Elfin-woods Warbler
Conservation status
Vulnerable [1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae Genus: Dendroica Species: D. angelae
Binomial name
Dendroica angelae Kepler and Parkes, 1972
Range of the Elfin-woods Warbler

The Elfin-woods Warbler (Dendroica angelae), or Reinita de Bosque Enano (Spanish name), is a bird endemic to the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico where it is a local and uncommon species. Discovered in 1968 and described in 1972, it is the most recently described species of New World warbler (Parulidae family).^[2] The species name, angelae, is a tribute to Angela Kepler, one of its discoverers. An insectivore, it feeds by gleaning small insects off leaves. Image File history File links Elfin-woods_Warbler. ... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ... Image File history File links Status_iucn3. ... This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Digimon, the only known animals. ... Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... Classes and Clades See below Male and female Superb Fairy-wren Vertebrates are members of the subphylum Vertebrata (within the phylum Chordata), specifically, those chordates with backbones or spinal columns. ... “Aves” redirects here. ... Families Many, see text A passerine is a bird of the giant order Passeriformes. ... Genera Vermivora Parula Dendroica Catharopeza Mniotilta Setophaga Protonotaria Helmitheros Limnothlypis Seiurus Oporornis Geothlypis Microligea Teretistris Leucopeza Wilsonia Cardellina Ergaticus Myioborus Euthlypis Basileuterus Zeledonia Icteria Granatellus Xenoligea The New World warblers or wood-warblers are a group of small often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World. ... Dendroica is a genus of birds of the New World Warbler family Parulidae. ... In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ... This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ... “Aves” redirects here. ... This article is a parent page for a series of articles providing information about endemism among birds in the Worlds various zoogeographic zones. ... West Indian redirects here. ... Genera Vermivora Parula Dendroica Catharopeza Mniotilta Setophaga Protonotaria Helmitheros Limnothlypis Seiurus Oporornis Geothlypis Microligea Teretistris Leucopeza Wilsonia Cardellina Ergaticus Myioborus Euthlypis Basileuterus Zeledonia Icteria Granatellus Xenoligea The New World warblers or wood-warblers are a group of small often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World. ... Any organism with a diet that consists chiefly of insects and similar small creatures is an insectivore. ...

Due to its small populations and restricted habitats, conservation efforts were begun in 1982 to protect this species but, as of 2005, the warbler was still in need of protection. The species is not in immediate danger as the majority of its habitat is protected forest, but introduced species, such as rats and mongooses, habitat reduction, and natural disasters represent potential threats to the population. Habitat (from the Latin for it inhabits) is the place where a particular species lives and grows. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Species 50 species; see text *Several subfamilies of Muroids include animals called rats. ... Subfamiles Herpestinae A mongoose is a member of the family of small cat-like carnivores. ...

Discovery

The Elfin-woods Warbler is one of 29 species in the Dendroica genus of the Parulidae family, the New World Warblers. It was first observed in 1968 by Cameron and Angela Kepler while conducting observations on two Puerto Rican endemic birds, the Puerto Rican Parrot and the Puerto Rican Tody. On May 18, 1971, a specimen was captured in the Caribbean National Forest, which at the time was believed to be its only habitat. A year later Kepler and Parkes described and named the species making it the most recent warbler (Dendroica spp.) discovered in the New World.^[3] Also, it is the first species described in the West Indies since 1927 and the first Puerto Rican species described in the 20th century.^[4] This is a list of the endemic fauna of Puerto Rico. ... Binomial name Amazona vittata Boddaert, 1783 Subspecies A. v. ... Binomial name Todus mexicanus Lesson, 1838 The Puerto Rican Tody is a tropical forest bird. ... May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (139th in leap years). ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday. ... Yunque waterfall The Caribbean National Forest located in the island of Puerto Rico, and commonly known as El Yunque (named after the Taino Indian spirit Yuquiyú, and meaning Forest of Clouds) is the only tropical forest in the United States National Forrest System. ... Dendroica is a genus of birds of the New World Warbler family Parulidae. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ...

Physical description

The Elfin-woods Warbler's upper body is predominantly black with white areas while its underparts are white with black streaks. Other identifying characteristics are dark brown eyes, white patches on its ears and neck, an incomplete white eyering, a white eyestripe, and two white spots on its outer tail feathers. Characteristic of Antillean warblers (D. adelaidae, D. delicata, D. plumbea and D. pharetra), the species features a long bill and short, round wings (53.8 mm average). Among Dendroica spp., only D. adelaidae has a shorter wing length average (50 mm) than the Elfin-woods Warbler.^[4] Juveniles differ from adults, retaining a grayish-green back for approximately a year and partially moulting from July to October. The Elfin-woods Warbler's average mature length is 12.5 cm (4.9 in) and its average weight is 8.4 grams.^[5] Sexual dimorphism is not present in this species. The Antilles (the same in French; Antillas in Spanish; Antillen in Dutch) refers to the islands forming the greater part of the West Indies in the Caribbean. ... The beak—otherwise known as the bill or rostrum—is an external anatomical structure which serves as the mouth in some animals. ... WING ESPN 1410 is an commercial AM radio station in Dayton, Ohio operating with 5,000 watts at 1410 kHz with studios, offices and transmitter located on David Road in Kettering. ... Juvenile (left) and adult (right) leaves of Stone Pine A juvenile is an individual organism that has not yet reached its adult form, sexual maturity or size. ... The metre, or meter (U.S.), is a measure of length. ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ... Female (left) and male Common Pheasant, illustrating the dramatic difference in both color and size between the sexes Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. ...

Black-and-white Warbler, a species commonly mistaken for the Elfin-woods Warbler.

The Elfin-woods Warbler is often confused with the Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia), a non-breeding species in the Caribbean occurring in Puerto Rico from mid-September to early May. The main physical distinction resides in the eyes. The Elfin-woods Warbler has an incomplete white eyering and the Black-and-white Warbler has a white band across the eye and a white lower half of the eyering. Another distinction is found in the crown, with the Elfin-woods's being entirely black and the Black-and-white's having a white band across. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (725x1042, 434 KB) Description: BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER. Source: 300 ppi scan of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume 31 (1917), page 309, panel A. Date: created 25 May 2005. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (725x1042, 434 KB) Description: BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER. Source: 300 ppi scan of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume 31 (1917), page 309, panel A. Date: created 25 May 2005. ... Binomial name Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus, 1766) The Black-and-white Warbler, Mniotilta varia, is a small New World warbler. ...

Population and distribution

When first discovered, the Elfin-woods Warbler was believed to exclusively occur in the high elevation, from 640 to 1,030 meters (2,099 to 3,378 feet), elfin or dwarf forests of the Caribbean National Forest in eastern Puerto Rico. The wind-clipped trees in these forests rarely exceed 5 m in height and are characterized by stiff, thick twigs, leathery leaves and impenetrable, dense undergrowth ideal for hiding from predators. Three more populations were later discovered in the Maricao State Forest (1972, largest known population), the Carite State Forest (1977) and the Toro Negro State Forest (late 1970s).^[6] Also, studies showed that the species migrated altitudinally to lower elevations, from 370 to 600 metres (1,213 to 1,968 feet), tabonuco and palo colorado forests.^[7] metre or meter, see meter (disambiguation) The metre is the basic unit of length in the International System of Units. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... Undergrowth usually refers to the vegetation in a forest, which can obstruct passage through the forest. ... Flock of Barnacle Geese during autumn migration Many species of birds undertake seasonal journeys of various lengths, a phenomenon known as Bird migration. ...

Bird count of the Elfin-woods Warbler (2001)

In September 1989, Hurricane Hugo struck the central and eastern region of Puerto Rico affecting three (the Caribbean National Forest, Toro Negro and Carite populations) of the four known populations of the Elfin-woods Warbler. A survey conducted two years later in the Toro Negro Forest, located in the Cordillera Central, did not find any individuals.^[8] Recent surveys suggest that, for reasons yet unknown, the populations at Carite and Toro Negro were likely extirpated.^[6] Continued monitoring of the Elfin-woods Warbler populations is achieved through bird counts performed every 3 to 4 years by the Puerto Rican Breeding Bird Survey (PRBBS). The last survey was conducted in 2001 in which 3 individuals were observed at the Maricao State Forest. IUCN's last assessment of the Elfin-woods Warbler, prepared in 2000, estimated a stable population of 600 mature individuals.^[9] Lowest pressure 918 mbar (hPa) Damage $10 billion (1989 USD) $13. ... Cordillera Central is the main mountainous range in Puerto Rico. ... Extirpation is the localized extinction of a species. ... The Breeding Bird Survey monitors the status and trends of bird populations. ... The World Conservation Union or International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ... Ecological Stability can take on any connotation in a continuum ranging from resilience (returning quickly to a previous state) to constancy (lack of change) to persistence (simply not going extinct). ...

Historically, the Elfin-woods Warbler was restricted to humid mountainous forests at four distinct locales in Puerto Rico. Presently, the species is presumed extirpated from two locales, occurring only at the Caribbean National Forest and the Maricao State Forest. The elfin forest at the Caribbean National Forest is characterized by high rainfall and humidity, low temperatures and insolation, and constant winds. It is found at mountain summits and is primarily composed of dense shrub and small trees with moss and epiphyte growth in its plants and floor. The species richness is low when compared to other types of forests (tabonuco, palo colorado and palma sierra forests) found in the Luquillo Mountains.^[7] The elfin forest at the Maricao State Forest, located in western Puerto Rico, receives an annual average rainfall of 2,250 cm (994 in), a high amount considering that a rainforest, by definition, receives a minimum of 67 inches annually. However, since its soil has low water holding capacity its vegetation is more xeric than expected.^[7] The species's highest density occurs in Podocarpus forests in the Maricao State Forest. Little information is available on the elfin forests at Toro Negro and Carite. MOSS may refer to: Market Oriented Sector Selective talks, trade negotiations held between the United States and Japan in 1984 Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007, the current version of what used to be known as SharePoint Portal Server MIME Object Security Services, a historic status IETF security protocol Mobile submarine... Near Orosí, Costa Rica Epiphytes on a tree near Santa Elena in Costa Rica An example of an epiphyte assemblage of orchids and bromeliads in a garden setting in Hawaii An epiphyte is any plant that grows upon or attached to another living plant. ... Deserts and xeric shrublands is a biome characterized by a dry climate. ... species 105 species (Farjon 1998); see list Podocarpus is a genus of conifers, the most numerous and widely distributed of the podocarp family Podocarpaceae. ...

Diet and behavior

The Elfin-woods Warbler is commonly found foraging the middle canopy for insects.^[5] While searching for food it often flocks with other birds, such as Black-and-white Warblers, Puerto Rican Tanagers and Lesser Antillean Pewees. Three maneuvers used for catching prey, gleaning, sally-hover and probing, have been described.^[5] Gleaning is described as a hunting maneuver made by a standing or moving bird. Sally-hover is a hunting maneuver made by a bird in flight. Probing is a maneuver in which the bird, by digging with its beak, forages the substrate looking for food in a manner similar to chickens.^[5] Gleaning, especially off leaves, is the maneuver used with more frequency by the Elfin-woods Warbler while probing is the least used.^[5] Forage is the herbaceous plant material (mainly grasses and legumes) eaten by grazing animals. ... The canopy is the habitat found at the uppermost level of a forest, especially rainforest. ... Binomial name Nesospingus speculiferus (Lawrence, 1875) The Puerto Rican Tanager (Nesospingus speculiferus) is a small passerine bird endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico. ...

The Elfin-woods Warbler's song and call are difficult to hear.^[10] The species has a subtle voice and its call and song resemble those of the Bananaquit, the most abundant bird in Puerto Rico. The song is a series of "short, rapidly uttered, rather unmusical notes on one pitch, swelling in volume and terminating with a short series of distinct double syllables sounding slightly lower in pitch"^[3] while the call has been described as "a single, short, metallic chip".^[3] Bird songs are certain vocal sounds that birds make—in non-technical use, those sounds that are melodious to the human ear. ... Bird songs are certain vocal sounds that birds make—in non-technical use, those sounds that are melodious to the human ear. ... Binomial name Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758) The Bananaquit, Coereba flaveola, is a passerine bird, the only member of the family Coerebidae. ...

The Elfin-woods Warbler breeds from March to June. Both parents are involved in the construction of the nest and in feeding the chicks. Nests are built close to the tree trunk within dry aerial leaf litter, usually Cecropia leaves (a material used by no other Parulidae species), in Bulbophyllum wadsworthii trees. Nests are well-concealed and located 1.3 to 7.6 meters above ground level.^[6] Nests are cup-shaped and made from small roots and twigs, dry leaves of Chusquea abietifolia and B. wadsworthii, and dry Panicum maximum leaves. The interior is made from fibers of C. abietifolia, dry leaves and other plant matter.^[11] Females lay 2 to 3 white colored eggs with red-brown spots.^[12] The chick's diet consists of insects – parents have been observed offering lepidopteran and orthopteran adults and lepidopteran larvae to hatchlings.^[11] A baby chicken Look up chick in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Pinus taeda cross section showing annual growth rings (Cheraw, South Carolina) In botany, trunk refers to the main structural member of a tree that is supported by and directly attached to the roots and which in turn supports the branches. ... The Acropolis of Athens, seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west The Acropolis of Athens, seen from the north, with the restored Stoa of Attalus in the foreground The south wall of the Acropolis of Athens, seen from the Theatre of Dionysus The Acropolis of Athens, seen... This article refers to the New World wood warbler family of birds, the Parulidae. ... Primary and secondary roots in a cotton plant In vascular plants, the root is that organ of a plant body that typically lies below the surface of the soil (compare with stem). ... A twig is a small terminal branch section that bears leaves, buds and usually the flowers and fruit of plants. ... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta - rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta - zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta - trimerophytes Pteridophyta - ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants... Superfamilies Butterflies Hesperioidea Papilionoidea Moths Acanthopteroctetoidea Alucitoidea Axioidea Bombycoidea Calliduloidea Choreutoidea Cossoidea Drepanoidea Epermenioidea Eriocranioidea Galacticoidea Gelechioidea Geometroidea Gracillarioidea Hedyloidea Hepialoidea Heterobathmioidea Hyblaeoidea Immoidea Incurvarioidea Lasiocampoidea Lophocoronoidea Micropterigoidea Mimallonoidea Mnesarchaeoidea Neopseustoidea Nepticuloidea Noctuoidea Palaephatoidea Pterophoroidea Pyraloidea Schreckensteinioidea Sesioidea Simaethistoidea Thyridoidea Tineoidea Tischerioidea Tortricoidea Urodoidea Whalleyanoidea Yponomeutoidea Zygaenoidea The order Lepidoptera... Suborders and families Suborder Ensifera - crickets Superfamily Gryllacroidea Gryllacrididae - camel crikets Rhaphidophoridae - cave crickets Schizodactylidae - dune crickets Stenopelmatidae - king crickets Superfamily Grylloidea Gryllidae - true crickets Gryllotalpidae - mole cricket Mogoplistidae Myrmecophilidae Superfamily Tettigonioidea Anostostomatidae - king crickets Bradyporidae - armoured crickets Haglidae Phaneropteridae Tettigoniidae - katydids, koringkrieks Suborder Caelifera - grasshoppers, locusts Superfamily Acridoidea Acrididae... Superfamilies Butterflies Hesperioidea Papilionoidea Moths Acanthopteroctetoidea Alucitoidea Axioidea Bombycoidea Calliduloidea Choreutoidea Cossoidea Drepanoidea Epermenioidea Eriocranioidea Galacticoidea Gelechioidea Geometroidea Gracillarioidea Hedyloidea Hepialoidea Heterobathmioidea Hyblaeoidea Immoidea Incurvarioidea Lasiocampoidea Lophocoronoidea Micropterigoidea Mimallonoidea Mnesarchaeoidea Neopseustoidea Nepticuloidea Noctuoidea Palaephatoidea Pterophoroidea Pyraloidea Schreckensteinioidea Sesioidea Simaethistoidea Thyridoidea Tineoidea Tischerioidea Tortricoidea Urodoidea Whalleyanoidea Yponomeutoidea Zygaenoidea The order Lepidoptera...

Threats and conservation efforts

Sharp-shinned Hawk, a natural predator of the Elfin-woods Warbler.

The survival of the Elfin-woods Warbler faces two main threats, predation and the destruction or alteration of suitable habitat. Confirmed native predators are the Pearly-eyed Thrasher (Margarops fuscatus), the Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus) and the extirpated White-necked Crow (Corvus leucognaphalus) while unconfirmed native predators include two endemic snakes and several carnivores (from fossil records). Introduced species, such as cats (Felis domesticus), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), rats (Rattus rattus) and small Indian mongooses (Herpestes javanicus) are also potential nest predators.^[11] These species have proliferated due to the presence of human-developed facilities, mainly for communication purposes, in the Maricao State Forest and the Caribbean National Forest. Two factors contribute to the destruction of the Elfin-woods Warbler's habitat, humans and nature. Human-related habitat destruction includes the construction of communication towers, acquisition of timber, and expansion of roads and trails. Nature's contribution comes from natural disasters such as forest fires and hurricanes.^[3] Sharp-shinned Hawk from USFWS Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Eastern Shore of Virginia & Fisherman Island NWR File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Sharp-shinned Hawk from USFWS Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Eastern Shore of Virginia & Fisherman Island NWR File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... This snapping turtle is trying to make a meal of a Canada goose, but the goose is too wary. ... Binomial name Accipiter striatus Vieillot, 1807 The Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus) is a small hawk. ... Extirpation is the localized extinction of a species. ... Binomial name Corvus leucognaphalus Daudin, 1800 The White-necked Crow, Corvus leucognaphalus, is the largest (42-46 cm in length) of the four West Indian Crow species. ... blue: sea snakes, black: land snakes Superfamilies and Families Henophidia Aniliidae Anomochilidae Boidae Bolyeriidae Cylindrophiidae Loxocemidae Pythonidae Tropidophiidae Uropeltidae Xenopeltidae Typhlopoidea Anomalepididae Leptotyphlopidae Typhlopidae Xenophidia Acrochordidae Atractaspididae Colubridae Elapidae Hydrophiidae Viperidae For other uses, see Snake (disambiguation). ... This tigers sharp teeth and strong jaws are the classical physical traits expected from carnivorous mammalian predators A carnivore (IPA: ), meaning meat eater (Latin carne meaning flesh and vorare meaning to devour), is an animal that eats a diet consisting mainly of meat, whether it comes from live animals... Three small ammonite fossils, each approximately 1. ... Trinomial name Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 The cat (or domestic cat, house cat) is a small carnivorous mammal. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog Canis lupus is a type of canine, a mammal in the order Carnivora. ... Look up Communication in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) under the family Hominidae (the great apes). ... Galunggung in 1982, showing a combination of natural events. ... Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill Timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for use—from the time trees are felled, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial use—as structural material for construction or wood... Mount Pinatubo eruption, 1991 A natural disaster is the consequence of the combination of a natural hazard (a physical event e. ... Bitterroot National Forest wildfire A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, brush fire, peat fire (gambut in Indonesia), bushfire (in Australasia), or hill fire, is an uncontrolled fire often occurring in wildland areas, but which can also consume houses or agricultural resources. ... This article is about weather phenomena. ...

The Elfin-woods Warbler was placed on the United States federal candidate list for Endangered Species Act in 1982. In 2005, a group of scientists, scholars, artists and environmentalists petitioned the Bush administration to admit 225 species, among these the Elfin woods Warbler, to the Endangered Species Act. Of these 225 species, more than one third have been on the candidate list for 20 or more years and half for 10 or more years. Recent studies also show that since the creation of the Endangered Species Act in 1973, 114 United States species have become extinct, many because of lack of habitat protection by the federal government.^[13] [[Image:{{npov}} {{expert-subject|Law}} The Endangered Species Act (, et seq. ... The Bush administration includes President George W. Bush, Vice President Richard Cheney, Bushs Cabinet, and other select officials and advisors. ... The Dodo, shown here in illustration, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...

The IUCN first evaluated the status of the Elfin-woods Warbler in 1988. At the time it was given a classification of lower Risk/least concern. In 1994, its status was changed to Lower Risk/near threatened and in 2000, its status was changed to vulnerable, where it remains.^[1] The justification for maintaining the species' status as vulnerable is that "There are no direct or immediate threats, but the combination of a very small range and population may have important implications for its chances of long-term survival, and this species consequently qualifies as Vulnerable".^[9] The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ...

See also

Wikispecies has information related to:

Dendroica angelae

• List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
• List of endemic flora of Puerto Rico
• List of Puerto Rican birds

GFDL Wikispecies logo File links The following pages link to this file: Solanaceae Species Asterias Homo (genus) Human Wikipedia:Template messages/Links Wikipedia:Template messages/All Homo floresiensis User talk:Tuneguru Template:Wikispecies Categories: GFDL images ... Wikispecies is a sister project supported by the Wikimedia Foundation that anybody can edit with a great potential use to students and researchers. ... This is a list of the endemic fauna of Puerto Rico. ... . ... Puerto Rican Spindalis (Reina Mora in Spanish), the national bird of Puerto Rico. ...

References

Cited references

March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... The University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (UPRM) —or Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez (RUM) in Spanish— is a state university located in the city of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ...

General references