Ebonics

• neighbo[u]rhood: "'hood"; "hœd"
• -ing: "-in'"
• -er, -or, -our: "-a"
• -ther: "-tha"; "Ta"
• -ter: "-ta"
• -th-: "-t-", "-d-"
• -th: "-f"
• ([Letter]name): "[Letter]", "[Letter]'"
• birthday: "birfday", "berfday"; "brfdA"
• homeboy, homegirl: "homey", "homie"; "hOmE"
• people: "peeps"; "pEpsh"
• cousin: "cuz'"; "cuzh"
• does: "do"; "dU"
• cool: "kew'"; "cEUw"
• fool: "foo'"; "fU"
• whore: "ho'"; "hO"
• with: "wit'"
• you: "ya"
• for: "fo'"; "fO"
• your: "yo'"; "yO"
• afro: "'fro"; "frO"
• poor: "po'"; "pO"
• more: "mo'"; "mO"
• sure: "sho'"; "SO"
• alright: "aight"; "Iit", "It"
• what's up: "whassup", "wuzzup", "'sup"; "wussup", "wuzzup"
• motherfucker: "mofo"; "mOfO"
• yes ma'am: "yessim", "yes'm"

English

• it is, it was, it has: "it's"; "itzh", "itz"
  • it is: "'tis"; "tizh", "tiz"
  • it was: "'twas"; "twuz", "twaz", "twuzh", "twazh"
• about: "'bout"; "buOwt", "baOwt"
• around: "'round"; "raUndh", "raUnd", "ruUndh", "ruUnd"
• another: "'nother"; "nuTr"
• along: "'long"; "long", "longh"
• because: "'cause", "'cuz"; "cuzz", "cuzh", "cuz"
• between: "'tween"; "twEn"
• betwixt: "'twixt"; "twicsth", "twicst"
• cartoon (It. Fr. E.): "'toon"; "tUn"
• robot (Cz.): "bot"
• raccoon (Alg.): "racoon", "coon"; "ræcUn", "cUn"
• opossum (Alg.): "possum"
• potato (Tai. Sp.): "tater"; "tAtr"
• -er-, -ir-, -ar-: "-er-", "-ir-", "-ar-"; "-r-", "-a-", "-e-", "--"
• kn-, cn-: "n-"
• wh-, hw-: "w-"
• wr-: "r-"
• -dg-: "-dg-"; "-jh-"
• gn- (No. E.): "n-"
• y-, i-: "-"
• them: "'em"
• him: "'im"
• her: "'er"; "r"
• hour (L. Fr. E.): "hour"; "our", "owr"
• herb (L. Fr. E.): "herb"; "rb", "rbh", "erb"
• hono[u]r (L. Fr. E.): "hono[u]r"; "onr"
• honest (L. Fr. E.): "honest"; "onesth", "onest"
• escalope (Ger. Fr.): "escallop", "scallop", "scollop"; "iscallop", "iscallep", "scallop", "scallep"
• ps- (G. Fr.): "ps-"; "s-"
• pn- (G. Fr.): "pn-"; "n-"
• mn- (G. L. Fr. E.): "m-", "mn-"; "m-", "n-"
• pt- (G. L. E.): "pt-"; "t-"
• Pfefferminz (Ger.): "pfefferminz", "peppermint" (PEZ); "pepprminth", "pepprmint", "feffrminz"
• pfeffernusse (Ger. E.): "pfeffernusse"; "feffrnUsh", "feffrnUss"
• Pfeiffer (Ger.): "Pfeiffer"; "fIffr"
• omnibus (L. Fr.): "bus": "bus", "bush"
• hamburger (Ger.) "burger"; "brgr"
• zero (A. L. It. Fr. E.): "o", "oh": "O"
• telephone (G. Fr.): "phone"; "fOn"
• helicopter (G. Fr. E.): "chopper", "copter"; "Coppr", "coptr"
• computer (L.): "'puter"; "pEUtr"
• chrysanthemum (G. L.): "mum"
• pizza (It.): "'za"; "za", "zu"
• parent (L. Fr. E.): "rent (http://dictionary.com/search?db=ahd4&q=rent)"; "renth"
• Hispanic (L.): "spic", "spick", "spig (http://dictionary.com/search?q=spic)"; "spic", "spich", "spig"
• Boudicca (Bry.): "dyke"; "dIch"
• two: "two"; "tU"
• you are, you were: "you're"; "yuUr"
• it should, it could, it would, it had, it did: "it'd"
• it will, it shall: "it'll"
• cannot: "can't"; "canth", "cænth", "cant", "cænt"
• Wednesday: "Wensday"; "WensdA", "WenzdA", "WenzdE"
• business: "business"; "biznes", "biznesh"
• answer: "answer"; "ansr", "ænsr"
• -en: "-n", "'n"
• -ally (L. E.): "-ally"; "-lE"
• -le: "-le"; "-l"
• -stl-: "-stl-"; "-sl-"
• listen: "listen"; "lissn", "lissen", "lisn"
• aisle (L. Fr. E.): "aisle"; "Ill"
• island (L. Fr. E.): "island"; "Iland", "Ilend"
• isle (L. Fr. E.): "isle"; "Ill"
• muscle (L. Fr. E.): "muscle"; "musl"
• indict (L. Fr. E.): "indict"; "indIt"
• victual (L. Fr. E.): "vittle"; "vittl"
• madam (Fr. E.): "ma'am"; "ma'am", "mæm"
• rendezvous (L. Fr.): "rendezvous"; "rondAvU"
• sword: "sword"; "sOrd"
• good day: "g'day"; "g'dA"
• got to: "gotta"; "gatta", "gattu", "gotta", "gottu"
• want to: "wanna"; "wanna", "wonna", "wannu", "wonnu"
• don't know: "dunno"; "dunnO"
• going to: "gonna"; "gonna", "gunnu"
• have to: "hafta"; "hæfta"
• cupboard: "cupboard"; "cubrd"
• clapboard: "clapboard"; "clæbrd"
• Campbell (Ga.): "Campbell"; "cæmbel"
• McDonald's: "Mickey D's", "Mickey D"; "micEdEs", "micEdE"
• Christmas: "Christmas"; "crismes"
• Tucson: "Tucson"; "tUson"
• Birmingham: "B'ham"; "b'ham", "bham", "b'am"
• Worcester: "Worcester"; "wUstr", "wUsta"
• Gloucester: "Gloucester"; "glostr", "glosta"
• Leicester: "Leicester"; "lestr", "lesta"
• Connecticut (Alg. E.): "Connecticut"; "conneticut"
• Featherstonehaugh: "Featherstonehaugh"; "fænSo"
• sandwich: "sammich" (baby talk); "sæmiCh", "sæmmiCh", "samiCh", "sammiCh"
• basketball, baseball: "B-ball", "B'ball"; "bEbol", "b'bol"
• San Francisco (L. Sp.): "Frisco"; "friscO" (Though native San Franciscans tend to resent this.)
• Cohasset: "Cohasset"; "cwasset"
• -shire: "-shire"; "Sr"
• -wich: "-wich"; "-iCh"
• -ham: "-ham"; "-am"
• shall not: "shan't", "sha'n't"; "Sant", "Santh"
• you all: "y'all"; "yol", "yool"
• viscount (Fr. E.): "viscount"; "vIcuUwnt", "vIcuUwnth", "vIcuUnt"
• two pence: "tuppence"; "tuppensh"
• halfpenny: "ha'penny", "hapenny"; "hApennE"
• perambulator (L.): "pram"; "præm"
• snow surfing: "snurfing"; "snrfing"
• spoon fork (E. L. Fr. E.): "spork"; "spOrch"
• smoke fog: "smog"; "smog", "smogh"
• brown-green: "breen"; "brEn" (joke)
• asterisk (G. L. E.): "asterick", "asterik", "asteric"; "æstric"
• boatswain: "bosun", "bos'n", "bo's'n"; "bOsen"
• I pray thee: "prithee"; "priTE"
• over: "o'er", "ov'r"; "O'r", "Ovr"
• -eigh-: "-eigh-"; "-A-"
• yeah: "ya"; "yæ"
• -ar-: "-ar-"; "-a-"
• -d-, -t-: "-d-", "-t-"; "--"
• -ft-: "-ft-"; "-f-", "-ff-"
• -ed: "-d", "'d"
• -gm (G. L. Fr.): "-gm"; "-m"
• my (word): "m'-"
• the (word): "th'-"; "T'-"
• -*: "-*", "-y"; "-E"
• -ing: "-in'", "-ing"; "-in", "-"
• -ight: "-ite"; "It"
• receipt (L. Fr. E.): "receipt"; "risEt"
• -gn- (L. Fr. E.): "-gn-"; "-n-"
• -al-, -aw-: "-al-", "-aw-"; "-o-"
• -(vowel[y]): "-(vowel[y])"; "-(Vowel[])"
• have: "-a"; "u", "a"
• (adverb[ly]): "(adverb[])"
• -let (L. Fr.): "-let"; "-lA"
• -mn- (G. L. Fr. E.): "-mn"; "-m"
• -ol-: "-ol-"; "-O-"
• -ol-, -al- (L. Fr.): "-ol-", "-al-"; "-O-"
• -mb: "-mb"; "-m"
• -ia, -ium (G. L.): "-y"; "-E"
• -u[vowel]- (L. Ger. Fr. E.): "-u[vowel]-"; "-[vowel]-"
• high: "hi"; "hI"
• low: "lo"; "lO"
• of: "o'"; "O"
• caravan (Per. It. Fr. E.), vanguard (L. Fr. E.): "van"; "væn"
• carre (L. Fr. E.): "car"; "cR"
• doctor (L.): "doc"
• technology (G. Fr. E.): "tech"
• technician (G. Fr. E.): "techie"; "techE"
• quotation (L. Fr. E.): "quote"; "cwOt"
• gymnasium (G. L.): "gym"; "jim"
• teacher: "teach"; "tECh"
• discotheque (L. Fr. E.): "disco"; "discO"
• advertisement (L. Fr. E.): "ad", "advert"; "æd", "ædvrt"
• application (L.): "app"; "æph"
• bicycle (G. Fr. E.): "bike"; "bIch"
• tricycle (G. Fr. E.): "trike"; "trIch"
• refrigerator (L.): "fridge"; "fridjh"
• handkerchief: "hanky", "hankie", "hankey"; "hængcE"
• cocaine, Coca-Cola: "coke", "Coke"; "cOch"
• vegetable (L. Fr. E.): "veggie", "veg"; "vejjE", "vej"
• photograph (G.): "photo"; "fOtO"
• facsimile (L.): "fax"; "fæcs"
• demonstration, demolition (L. Fr. E.): "demo"; "demO"
• television (G. L.): "telly"; "tellE"
• taximeter cab (Gr. L. Ger. Fr. E.): "taxicab" (portmanteau), "taxi"; "tæcsEcæb", "tæcsE"
• blanket (Ger. Fr. E.): "blankie"; "blæncE" (baby talk)
• kilogram (G. L. Fr. E.): "kilo"; "cElO"
• psychopath (G. L. E.): "psycho"; "sIcO"
• magazine (Ara. A. It. Fr. E.), magnum (L.): "mag"; "mæg"
• champion (L. Fr.): "champ"; "Cæmph"
• president (L. Fr. E.): "pres", "prez"; "prezh"
• governor (L. Fr. E.): "gov", "guv"
• permanent (L. Fr.): "perm"; "prm"
• propellor, property (L. Fr. E.): "prop"
• California (A. L. Sp.): "Cal", "Cali"; "cæl", "cælE"
• wizard: "wiz", "whiz", "whizz"
• mother: "ma", "maw"; "ma", "mo"
• father: "pa", "paw"; "pa", "po"
• brother: "bro"; "brO"
• sister: "sis"
• buddy: "bud"
• body: "bod"
• grandmother: "granny", "grannie", "grandma", "gramma", "gran"; "grænnE", "grændma", "græmma", "græn"
• grandfather: "gramps", "grampy", "grandpa", "gramp"; "græmps", "græmpE", "grændpa", "græmp"
• submarine sandwich, submarine, substitute teacher, sublet (L. E.): "sub"
• thousand: "thou"; "ThoU"
• million (L. Fr. E.): "mil"
• graduate (L. E.) "grad"; "græd"
• temporary worker (L. Fr. E.): "temp"
• address (L. Fr. E.): "addy"; "æddE"
• representative, reputation, repetition (L. Fr. E.): "rep"
• popular (L. Fr. E.): "pop"
• transformer (L. Fr. E.), transvestite (L. Ger.), transsexual (L.): "tranny", "trannie"; "trænnE"
• carbohydrate (G. L. E.): "carb", "cRb"
• sinus (A. L.): "sine"; "sIn"
• homosexual (G. L.): "homo"; "hOmO"
• lesbian (G. L. E.): "lesbo", "lez"; "lezbO", "lezh"
• bisexual (L. Fr. E.): "bi"; "bI"
• modern, module, modulus, modification (L. Fr. E.): "mod"
• credit, credential[s] (L. It. Fr. E.): "cred"
• federal (L. Fr. E.): "fed"
• radical (L. Fr. E.): "rad"; "ræd"
• pudding: "pud"; "pud"
• cigar (May. Sp. E.): "cig"; "cigh"
• faggot (G. L. Pro. Fr. E.): "fag"; "fæg"
• cucumber (L. Fr. E.): "cuke"; "cyUch"
• operator (L, Fr. E.): "op"
• administrator (L. Fr. E.): "admin"; "ædmin"
• public house (L. Fr. E.): "pub"
• optical art (G. L. Fr. E.): "op art"; "op Rt"
• emotive, emotional (L. Fr. E.): "emo"; "EmO"
• (verb[an, en]): "(verb)"
• (verb[st, th]): "(verb)"
• whilst: "while"; "whIl"
• amongst: "among"; "amung"
• amidst: "amid"
• through: "thru"; "TrU"
• -ough: "-o'"; "-O"
• snow: "sno'"; "snO"
• grow: "gro'"; "grO"
• -ca-, -que-, -ck- (L. Fr. E.): "-c-"
• pubes (L.): "pubes"; "pyUbs"
• crappa (L.): "crap"; "cræp", "cræph"
• sugar (S. Per. A. It. L. Fr. E.): "shug", "sug"; "Sœg"
• carbone (L. Fr.): "carbon"; "cRben"
• delicious (L. Fr. E.): "delish"; "dEliSh"
• underwear: "undies"; "undEs", "undEsh"
• creature (L. Fr. E.): "critter"; "crittr"
• chamois (L. Fr.): "shammy": "SæmmE"
• fundamentalist (L. Fr. E.): "fundy"; "fundE"
• coup (Fr.): "coup"; "cU"
• corps (Fr.): "corps"; "cOr"
• rapport (Fr.): "rapport"; "ræppOr"
• chez (Fr.): "chez"; "SA"
• laissez-faire (Fr.): "laissez-faire"; "lAzsA-fAr"
• marquise (Fr.): "marquise", "marquee"; "mRcE", "mRcEz"
• Bartholomaios (Ara. G. L.): "Bartholomew", "Bart"; "bRTolomEw", "bRt"
• Gabriyel (H. L. E.): "Gabriel", "Gabe"; "gAbrEel", "gAb"
• Guinevere, Gwendolyn (Ga. W.): "Gwen", "gwen"
• Lucanas (L.): "Lucas", "Luke"; "lUcas", "lUch"
• Matthios (H. G.): "Matthew", "Matt"; "mæTEw", "mæt"
• Miykael (H. L. E.): "Michael", "Mike", "Mikey", "Mickey", "Mick"; "mIchl", "mIch", "mIchE", "michE", "mich"
• Montgomery (L. W.): "Monty"; "montE", "monthE"
• Phillipos (G. L.): "Phillip", "Phil"; "fillip", "fil"
• Raphael (H. G. L.): "Ralph"; "ralf"
• Robert: "Rob", "Bert"; "rab", "brt"
• Thomas (G. L.): "Tom"; "tom"
• Timotheos (G. L.): "Timothy", "Tim"; "timoTE", "tim"
• Yahuwdiyth (H..): "Judith", "Judy"; "jUdiT", "jUdE"
• Yehowshuwa (H.): "Jehoshua", "Joshua", "Jesus", "jeez", "geez"; "jehOSUa", "joSUa", "jEsus", "jEz", "jEEz"
• Yowsef (H.): "Joseph", "Joe"; "jOsef", "jO"
• God be with ye|you: "good[-]by[e]"; "gœd'bI"
• How do you do?: "howdy"; "huwdE"
• and: "'n", "'n'"; "en"
• sweet: "twee"; "twE" (baby talk)
• mosquito (L. Por. Sp.): "skeeter"; "skEtr"

French

• (word[vowel]) ([vowel]word): "(word[])'([vowel]word)"; (word[vowel]) = pronouns j[e], c[e], l[e], l[a], m[e], t[e], s[e], t[u], qu[oi], qu[i]; articles l[e], l[a]; adverbs n[e], presqu[e]; adjective quelqu[e]; preposition/adjective d[e]; conjunctions qu[e], s[i], jusqu[e], lorsqu[e], puisqu[e], quoi[ ]qu[e]

I, such, him, her, me, thee/you, it, thou/you, what, who/which; the (m.), the (f.); even/nay, nigh|nearly; some; from/of/some/[some]; that/than, if, -ward[s], whilst/when, since, [al]though

• (word[p, s, t, x, z, st, nt, ds]): "(word[])"
• -us, -um, -es, -em, -a, -ius (L.): "-e", "", "-s"; "-h", ""

-i-, -a-, -e-, -o-, -s, -long

• aucun: "ocun", "okun"

none|no

• -osus (L.): "-eux"; "-œU"

-some

• -ia, -ium (G. L.): "-ie"; "-E"

-ings, -ling

• "-h[vowel]- (L.)"; "-[vowel]-"
• -ensis (L.): "-ais"; "-A"

-ish

• -os- (L. Ger. Fr.): "-ô-"; "-O-"
• -sl- (L.): "-sl-"; "-l-"
• bien: "ben", "bin"

well

• j'aime: "j'm"

I love

• ce: "c"; "s"

such

• que: "ke"; "ch"
  • qu'-: "k'-"; "c-"

that/than

• -que (L. Fr.): "-c"; "-ch"

-c

• -ais, -ait, -aient, -ez, est: "-é"; "-A"
• habere (L.): "avoir"; "avwR"

to have

• rocca (L.): "roche"; "rOSh"

stone

• persica (L.): "pêche"; "peSh"

peach

• recepta (L.): "recette"; "reseth"

token

• -p- (L.): "--"; "--"
• autumnus (L.): "automne"; "otun"

yield

• succarum (S. Per. A. It. L.): "sukere", "sucre"; "sUcer", "sUcr", "sUchr"

sugar, grit

• vegetabilis (L.): "vegetable"; "vejetabll"

enlivening

• kilogram (G. L. Fr.): "kilo"; "cElO"

thouswrit

• magazzino (Ara. A. It.): "magasin", "magazine"; "magazaN", "magazEn"

stock, stack

• réfrigérateur (L. Fr.): "frigo"; "frEgO"

chillership

• garçon (Ger. Fr.): "gars"; "ga"

lad

• pédérast (G. Fr.): "pédé"; "pAdA"

queer

Gaelic

Greek

• (word[vowel]) ([vowel]word): "(word[])'([vowel]word)"; (word[vowel]) = (polysyllabic pronoun, noun, sometimes-nondative verb, adverb, often conjunction, sometimes preposition, particle[α, ε, η, ι, ο, ω]), (monosyllabic same[ε])
• -δ-, -τ-: "-δ-", "-τ-"; "--"
• h-, -h (S., H.): "-"
• Hinduš (S. Per.): "Ινδυς"; "EndUs"

Sind

• ha-mazan (Ira.): "αμαζων"; "amazOn"

fighting as one

• Lucanas (L.): "Λυκας"; "lUcas"
• Yehowshuwa (H.): "Ιησους"; "EAsUsh"

Italian

• -ium (L.): "-io"; "-EO"

-ling

• zephirum (A. L.): "zero"; "zerO"

nought

Japanese

Elision is extremely common in the pronunciation of the Japanese language. Devoiced vowels are frequently left unspoken. However, unlike French or English, Japanese does not often show elision in writing. The process is purely phonetic, and varies considerably depending on the dialect or level of formality. A few examples (slightly exaggerated; apostrophes added to indicate elision),

• "Matsushita-san wa imasu ka?"; "Matsush'ta-san wa imas' ka?"

Is Mr. Matsushita in?

• "roku, shichi, hachi"; "rok', sh'ch', hach'"

six, seven, eight

• "Shitsurei shimasu."; "Sh'ts'rei sh'mas'."

Forgive me for leaving.

In Japan, gender roles also influence one's elision. It is considered masculine to elide, especially over the terminal "u" sound, whereas women are traditionally encouraged to do the opposite. However, excessive elision is generally viewed as basilectic, and inadequate elision is seen as overly fussy or old-fashioned. Some nonstandard dialects, such as Satsuma-ben, are known for their extensive elision.

Latin

• insula: "isula"; "Isula"

island

• Gabriyel (H.): "Gabriel"; "gabrEel"
• Yahuwdiyth (H.): "Judith"; "yEUdiT"
• Yowsef (H.): "Joseph"; "yEOsef"

Scottish

• not (E.): "nae"; "nA"

Spanish

• -us, -um, -es, -em (L.): "-o", "-e"; "-O", "-A"

-i-, -a-, -e-, -o-

• "-h[vowel]- (L.)"; "-[vowel]-"
• -ium (L.): "-io"; "-EO"

-ling

• autumnus (L.): "otoño"; "otonyO"

yield

• -sed, -st (E.): "-s": "-s", "-"

Tamil

There are well-defined rules for elision in Tamil. They are categorised into different classes based on the phoneme where elision occurs.

1. Kutriyalukaram, u
2. Kutriyalikaram, i
3. Aiykaarakkurukkam, ai (see diphthong)
4. Oukaarakkurukkam, au
5. Aaythakkurukkam, the special character akh
6. Makarakkurukkam, m

External links

• French examples (http://french.about.com/library/pronunciation/bl-emuet.htm) (contains pop-up ad)
• PainInTheEnglish.com (http://www.painintheenglish.com/post.asp?id=268)
• How to Pronounce the Name, Worcester, Mass (http://www.worcestermass.com/pronounce/)
• Universals of human language (http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Spring_2004/ling001/14a.html)
• Greek Grammar (http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/smyth_1c_uni.htm)