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Elisha Gray (August 2, 1835 – January 21, 1901) was an electrical engineer and is best known for his development of a telephone prototype in 1876 in Highland Park, Illinois, U.S.A.. is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
| Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Bell speaking into prototype model of the telephone The history of the invention of the telephone is a confusing claim and counterclaim, further worsened by the lawsuits which hoped to resolve the patent claims of individuals. ...
Image File history File links Portrait_elisha_gray. ...
For other uses, see Inventor (disambiguation). ...
is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
| Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
Barnesville is a village located in Belmont County, Ohio. ...
Official language(s) English de facto Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Greater Cleveland Area Ranked 34th - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 km²) - Width 220 miles (355 km) - Length 220 miles (355 km) - % water 8. ...
is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Newtonville is a village of Newton, Massachusetts. ...
This article is about the U.S. state. ...
Biography
Born into a Quaker family in Barnesville, Ohio, Gray was brought up on a farm. He spent several years at Oberlin College where he experimented with electrical devices. Oberlin is a town southwest of Cleveland, Ohio. Although Gray was not a graduate of Oberlin College, he taught electricity and science at Oberlin and built laboratory equipment for Oberlin science departments. The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, or Friends, is a religious community founded in England in the 17th century. ...
Barnesville is a village located in Belmont County, Ohio. ...
Oberlin College is a small liberal arts college in Oberlin, Ohio, in the United States. ...
In 1862 while at Oberlin, Gray met and married Delia Shepard. This article is about 1862 . ...
In 1865 Gray invented a self-adjusting telegraph relay that automatically adapted to varying insulation of the telegraph line. 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ...
Telegraphy (from the Greek words tele = far away and grapho = write) is the long distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters, originally over wire. ...
In 1867 Gray received a patent for the self-adjusting telegraph relay and in later years he received patents for more than 70 other inventions. Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
In 1869, Elisha Gray and his partner Enos M. Barton founded Gray & Barton Co. in Cleveland, Ohio to supply telegraph equipment to the giant Western Union Telegraph Company. Barton had been employed by Western Union to examine and test new products. 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...
Western Union (NYSE: WU) is a financial services and communications company based in the United States. ...
In 1870 financing for Gray & Barton Co. was arranged by General Anson Stager, a superintendent of the Western Union Telegraph Company. Stager became an active partner in Gray & Barton Co., which moved to Chicago. Gray moved from Ohio to Highland Park near Chicago and remained on the board of directors. But he gave up his administrative position as chief engineer to focus on inventions that could benefit the telegraph industry. Gray's inventions and patent costs were financed by a dentist, Dr. Samuel S. White of Philadelphia, who had made a fortune making porcelain teeth. White wanted Gray to focus on the acoustic telegraph which promised huge profits to the exclusion of what appeared to be unpromising competing inventions such as the telephone. It was White's decision in 1876 to abandon Gray's caveat for the telephone. 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
The Acoustic Telegraph was a method for multiplexing (transmitting more than one) signal on a single telegraph wire. ...
In 1870, Gray developed a needle annunciator for hotels and another for elevators. He also developed a telegraph printer which had a typewriter keyboard and printed messages on paper tape. 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
In 1872, Western Union, then financed by the Vanderbilts and J. P. Morgan, bought one-third of Gray and Barton Co. and changed the name to Western Electric Manufacturing Company of Chicago. Gray continued to invent for Western Electric. Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Western Union (NYSE: WU) is a financial services and communications company based in the United States. ...
Company Masthead Logo Logo until circa 1969, also current logo on company web site Logo 1969–1983 Hi Dan! Western Electric (sometimes abbreviated WE and WECo) was an American electrical engineering company, the manufacturing arm of AT&T from 1881 to 1995. ...
In 1874, Gray retired to do independent research and development. Gray applied for a patent on a harmonic telegraph which consisted of multi-tone transmitters, each tone being controlled by a separate telegraph key. Gray gave several private demonstrations of this invention in New York and Washington, D.C. in May and June 1874. Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Gray was a charter member of the Presbyterian Church in Highland Park, Illinois (which still exists). On December 29, 1874 in the church, Gray gave the first public demonstration of his invention for transmitting musical tones and transmitted "familiar melodies through telegraph wire" according to a newspaper announcement. This was the first electric music synthesizer using self vibrating electromagnetic circuits that were single note oscillators operated by a two-octave piano keyboard. The "Musical Telegraph" used steel reeds whose oscillations were created by electromagnets and transmitted over a telegraph wire. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker in later models consisting of a vibrating diaphragm in a magnetic field to make the oscillator tones audible and louder at the receiving end. For other uses, see Synthesizer (disambiguation). ...
On July 27th, 1875, Gray was granted patent 166,096 for "Electric Telegraph for Transmitting Musical Tones" for the Acoustic Telegraph. 1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
The Acoustic Telegraph was a method for multiplexing (transmitting more than one) signal on a single telegraph wire. ...
Elisha Gray and the Telephone Because of Samuel White's opposition to Gray working on the telephone, Gray did not tell anybody about his new invention for transmitting voice sounds until Friday, February 11, 1876 when Gray requested that his patent lawyer William D. Baldwin prepare a "caveat" for filing at the US Patent Office. A caveat was like a provisional patent application with drawings and description but without claims.
On the morning of Monday February 14, 1876, Gray signed and had notarized the caveat that described a telephone that used a liquid microphone. Baldwin then submitted it to the US Patent Office. That same morning a lawyer for Alexander Graham Bell submitted Bell's patent application. The caveat allowed an inventor to delay filing the more expensive application, while still establishing priority of invention. If a patent application for the same invention was later filed by a different person, the patent office would declare an interference and contact the first person and allow him or her to file a substitute application within three months. When Gray was notified through Baldwin, his lawyer, of this interference, Baldwin advised Gray to abandon his caveat because he said Bell had invented it first and had it notarized earlier than Gray. This reinforced White's opposition to Gray's work on the telephone. When Gray agreed to abandon his caveat, the examiner granted the patent to Bell. is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1876 Pick up Sticks(MDCCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Alexander Graham Bell (3 March 1847 - 2 August 1922) was a Scottish scientist, inventor and innovator. ...
Contrary to the popular story, Gray's caveat was taken to the US Patent Office a few hours before Bell's application.[1] But the filing fee for Gray's caveat was entered on the cash blotter hours after Bell's filing fee which led to the myth that Bell had arrived at the Patent Office earlier. Bell was in Boston on February 14 and did not know this was happening until he arrived in Washington on February 26. Whether Bell's application was filed before or after Gray's caveat no longer mattered, because Gray abandoned his caveat and that opened the door to Bell being granted US patent 174,465 for the telephone on 7 March 1876. is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1876 Pick up Sticks(MDCCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Although Gray had abandoned his caveat, Gray applied for a patent for the same invention in late 1877. This put him in interference with Bell's patents. The Examiner held "while Gray was undoubtedly the first to conceive of and disclose the [variable resistance] invention, as in his caveat of February 14, 1876, his failure to take any action amounting to completion until others had demonstrated the utility of the invention deprives him of the right to have it considered."[2] Gray challenged Bell's patent anyway, and after two years of litigation, Bell was awarded rights to the invention, and as a result, Bell is credited as the inventor.
Bell's patent was still disputed because there had been rumors that the Examiner allowed Bell to see Gray's caveat and allowed Bell or his lawyer to add a handwritten margin note describing an alternate design identical to Gray's liquid microphone design as opposed to Bell's design which required customers to shout into Bell's voice-powered transmitter/microphone, but the courts rejected this issue as Bell's original application has no such handwritten modifications, and the material in question initially resulted in a finding of interference against Bell; see Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy. The Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell controversy considers the question of whether Bell and Gray invented the telephone independently and, if not, whether one stole the invention from the other. ...
Gray's Other inventions In 1887 Gray invented the "telautograph", a device that could remotely transmit handwriting through telegraph systems. Gray was granted several patents for these pioneer fax machines and the Gray National Telautograph Company was charted in 1888 and continued in business as The Telautograph Corporation until 1994 when it merged with a company that produces fax machines. Gray's telautograph machines were used by banks for signing documents at a distance and by the military for sending written commands during gun tests when the deafening noise from the guns made spoken orders on the telephone impractical. The machines were also used at train stations for schedule changes. 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ...
The telautograph is an analog precursor to the modern fax machine. ...
Gray displayed his telautograph invention in 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair and sold his share in the telautograph shortly after that. Gray was also chairman of the International Congress of Electricians at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.
Gray conceived of a primitive closed-circuit television system that he called the "telephote". Pictures would be focused on an array of selenium cells and signals from the selenium cells would be transmitted to a distant station on separate wires. At the receiving end each wire would open or close a shutter to recreate the image.
In 1899 Gray moved to Boston where he continued inventing. One of his projects was to develop an underwater signaling device to transmit messages to ships. One such signalling device was tested on December 31, 1900. Three weeks later, on January 21, 1901, Gray died from a heart attack in Newtonville, Massachusetts. Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
At present (2006) no book-length biography has been written about the life of Elisha Gray. An Oberlin physics department head named Dr. Lloyd W. Taylor began a Gray biography, but the book was never finished because of Taylor's accidental death in July 1948. Dr Taylor's unfinished manuscript is in the College Archives at Oberlin College.
Gray's publications Gray wrote several books including: - Experimental Researches in Electro-Harmonic Telegraphy (1878)
- Telegraphy and Telephony (1878)
- Electricity and Magnetism (1900) and
- Nature's Miracles (1900) a nontechnical discussion of science and technology for the general public.
The Gray/Bell Controversy - Further information: Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy
The Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell controversy considers the question of whether Bell and Gray invented the telephone independently and, if not, whether one stole the invention from the other. ...
References - Evenson, A. Edward (2000), The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray - Alexander Bell Controversy, McFarland, North Carolina, 2000. ISBN 0-7864-0883-9
- Baker, Burton H. (2000), The Gray Matter: The Forgotten Story of the Telephone, Telepress, St. Joseph, MI, 2000. ISBN 0-615-11329-X
- Coe, Lewis (1995), The Telephone and Its Several Inventors, McFarland Publishers, North Carolina, ISBN 0-7864-0138-9
- ^ Evenson, pages 68-69
- ^ Baker, pages 90-91
See also Bell speaking into prototype model of the telephone The history of the invention of the telephone is a confusing claim and counterclaim, further worsened by the lawsuits which hoped to resolve the patent claims of individuals. ...
Below is a Timeline of the telephone that covers important dates in the history of the telephone. ...
A water microphone or water transmitter is based on Ohms Law that current in a wire varies inversely with the resistance of the circuit. ...
External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Elisha Gray Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...
Patents Patent images in TIFF format This article is about TIFF, the computer image format. ...
- U.S. Patent 166,095 Electric Telegraph for Transmitting Musical Tones, issued July 1875
- U.S. Patent 166,096 Improvement in Electric Telegraph for Transmitting Musical Tones, issued July 1875
- U.S. Patent 386,814 Art of Telegraphy, issued July 1888 (writing telegraph or telautograph)
- U.S. Patent 386,815 Telautograph, issued July 1888
- U.S. Patent 461,470 Telautograph, issued October 1891
- U.S. Patent 461,472 Art of and Apparatus for Telautographic Communication, issued October 1891 (improved speed and accuracy)
- U.S. Patent 491,347 Telautograph, issued February 1893
- U.S. Patent 494,562 Telautograph, issued April 1893
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