In ballistics, the elevation is the angle between the horizontalplane and the direction of the barrel of a gun, mortar or heavy artillery. Originally, elevation was a linear measure of how high the gunners had to physically lift the muzzle of a gun up from the gun carriage to hit targets at a certain distance. Ballistics (gr. ... This article is about angles in geometry. ... Horizontal is an orientation relating to, or in parallel with the horizon, and the opposite of vertical. ... In mathematics, a plane is the fundamental two-dimensional object. ... The barrel of a firearm is the tube, usually metal, through which a controlled explosion is released in order to propel a projectile out of the end at great speed. ... This article is about firearms and similar devices. ... Soldier Firing the M224 60mm Mortar. ... Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. ... A muzzle can be: The mouth of a firearm, see firearm muzzle The projecting nose of an animal, see animal muzzle An arrangement of straps used to bind an animal muzzle shut, or otherwise prevent it from biting. ...
Some of the critical elements involved in the study of interior ballistics are the relationship of the weight of charge to the weight of projectile; the length of bore; the optimum size, shape, and density of the propellant grains for different guns; and the related problems of maximum and minimum muzzle pressures.
The principle of the ballistic pendulum, as well as of the gun pendulum, which was developed by Thompson, is the transfer of momentum from a projectile with a small mass and a high velocity to a large mass with a resultant low velocity.
The ballistic pendulum consisted of a massive plate of iron to which was bolted a block of wood to receive the impact of the projectile; the pendulum was suspended freely from a horizontal axis.
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