Elm
Mature Slippery Elm
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Family: Ulmaceae Genus: Ulmus L.
Species
See Elm species, varieties, cultivars and hybrids Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta—rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta—zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta—trimerophytes Pteridophyta—ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta—seed ferns Pinophyta—conifers Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Gnetophyta—gnetae Magnoliophyta—flowering plants... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also called angiosperms) are the dominant and most familiar group of land plants. ... Orders See text. ... Families Barbeyaceae Cannabaceae (hemp family) Dirachmaceae Elaeagnaceae Moraceae (mulberry family) Rosaceae (rose family) Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family) Ulmaceae (elm family) Urticaceae (nettle family) For the Philippine municipality, see Rosales, Pangasinan. ... Genera Celtis - Hackberries Planera - Water-elm Ulmus - Elms Zelkova - Zelkovas Ulmaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes elms, hackberries and zelkovas. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... // Mountain elms: spring flowering; flowers subsessile; leaves usually rough above. ...

Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees making up the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae, found throughout the Northern Hemisphere from Siberia to Indonesia, Mexico to Japan. They have alternate, simple, single- or doubly-serrate leaves, usually asymmetric at the base and acuminate at the apex. Elms are hermaphroditic, having perfect flowers, and which, being wind-pollinated, are without petals. The fruit is a round samara. Deciduous means temporary or tending to fall off (deriving from the Latin word decidere, to fall off) and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally. ... Semi-deciduous is a botanical term which refers to plants that lose their foliage. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... Genera Celtis - Hackberries Planera - Water-elm Ulmus - Elms Zelkova - Zelkovas Ulmaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes elms, hackberries and zelkovas. ... The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planets surface (or celestial sphere) that is north of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means half ball). On the Earth, the Northern Hemisphere contains most of the land and about 88-90% of the human population. ... It has been suggested that Western Siberia be merged into this article or section. ... In zoology, a hermaphrodite is a species that contains both male and female sexual organs at some point during their lives. ... A perfect flower, in botany, is a hermaphroditic flower with both stamens and an ovary. ... Maple samara or key A samara is a type of fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall. ...

All species are tolerant of a wide range of soils and pH levels but, with one exception (the European White Elm U. laevis), demand good drainage. The correct title of this article is . ... Binomial name Ulmus laevis Pall. ...

The other genera of the Ulmaceae are Zelkova (Zelkova) and Planera (Water Elm). Celtis (Hackberry or Nettle Tree), formerly included in the Ulmaceae, is now included in the family Cannabaceae. Species See text Zelkova is a genus of six species of deciduous trees in the elm family Ulmaceae, native to southern Europe, and southwest and eastern Asia. ... Binomial name J. F. Gmel. ... Species About 60-70 species including: Celtis australis - European Hackberry Celtis bungeana Bunges Hackberry Celtis caucasica - Caucasian Hackberry Celtis labilis - Hubei Hackberry Celtis koraiensis - Korean Hackberry Celtis jessoensis - Japanese Hackberry Celtis laevigata - Southern Hackberry Celtis occidentalis - Common hackberry Celtis reticulata - Netleaf hackberry Celtis sinensis - Chinese Hackberry Celtis tenuifolia - Georgia... Genera Cannabis - Hemp Celtis - Hackberry Gironniera Humulus - Hop Parasponia Pteroceltis Trema - Trema Cannabaceae is a family of flowering plants. ...

Species, varieties and hybrids

Main article: Elm species, varieties, cultivars and hybrids

Main article: Elm synonyms and accepted names

There are between 20 to 45 species of elm; the ambiguity in the number is a result of difficult species delimitations in elms, owing to the ease of hybridization between them and the development of local seed-sterile vegetatively-propagated microspecies in some areas, mainly in the field elm group. Six species are endemic to North America and a similar number to Europe, but the greatest diversity is found in China. // Mountain elms: spring flowering; flowers subsessile; leaves usually rough above. ... Synonym Chaetoptelea mexicana Liebm. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ...

During the 18th and 19th centuries, elm cultivars enjoyed huge popularity as ornamentals by virtue of their rapid growth and variety of foliage and forms. This 'belle époque' lasted until the First World War, when the consequences of hostilities and the outbreak of Dutch elm disease saw the elm slide into horticultural decline. The further disruption to horticulture caused by the Second World War and, 20 years later, the devastation wrought by the outbreak of a new, far more virulent strain of Dutch elm disease, brought the tree to its nadir. Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Branch death, or Flagging, at multiple locations in the crown of a diseased elm. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...

Since circa 1980 however, the elm has enjoyed a slow renaissance through the successful development in North America and Europe (notably the Netherlands until 1992, and, more recently, Italy) of cultivars highly resistant to the new strain of the disease. Consequently, the total number of named cultivars, ancient and modern, now exceeds 300, although most of the older clones have probably been lost to cultivation. Unhappily, enthusiasm for the newer clones often remains low owing to the poor performance of earlier, supposedly disease-resistant Dutch trees released in the 1960s and 1970s. In the UK for example, only three of the new American and European releases are commercially available.

The classification adopted for Elm species, varieties, cultivars and hybrids is largely based on that established by Brummitt (1992). A large number of synonyms have accumulated over the last three centuries, their Accepted Names can be found on Elm Synonyms and Accepted Names. // Mountain elms: spring flowering; flowers subsessile; leaves usually rough above. ... Synonym Chaetoptelea mexicana Liebm. ...

Cultivation and uses

Elm wood was valued for its interlocking grain, and consequent resistance to splitting, with significant uses in wheels, chair seats and coffins. The wood is also resistant to decay when permanently wet, and hollowed trunks were widely used as water pipes during the medieval period in Europe. Elms also have a long history of cultivation for fodder, with the leafy branches cut for livestock. The bark, cut into strips and boiled, sustained much of the rural population of Norway during the famine in the mid-19th century. Trunks A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is a solid material derived from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Typical Western wooden chair A chair is a piece of furniture for sitting, consisting of a seat, a back, and sometimes arm rests, commonly for use by one person. ... An open casket A coffin (in North American English, also known as a casket, although the design is different - coffins taper towards the feet while caskets remain the same width) is a funerary box used in the display and containment of deceased remains -- either for burial or cremation. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... Fodder growing from barley In agriculture, fodder or animal feed is any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed livestock, such as cattle, sheep, chickens and pigs. ... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ...

From the 18th century to the early 20th century, elms were among the most widely planted ornamental tree in both Europe and North America. They were particularly popular as a street tree in avenue plantings in towns and cities, creating high-tunnelled effects, and to this day, 'Elm Street' remains the most common road name in the USA. In North America the species most commonly planted was the American Elm U. americana, which had unique properties that made it ideal for such use: rapid growth, adaptation to a broad range of climates and soils, strong wood, resistance to wind damage, and vase-like growth habit requiring minimal pruning. In Europe, the Wych Elm U. glabra and the Smooth-leaved Elm U. minor var. minor were the most widely planted in the countryside, with the former in northern areas (Scandinavia, northern Britain), and the latter further south. The hybrid between these two, Dutch Elm U. × hollandica, occurs naturally and was also commonly planted. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... An avenue at Alexandra Park, London Originally, an avenue is a road radiating from a city center. ... In microeconomics, pruning taken as a metaphor from gardening, refers to the removal of excess items from a budget. ... Scandinavia is a historical and geographical region centered on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe and includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. ...

Wych Elm leaves and seeds

Elm flowers

In parks and gardens, from about 1850 to 1920 the most prized small specimen elm was the Camperdown Elm, a contorted weeping cultivar of the Wych Elm Ulmus glabra Camperdownii, grafted on a standard Wych Elm trunk to give a wide, spreading and weeping fountain shape in large garden spaces. In Australia large numbers of English Elms U. procera were planted as ornamentals in the early 20th century. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 476 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (793 × 998 pixel, file size: 115 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Wych Elm (Ulmus glabra) foliage and seeds - photo 8 May 2005 by en:User:MPF. He released it under GFDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 476 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (793 × 998 pixel, file size: 115 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Wych Elm (Ulmus glabra) foliage and seeds - photo 8 May 2005 by en:User:MPF. He released it under GFDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1536 × 2048 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1536 × 2048 pixel, file size: 2. ... The Camperdown Elm (Weeping Elm) Ulmus glabra Camperdown is a cultivar, which cannot reproduce from seed. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ... Binomial name Ulmus minor var. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

Diseases

Main article: List of elm diseases

This article is a list of diseases of elms (Ulmus spp. ...

Dutch elm disease

Main article: Dutch elm disease

Dutch elm disease devastated elms throughout Europe and North America in the 20th century. It is caused by the micro- fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi transmitted by two species of Scolytus elm-bark beetle which act as vectors. The disease affects all species of elm native to North America and Europe, but many Asiatic species have anti-fungal genes and are resistant. Fungal spores, introduced into wounds in the tree caused by the beetles, invade the xylem or vascular system. The tree responds by producing tyloses, effectively blocking the flow from roots to leaves. Woodland trees in North America are not quite as susceptible to the disease because they usually lack the root-grafting of the urban elms and are somewhat more isolated from each other. In France, inoculation of over three hundred clones of the European species with the fungus failed to find a single variety possessed of any significant resistance. Branch death, or Flagging, at multiple locations in the crown of a diseased elm. ... Branch death, or Flagging, at multiple locations in the crown of a diseased elm. ... For the fictional character, see Fungus the Bogeyman. ... Suborders Adephaga Archostemata Myxophaga Polyphaga See subgroups of the order Coleoptera Beetles are the most diverse group of insects. ... Traditionally in medicine, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another, a vector is where the infectious organism does not change its DNA/RNA, for the reason a mosquito will not serve as vectors for... In vascular plants, xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in plants, phloem being the other one. ...

An earlier, less aggressive strain of the disease fungus, Ophiostoma ulmi, first appeared in Europe in 1910 and North America in 1928, but had declined by the 1940s. The second, far more virulent strain of the disease was identified in Europe in the late 1960s, and within a decade had killed over 20 million trees (approximately 75%) in the UK alone. The origin of the new strain remains a mystery; earlier believed to have been endemic to China, surveys there in 1986 found no trace of it, although bark beetles were common. The most popular hypothesis is that it arose from a hybrid between the original O. ulmi and another strain endemic to the Himalaya, O. himal-ulmi. While there is no sign of the current pandemic waning, there is some hope in the susceptibility of the fungus to a disease of its own caused by d-factors : naturally occurring virus-like agents that can severely debilitate it and reduce its sporulation. 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ...

Owing to its geographical isolation and effective quarantine enforcement, Australia has so far been unaffected by Dutch Elm Disease, and as such retains some of the world's best stands of English Elms; the long avenues of Royal Parade and St Kilda Road in Melbourne are perhaps the most beautiful examples [1]. Grattan St, Carlton, is also a very pleasing example of a stand of elms. Melbournes CBD has grown to straddle the Yarra River in three major precincts. ...

The provinces of Alberta and British Columbia in western Canada are also free of Dutch Elm disease, although in 1998, one tree in southeastern Alberta was found diseased and destroyed immediately before the disease could spread. Aggressive means are being taken to prevent any occurrences of the disease in these two provinces. In fact, Alberta has the world's largest stands of elms unaffected by the disease, and many streets and parks in Edmonton and Calgary are still lined with large numbers of healthy mature trees. Nickname: Motto: Industry - Integrity - Progress Location of Edmonton within census division number 11, Alberta, Canada. ... Nickname: Motto: Onward Location of Calgary within census division number 6, Alberta, Canada. ...

Resistant cultivars

Efforts to develop resistant cultivars began in the Netherlands in 1928. Research was later initiated in North America in 1937, and continues to this day in Italy. Research has followed two paths: A cultivar is a cultivated variety of a plant species. ...

Hybrid cultivars from crossings of Asiatic with European species, or of Asiatic elms alone because of their innate resistance to Dutch elm disease. After a number of false dawns in the 1970s, this approach has produced some fine trees. Clones with immunity or very high resistance to disease have been raised in the USA, the Netherlands, and Italy, and are now commercially available after many years of field trials. However, some of these trees, notably those with the Siberian Elm U. pumila in their ancestry, will probably have a comparatively small mature size and lack the forms for which the iconic American Elm and English Elm were prized. Several of the same have also proven unsuited to the maritime climate conditions in northwestern Europe, notably because of their intolerance of ponding on poorly-drained soils in winter. Dutch hybridizations included the Himalayan Elm U. wallichiana as a source of anti-fungal genes and have proved more tolerant of wet ground; they should also ultimately reach a greater size. In recent years, a number of promising disease resistant hybrids have been developed and propagated in Europe including the Nanguen (Lutèce™) in France and the Plinio (elm cultivar) in Italy. Branch death, or Flagging, at multiple locations in the crown of a diseased elm. ... An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of all the worlds continents, and in southeastern Australia; similar climates are also found at high elevations within the tropics. ... One of the last Dutch hybrid cultivars to be released, Nanguen (Lutèceâ„¢) is a complex fourth generation tree with an ancestry comprising six varieties of Field Elm , the Exeter Elm (a curious variety of the Wych Elm : var. ... Plinio is an elm cultivar derived from a crossing of the Dutch hybrid cultivar Plantyn with the Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila clone S 2. ...

Species cultivars, mostly selected in North America. Careful selection has produced a number of trees not only resistant to disease, but also the droughts and extremely cold winters afflicting that continent. Research in the USA has concentrated on the American Elm U. americana. The American Liberty elm represents the results of one such effort, and though promoted as a single product, consists of six different genotypes collectively under a single name. Other species from which suitable cultivars have been selected in North America have included the Chinese Elm, U. parvifolia, the Siberian Elm, U. pumila, and the Japanese Elm, U. davidiana, var. japonica. Binomial name Ulmus americana L. The American Elm Ulmus americana is a species of elm native to eastern North America, occurring from Nova Scotia west to southeast Saskatchewan, and south to Florida and central Texas. ... The American Elm cultivar American Liberty is in fact a group of six genetically distinct cultivars under a single name, although they are superficially similar. ... Binomial name Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. ... Binomial name Ulmus pumila L. Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila), is a small to medium-sized tree found in Turkestan to eastern Siberia, northern China, and in the United States. ... Binomial name Ulmus davidiana var. ...

Elms take many decades to grow to maturity, and as the introduction of these cultivars is relatively recent, their performance and ultimate size cannot be predicted with certainty.

Finally, there is also the example of the European White Elm that has little innate resistance to Dutch elm disease, but it is avoided by the vector bark beetles and only rarely becomes infected. Research published in the Canadian Journal of Forest Research has indicated that it is the presence of certain organic compounds, such as triterpenes and sterols, that serves to make the tree bark unattractive to the beetle species that spread the disease. Binomial name Ulmus laevis Pall. ... Branch death, or Flagging, at multiple locations in the crown of a diseased elm. ... Many terpenes are derived from conifer resins, here a pine. ... Sterols are a subgroup of steroids with a hydroxyl group in the 3-position of the A-ring. ...

Insect use

Many species of Lepidopteran larvae uses elm as a food plant; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Elms. In Australia, introduced elm trees are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genus Aenetus. These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down. Superfamilies Butterflies Hesperioidea Papilionoidea Moths Acanthopteroctetoidea Alucitoidea Axioidea Bombycoidea Calliduloidea Choreutoidea Cossoidea Drepanoidea Epermenioidea Eriocranioidea Galacticoidea Gelechioidea Geometroidea Gracillarioidea Hedyloidea Hepialoidea Heterobathmioidea Hyblaeoidea Immoidea Incurvarioidea Lasiocampoidea Lophocoronoidea Micropterigoidea Mimallonoidea Mnesarchaeoidea Neopseustoidea Nepticuloidea Noctuoidea Palaephatoidea Pterophoroidea Pyraloidea Schreckensteinioidea Sesioidea Simaethistoidea Thyridoidea Tineoidea Tischerioidea Tortricoidea Urodoidea Whalleyanoidea Yponomeutoidea Zygaenoidea The order Lepidoptera... A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... Elms (Ulmus spp) are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species including: Monophagous species which feed exclusively on Ulmus Bucculatrix leaf-miners: - feeds on Ulmus pumila Polyphagous species which feed on Ulmus among other plants Autumnal Moth (Epirrita autumnata) The Brick (Agrochola circellaris) Brown... genera Abantiades Aenetus Afrotheora Andeabatis Antihepialus Aoraia Aplatissa Bipectilis Blanchardina Bordaia Calada Callipielus Cibyra Cladoxycanus Dalaca Dioxycanus Druceiella Dumbletonius Elhamma Endoclyta Eudalaca Fraus Gazoryctra Gorgopis Heloxycanus Hepialiscus Hepialus Jeana Korscheltellus Leto Metahepialus Napialus Neohepialus Oncopera Oxycanus Palpifer Parahepialiscus Pfitzneriana Pfitzneriella Pharmacis Phassodes Phassus Phialuse Phymatopus Puermytrans Roseala Schausiana Sthenopis Thitarodes... A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly. ... Aenetus is a genus of moths of the family Hepialidae. ...

References

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Ulmus

• Armstrong, J. V. & Sell, P. D. (1996). A revision of the British elms (Ulmus L., Ulmaceae): the historical background. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 120: 39-50.
• Bean, W. J. (1981). Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition. Murray, London.
• Biggerstaffe, C., Iles, J. K., & Gleason, M. L. (1999). Sustainable urban landscapes: Dutch elm disease and disease-resistant elms. SUL-4, Iowa State University.
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• Brummitt, R. K. (1992). Vascular Plant Families & Genera. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, London, UK.
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• Collin, E. (2001). Elm. In Teissier du Cros (Ed.) (2001) Forest Genetic Resources Management and Conservation. France as a case study. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Bureau of Genetic Resources. INRA DIC. France.
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• Heybroek, H. M. (1993). The Dutch Elm Breeding Program. In Sticklen & Sherald (Eds.) (1993). Dutch Elm Disease Research, Chapter 3. Springer Verlag, New York, USA
• Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Lutèce®, a resistant variety brings elms back to Paris [6], Paris, France.
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• Santini, A., Fagnani, A., Ferrini, F. & Mittempergher, L. (2002). 'San Zanobi' & 'Plinio' Elm Trees. HortScience, Vol. 37 (7) : 1139-1141. Dec. 2002.
• Santini A., Fagnani A., Ferrini F., Mittempergher L., Brunetti M., Crivellaro A., Macchioni N., Elm breeding for DED resistance, the Italian clones and their wood properties. Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For (2004) 13 (1), 179-184. 2004. [8]
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External links

• [10]. Northern Arizona University: Elm trials.