Elizabeth Odio Benito (born 15 September 1939) is a Vice-President of the International Criminal Court. She previously served as a judge on the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, and in her home country of Costa Rica was twice appointed Justice Minister, later becoming Vice-President of the Republic. Her background is as an academic lawyer, specialising in the administration of justice and human rights, in particular the rights of women.

Although born in Puntarenas, the first child of Emiliano Odio Madrigal and Esperanza Benito Ibañez, most of her early life was spent in San José, where she attended the Colegio Superior de Señoritas. The law was something of a tradition on her father's side of the family; Odio Benito was particularly encouraged by her lawyer uncle, Ulises Odio Santos, to study that subject. She graduated with a master's degree from the University of Costa Rica in 1964, where she remained for much of her academic career, rising to a full professorship in 1986 and Vice-President for Academic Affairs in 1988. During this period, she began to work in the field of gender studies, with an emphasis on crimes committed against women.

Meanwhile, Odio Benito was becoming increasingly involved in the administration of justice. From 1976 to 1978 she served as Secretary to the Colegio de Abogados, the bar association of Costa Rica, and in 1978 was appointed to the joint offices of Minister of Justice and Attorney General, which she held until 1982 when the National Liberation Party took the presidency. In 1990 she returned for another four-year term as Minister of Justice, under President Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier. The peak of her domestic political career came in 1998, with her election as Second Vice-President alongside President Miguel Ángel Rodríguez and First Vice-President Astrid Fischel Volio; during this time she was also Minister for the Environment and Energy.

Elizabeth Odio Benito's involvement in international justice began during her second ministerial term, with her 1993 appointment as a judge on the Former Yugoslavia criminal tribunal. This was the first time she had sat as a judge, a fact for which she has been criticised by some of the tribunal participants. A major contribution during these proceedings was Odio Benito's successful effort to have rape and other sexual assaults considered as torture. Her interpretation, based on a case of two Serbian women raped in the Čelebići detention camp, is now an accepted principle of international law. In 1998 Odio Benito left ICTY as a consequence of becoming Vice-President, but she continued to play an active role in related areas of the law. Most notably, she was president of the United Nations Working Group that drew up the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture [1] (http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/6/cat/treaties/opcat.htm). This controversial treaty amendment allows for international inspections of any prison, detention camp, or similar facility, to ensure that torture is not being practiced there. (As of 2004, it is not yet in force, having been ratified by only three states from the required twenty.)

Her election to the International Criminal Court was not without controversy. Her candidacy had initially been sponsored by Costa Rica, but President Abel Pacheco withdrew support without explanation. Since they are members of the same political party, there may be any number of reasons why the President would seek to undermine her. It has been suggested by the pro-life movement that Odio Benito's permissive stance on abortion motivated Pacheco to move against her [2] (http://www.lifesite.net/ldn/2003/mar/03031201.html). In any case, various women's groups mobilised to campaign for her readmittance [3] (http://www.women.ucla.edu/csw/ICC.html). She was eventually renominated by Panama, whose then president, Mireya Moscoso, is another noted activist for women's rights. Odio Benito was thus the only candidate not to be sponsored by her own nation. Nevertheless, she was elected in the first out of thirty-three rounds of voting, indicating strong support from the States Parties.

The ICC officially opened on March 11, 2003, with Elizabeth Odio Benito as Second Vice-President.

External links

• http://www.icc-cpi.int/presidency/secondvice.html - ICC biography
• http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/presidency/curriculumvitae_odio_benito.pdf - Curriculum vitae supporting ICC candidacy
• http://www.abogados.or.cr/revista_elforo/foro3 - Issue of the Colegio de Abogados magazine with several articles on Odio Benito (Spanish)
• http://www.un.org/law/icc/elections/results/judges_results.htm - ICC election results