaurora(extinct) Loxodonta africana Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta is a genus in Elephantidae, the family of elephants. ...
Species Loxodonta adaurora(extinct) Loxodonta africana Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta is a genus in Elephantidae, the family of elephants. ...
Binomial name Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) The African Savannah Elephant (Loxodonta africana) is the best-known and larger of the two African elephants. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Binomial name (Blumenbach, 1797) The African Bush Elephant (Loxodonta africana) is the larger of the two species of African elephants. ...
Binomial name Matschie, 1900 The African Plains Savanna Elephant or West African Steppe Elephant (Loxodonta africana oxyotis) is the largest of all the living elephants measuring 3. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Borneo pygmy elephant Elephas maximus borneensis. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into African Forest Elephant. ...
It has been suggested that African Pygmy Elephant be merged into this article or section. ...
Species †E. antiquus †††††E. falconeri †E. maximus †††E. recki †E. namadicus Elephas is a genus in the elephant Order, Proboscidea The genus has one surviving species, the Asian elephant (), but ten extinct species have been identified as belonging to the genus, including E. recki, E. antiquus, and the dwarf elephants...
Species †E. antiquus †††††E. falconeri †E. maximus †††E. recki †E. namadicus Elephas is a genus in the elephant Order, Proboscidea The genus has one surviving species, the Asian elephant (), but ten extinct species have been identified as belonging to the genus, including E. recki, E. antiquus, and the dwarf elephants...
Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Asian Elephant range The Asian or Asiatic Elephant (Elephas maximus), sometimes known by the name of its nominate subspecies (the Indian Elephant), is one of the three living species of elephant, and the only living species of the genus Elephas. ...
Trinomial name Elephas maximus indicus Cuvier, 1798 The Indian Elephant, Elephas maximus indicus, is one of three subspecies of the Asian elephant, the largest population of which is found in India. ...
The Sri Lankan Elephant is from all appearances identical to the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) except in one respect – its size. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Trinomial name Elephas maximus borneensis Deraniyagala, 1950 The Borneo Elephant or Borneo Pygmy Elephant Elephas maximus borneensis is a subspecies of the Asian Elephant and found in north Borneo (east Sabah and extreme north Kalimantan). ...
The Chinese Elephant (Elephas maximus rubridens) lived in northeastern China before it became extinct, due to hunting and the destruction of its habitat, sometime around the 14th Century B.C. Bookrags Encyclopedia on Asian Elephants Categories: | ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Syrian elephant (Elephas maximus asurus) lived in Syria and Iran before becoming extinct by around 100 B.C. Syrian elephants were among the largest elephants, measuring 3. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Elephas recki is an enormous, extinct species of elephant. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Species Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) cypriotes Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) falconeri Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) naumanni others Palaeoloxodon is an extinct subgenus of straight-tusked elephant. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Binomial name Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus (Falconer & Cautley, 1847) The Straight-tusked Elephant (Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus or Palaeoloxodon antiquus) inhabited Middle and Late Pleistocene continental Europe. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Binomial name Elephas falconeri Busk, 1867 Elephas falconeri is an extinct Siculo-Maltese species of elephant closely related to the modern Asian elephant. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
This article is about the extinct mammal. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Binomial name Mammuthus columbi The Columbian Mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) is an extinct species of elephant that inhabited North America between 100,000 and 9,000 years ago. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Binomial name Mammuthus exilis Maglio, 1970 The Pygmy Mammoth (Mammuthus exilis) was a dwarfed descendant of full-sized mammoths, possibly Mammuthus columbi, the Columbian Mammoth. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Binomial name Mammuthus imperator (Leidy,1858) The Imperial Mammoth (Mammuthus imperator) was the largest known species of mammoth, reaching a height of 4. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Jeffersonian Mammoth (Mammuthus jeffersonii) is a North American species of mammoth. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Dwarf elephants are prehistoric members of the order Proboscidea, that, through the process of allopatric speciation, evolved to a fraction of the size of their modern relatives. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Mammuthus meridionalis is an extinct species of elephant, a mammoth to be exact. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Binomial name Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach, 1799 For the rock band, see Wooly Mammoth (band). ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Binomial name Mammuthus trogontherii The steppe mammoth is an extinct species of elephant that ranged over most of northern Eurasia during the Ice Ages of the Pleistocene. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Stegodon is a genus of the extinct subfamily Stegodontinae of the order Proboscidea. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Species Anancus is an extinct genus of proboscid. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
Species Stegomastodon (roof nipple tooth) is an extinct genus of proboscid. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
2. The Subfamily Lophodontinae or Rhynchotheriinae, are placed by some authors within the gomphotheres, while others consider them as true Elephantidae. Genus ? Gnathabelodon ? Archaeobelodon ? Protanancus ? Amebelodon ? Platybelodon ? Serbelodon Gomphotherium Sinomastodon Eubelodon Rhynchotherium Stegomastodon Haplomastodon Notiomastodon Cuvieronius ? Anancus ? Tetralophodon ? Paratetralophodon The Gomphotheres are a diverse group of extinct elephant-like animals (proboscideans) that were widespread in North America during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, 12-1. ...
Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Proboscidea is an order including only one extant family, Elephantidae or the elephants, with three species: the Savannah Elephant and Forest Elephant (which were collectively known as the African Elephant), and the Asian Elephant (formerly known as the Indian...
See also A dog swimming Swimming is the ability to move through waters surface while partially or totally submerged in it and due to this submersion, in a lax sense the ability to maintain oneself afloat can be included in the definition. ...
The story of the blind men and an elephant appears to have originated in India, but its original source is debated. ...
A condemned prisoner being dismembered by an elephant in Ceylon. ...
Dwarf elephants are prehistoric members of the order Proboscidea, that, through the process of allopatric speciation, evolved to a fraction of the size of their modern relatives. ...
According to popular myth, older elephants instinctively leave their group when they reach a certain age, and direct themselves toward a special area, known as the elephants graveyard. ...
Movie poster for Elephant Elephant (2003) is a film by director Gus Van Sant, an account of a school shooting in fictional Watt High School, in Portland, Oregon. ...
The term elephant ear, while literally meaning a notable part of the anatomy of certain pachyderms, is a term widely used as a common name for items bearing resemblance to the external ear flap of elephants: Species of arums (a plant group) having especially large leaves (see Elephant ear plant...
An elephant joke is a joke, almost always an absurd riddle or conundrum and often a sequence of such, that involves an elephant. ...
An Elephant in the Corner is an issue that is extremely obvious to a group of people, but which is very carefully not being discussed. ...
The Elephant Sanctuary in Hohenwald, Tennessee, was founded in 1995 as the United States first elephant refuge, recreating a natural habitat for sick, old, and/or needy elephants. ...
The Elephants of Kerala are an integral part of the daily life in Kerala, south India. ...
The history of elephants in Europe dates back to the ice ages, when mammoths (various species of prehistoric elephant) roamed the northern parts of the Earth, from Europe to North America. ...
In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional lands of Middle-earth, a mûmak (plural mûmakil) is a pachyderm of the southern land of Harad, similar to but much larger than todays elephant, and said to be its ancestor. ...
The image shows the decorated temple elephant at the Kamatchi temple Kanchipuram of Tamilnadu state. ...
The elephants thick hides made them difficult to injure or kill and the high position made them favored by commanding officers War elephants were important, although not widespread, weapons in ancient military history. ...
A white elephant For other uses, see White elephant (disambiguation). ...
The Year of the Elephant (عام الÙيل `Âm al-Fîl) is estimated at 570 CE. According to early Islamic historians such as Ibn Ishaq, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abraha, had built a great church in Sanaa intended to lure the Arabs away from the Kaaba. ...
Pinnawala is a village in Kegalle district of Sri Lanka. ...
References - ^ Soanes, Catherine; Angus Stevenson (2006). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-929634-0.
- ^ African Elephant. National Geographic. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ Frequently asked African Elephant questions. South African National Parks. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ Animal Bytes: Elephant. San Diego Zoo. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ Bate, D.M.A. 1907. On Elephant Remains from Crete, with Description of Elephas creticus sp.n. Proc. zool. Soc. London: 238-250.
- ^ The Importance of the Elephant in Asian Culture. ExpatClic.com. Retrieved on 2007-07-30.
- ^ Not so Dumbo - elephant intelligence. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-07-30.
- ^ WWF: African elephants (2007-03-28). Retrieved on 2007-06-09.
- ^ A. J. Loveridge, J. E. Hunt, F. Murindagomo & D. W. Macdonald. (2006) Influence of drought on predation of elephant (Loxodonta africana) calves by lions (Panthera leo) in an African wooded savannah. Journal of Zoology 270:3, 523–530
- ^ "Great Plains." Planet Earth. November 2006. No. 7.
- ^ Hemson, Graham (2003) The Ecology and Conservation of Lions: Human-Wildlife Conflict in semi-arid Botswana. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Oxford.
- ^ Roca, Alfred L.; Nicholas Georgiadis, Jill Pecon-Slattery, and Stephen J. O'Brien (24 August 2001). "Genetic evidence for two species of elephant in Africa.". Science 293 (5534): 1473. DOI:10.1126/science.1059936. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
- ^ IUCN/SSC African Elephant Specialist Group (December 2003). Statement on the taxonomy of extant Loxodonta (pdf). IUCN. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
- ^ Eggert, Lori S.; Caylor A. Rasner, David S. Woodruff (2002-10-07). "The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 269 (1504): 1993-2006. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2002.2070. ISSN: 0962-8452 (Paper) 1471-2954 (Online).
- ^ Douglas-Hamilton, Iain (1979). The African Elephant Action Plan. unpublished report: IUCN/WWF/NYZS.
- ^ Parker, Ian; Amin, Mohammed (1983). Ivory Crisis. Chatto and Windus, London, 184.
- ^ Blanc, JJ; Barnes, RFW, Craig, GC, Dublin, HT, Thouless, CR, Douglas-Hamilton, I, Hart, JA, (2007). African Elephant Status Report 2007: An update from the African Elephant Database. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, 276. ISBN 978-2-8317-0970-3.
- ^ Blanc, JJ; Barnes, RFW, Craig, GC, Douglas-Hamilton, I, Dublin, HT, Hart, JA, Thouless, CR (January-June 2005). "Changes in elephant numbers in major savanna populations in eastern and southern Africa". Pachyderm 38 (38): 19-28. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
- ^ Blanc, JJ; Barnes, RFW, Craig, GC, Douglas-Hamilton, I, Dublin, HT, Hart, JA, Thouless, CR (January-June 2005). "Changes in elephant numbers in major savanna populations in eastern and southern Africa". Pachyderm 38 (38): 19-28. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
- ^ Blanc et al. 2007, op. cit.
- ^ Blanc, JJ; Thouless, CR; Hart, JA; Dublin, HT; Douglas-Hamilton, I; Craig, GC; Barnes, RFW (2003). African Elephant Status Report 2002: An update from the African Elephant Database. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, 308. ISBN 2-8317-0707-2.
- ^ Blake, Stephen (2005). Central African Forests: Final Report on Population Surveys (2003-2005) (pdf). CITES MIKE Programme, Nairobi. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
- ^ Asian Elephant distribution. EleAid. Retrieved on May 2007.
- ^ Anatomy of the elephants. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ Paul MacKenzie. Elephant Information Repository: The Trunk. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ Elephant Anatomy. Indianapolis Zoo. Retrieved on 2007-05-28.
- ^ Moore, Tom. (May 2007). "Biomechanics: A Spring in Its Step". Natural History 116:(4) 28-9.
- ^ Ren, L. & J.R. Hutchinson (2007). "The three-dimensional locomotor dynamics of African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants reveal a smooth gait transition at moderate speed". J. Roy. Soc. Interface. DOI:10.1098/rsif.2007.1095. ISSN 1742-5662.
- ^ Hutchinson, J.R., et al. (Apr 2003). "Biomechanics: Are fast-moving elephants really running?". Nature 422: 493-494. DOI:10.1038/422493a.
- ^ Todd, N. E. (2001). African Elephas recki: time, space and taxonomy (pdf). In: Cavarretta, G., P. Gioia, M. Mussi, and M. R. Palombo. The World of Elephants, Proceedings of the 1st International Congress. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. Rome, Italy.
- ^ Todd, N. E. (2005). Reanalysis of African Elephas recki: implications for time, space and taxonomy. Quaternary International 126-128:65-72.
- ^ Braden, Claire. Not so Dumbo: Elephant Intelligence. Retrieved on 2007-05-27.
- ^ Elephants join an elite group of species. ScienceDaily (2006-10-31). Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ Joshua M. Plotnik, Frans B. M. de Waal, and Diana Reiss (2006) Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(45):17053–17057 10.1073/pnas.0608062103 abstract
- ^ Bruce Bagemihl, Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity, St. Martin's Press, 1999; pp.427-430
- ^ Elephant Listening Project. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ Conservation GIS Projects. Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ S. Africa elephant culling splits wildlife groups. Associated Press (2005-11-28). Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ The Learning Kingdom (1999-03-30).
- ^ SaveWildElephants.com. PETA. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ a b Huggler, Justin (2006-10-12). Animal Behaviour: Rogue Elephants. The Independent. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ Highfield, Roger (2006-02-17). Elephant rage: they never forgive, either. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ India elephant rampage. BBC News (1998-12-24). Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ Drunken elephants trample village. BBC News (1999-10-21). Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ Drunk elephants kill six people. BBC News (2002-12-17). Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ Elephants hijack sugarcane trucks. Sydney Morning Herald (2003-12-09). Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ Siebert, Charles (2006-10-08). An Elephant Crackup?. New York Times Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ Elephants rape rhinoceroses. Snopes.com (2007-03-18). Retrieved on 2007-06-16. - "As far as I am aware, the elephants were killing the rhino in a number of reserves, but not raping them."
- ^ Lions attack Elephant (Video). National Geographic. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 211th day of the year (212th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 211th day of the year (212th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 87th day of the year (88th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ...
Planet Earth is a BBC nature documentary series narrated by David Attenborough and produced by Alastair Fothergill. ...
67 die and about 300,000 people are affected by floods in Ethiopias Somali Region of Ogaden after the Shabelle River bursts its banks. ...
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
May 2007 is the fifth month of that year. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Indianapolis Zoo first opened to the public in 1964. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
May 28 is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...
ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ...
Nature is one of the most prominent scientific journals, first published on 4 November 1869. ...
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ...
Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar). ...
is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals logo People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is the largest and possibly most well recognized animal rights organization in the world. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
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Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ...
Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ...
is the 358th day of the year (359th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ...
Year 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar). ...
October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 71 days remaining. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ...
Also see: 2002 (number). ...
December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
...
Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 2003 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 343rd day of the year (344th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 77th day of the year (78th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
John Godfrey Saxe (June 2, 1816 – 1887) was an American poet perhaps best known for his parable, The Blindmen and the Elephant. ...
External links v • d • e Extant mammal orders by subclass Australosphenida: Monotremata Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
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Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in female mammary glands and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in...
The Australosphenida are a sub-class of mammals which has nearly entirely died out. ...
Families †Kollikodontidae Ornithorhynchidae Tachyglossidae †Steropodontidae Monotremes (monos, single + trema, hole; refers to the cloaca) are mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young like marsupials (Metatheria) and placental mammals (Eutheria). ...
Marsupialia: Didelphimorphia · Paucituberculata · Microbiotheria · Notoryctemorphia · Dasyuromorphia · Peramelemorphia · Diprotodontia Orders Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Sparassodonta (extinct) Marsupials are mammals in which the female typically has a pouch (called the marsupium, from which the name Marsupial derives) in which it rears its young through early infancy. ...
Genera Several; see text Opossum fur is quite soft, and was once commonly used in the bathtub as a sponge. ...
Genera Caenolestes Lestoros Rhyncholestes The biological order Paucituberculata contains the five surviving species of shrew opossum: small, shrew-like marsupials which are confined to the Andes mountains of South America. ...
Binomial name Dromiciops australis Thomas, 1894 The Monito del Monte (little mountain monkey, Dromiciops australis) is a semi-arboreal South American marsupial which is thought to be more closely related to the marsupials of Australasia than to those of the Americas. ...
Species The marsupial moles are rare and poorly understood burrowing mammals of the deserts of western Australia. ...
Families Thylacinidae Dasyuridae Myrmecobiidae Most carnivorous marsupials belong to the order Dasyuromorphia, including the quolls, dunnarts, Numbat, Tasmanian Devil, and the recently extinct Thylacine. ...
Families: Peroryctidae Peramelidae The order Peramelemorphia includes the bandicoots and bilbies: it equates approximately to the mainstream of marsupial omnivores. ...
Suborders Vombatiformes Phalangeriformes Macropodiformes Diprotodontia is a large taxon of about 120 marsupial mammals including the kangaroos, wallabies, possums, Koala, wombats, and many others. ...
Placentalia: Afrosoricida · Macroscelidea · Tubulidentata · Hyracoidea · Proboscidea · Sirenia · Cingulata · Pilosa · Scandentia · Dermoptera · Primates · Rodentia · Lagomorpha · Erinaceomorpha · Soricomorpha · Chiroptera · Pholidota · Carnivora · Perissodactyla · Artiodactyla · Cetacea Orders[1] Magnorder Xenarthra: Cingulata (Armadillos) Pilosa (Sloths, True Anteaters) Magnorder Epitheria: Superorder Afrotheria: Afrosoricida (Tenrecs, etc. ...
Families Chrysochloridae Tenrecidae The order Afrosoricida (also known as Tenrecomorpha) contains two families of small mammals that are possibly a part of the traditional order Insectivora. ...
Genera Rhynchocyon Petrodromus Macroscelides Elephantulus The small insectivorous mammals endemic to Africa known as elephant shrews are neither elephants nor shrews and, more formally, are the members of the biological order Macroscelidea. ...
Binomial name Orycteropus afer (Pallas, 1766) Aardvark range map The Aardvark (Orycteropus afer) (Digging foot), sometimes called antbear[1] is a medium-sized mammal native to Africa. ...
Genera Procavia Heterohyrax Dendrohyrax A hyrax (from Greek shrewmouse; Afrikaans: klipdassie) is any of four species of fairly small, thickset, herbivorous mammals in the order Hyracoidea. ...
Groups Jozaria (extinct) Anthracobunidae (extinct) Moeritheriidae (extinct) Euproboscidea Numidotheriidae (extinct) Barytheriidae (extinct) Deinotheriidae (extinct) Elephantiformes Phiomiidae (extinct) Palaeomastodontidae (extinct) Hemimastodontidae (extinct) Euelephantoidea Choerolophodontidae (extinct) Amebelodontidae (extinct) Gnathabelodontidae (extinct) Gomphotheriidae (extinct) Elephantidae Mammutidae (extinct) Proboscidea is an order containing only one family of living animals, Elephantidae, the elephants, with three species...
Families Dugongidae Trichechidae Hydrochichus (extinct) For information about the Gothic metal band, see Sirenia (band) The Sirenia are fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit rivers, estuaries and coastal marine waters. ...
Families Pampatheriidae (prehistoric) Glyptodontidae (prehistoric) Dasypodidae Armadillos are small placental mammals, known for having a bony armor shell. ...
Families Bradypodidae Megalonychidae Cyclopedidae Myrmecophagidae The order Pilosa is a group of placental mammals, extant today only in the Americas. ...
Families Tupaiidae Ptilocercidae The treeshrews are small mammals native to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. ...
Species Cynocephalus varigatus Cynocephalus volans Colugos are arboreal gliding mammals found in South-east Asia. ...
Families 15, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ...
Suborders Sciuromorpha Castorimorpha Myomorpha Anomaluromorpha Hystricomorpha Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as rodents. ...
Families Leporidae Ochotonidae Prolagidae (extinct) The Lagomorphs, order Lagomorpha, are an order of mammals of which there are two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). ...
Subfamily Erinaceinae Hylomyinae Erinaceidae is a family in the order of the Insectivora. ...
Families Nesophontidae Solenodontidae Soricidae Talpidae The order Soricomorpha is a biological clade within the class of mammals. ...
“Chiroptera†redirects here. ...
Species Manis culionensis Manis gigantea Manis temminckii Manis tricuspis Manis tetradactyla Manis crassicaudata Manis pentadactyla Manis javanica Pangolins (pronounced ) or scaly anteaters are mammals in the order Pholidota. ...
Families 17, See classification The diverse order Carnivora (IPA: or IPA: ; from Latin carÅ (stem carn-) flesh, + vorÄre to devour) includes over 260 placental mammals. ...
Families Equidae Tapiridae Rhinocerotidae Brontotheriidae (extinct) Chalicotheriidae (extinct) Hyracodontidae (extinct) Palaeotheriidae (extinct) Amynodontidae (extinct) The odd-toed ungulates are browsing and grazing mammals that comprise the order Perissodactyla. ...
Families Antilocapridae Bovidae Camelidae Cervidae Giraffidae Hippopotamidae Moschidae Suidae Tayassuidae Tragulidae Leptochoeridae †Chaeropotamidae †Dichobunidae †Cebochoeridae †Entelodontidae †Anoplotheriidae †Anthracotheriidae †Cainotheriidae †Agriochoeridae †Merycoidodontidae †Leptomerycidae †Protoceratidae †Xiphodontidae †Amphimerycidae †Helohyidae †Gelocidae †Merycodontidae †Dromomerycidae †Raoellidae †Choeropotamidae †Sanitheriidae †The even-toed ungulates form the mammal order Artiodactyla. ...
Suborders Mysticeti Odontoceti Archaeoceti (extinct) (see text for families) The order Cetacea (IPA: , L. cetus, whale) includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. ...
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