? Elm
Mature Slippery Elm
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Family: Ulmaceae Genus: Ulmus L.
Species
See text.

Elms are deciduous trees of the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. They have alternate, simple, single- or doubly-serrate leaves, usually with asymmetric bases, often rough with fine bristles. The fruit is a round samara. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Divisions Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants Adiantum pedatum (a fern... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also called angiosperms) are a major group of land plants. ... Orders see text Dicotyledons or dicots are flowering plants whose seed typically contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. ... Families Barbeyaceae Cannabaceae (hemp family) Dirachmaceae Elaeagnaceae Moraceae (mulberry family) Rosaceae (rose family) Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family) Ulmaceae (elm family) Urticaceae (nettle family) For the Philippine municipality, see Rosales, Pangasinan. ... Genera Celtis - Hackberries Planera - Water-elm Ulmus - Elms Zelkova - Zelkovas Ulmaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes elms, hackberries and zelkovas. ... Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as ▶ (help· info), and in English usually under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), the name with which his publications were signed, was a Swedish botanist and physician who laid the foundations for the modern scheme... Deciduous means temporary or tending to fall off (deriving from the Latin word decidere, to fall off). ... The coniferous Sequoia, the tallest tree species on earth A tree is defined as a perennial, woody plant. ... Genera Celtis - Hackberries Planera - Water-elm Ulmus - Elms Zelkova - Zelkovas Ulmaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes elms, hackberries and zelkovas. ... Insert non-formatted text here The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planets surface (or celestial sphere) that is north of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means half ball). On the Earth, the Northern Hemisphere contains most of the land and population. ... Maple samara or key A samara is a type of fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall. ...

There are between 20 to 45 species of elm; the ambiguity in the number is a result of difficult species delimitations in elms, due to the ease of hybridisation between them and the development of local seed-sterile vegetatively-propagated microspecies in some areas, mainly in the field elm group. In biology, a species is the basic unit of biodiversity. ...

Classification

• "Mountain elms": spring flowering; flowers subsessile; leaves very rough above
  • Ulmus bergmanniana. Eastern Asia.
  • Ulmus glabra - Wych Elm. Europe, western Asia.
  • Ulmus laciniata. Eastern Asia.
  • Ulmus macrocarpa. Northeast Asia.
  • Ulmus rubra - Slippery Elm or Red Elm. Eastern North America.
  • Ulmus wallichiana - Himalayan Elm. Himalaya.

• "Field elms": spring flowering; flowers subsessile; leaves usually smooth above
  • Ulmus angustifolia. France (Brittany), England (Hampshire); local endemic, often treated as a variety of U. carpinifolia.
  • Ulmus canescens. Southeast Europe.
  • Ulmus carpinifolia - Smooth-leaved Elm or European Field Elm. Europe.
  • Ulmus chumlia. Himalaya.
  • Ulmus davidiana. China.
  • Ulmus japonica - Japanese Elm. Eastern Asia.
  • Ulmus plottii - Lock Elm. England; local endemic, often treated as a variety of U. carpinifolia.
  • Ulmus procera - English Elm. England; local endemic.
  • Ulmus pumila - Siberian Elm. Northern Asia.
  • Ulmus villosa. Himalaya.
  • Ulmus wilsoniana - Wilson's Elm. Western China.

European White Elm flowers

Wych Elm leaves and seeds

• "White elms": spring flowering; flowers pedunculate
  • Ulmus alata - Winged Elm. Eastern North America.
  • Ulmus americana - American Elm. Eastern North America.
  • Ulmus androssowii - Narwan Elm. Southwest Asia.
  • Ulmus laevis - European White Elm or Fluttering Elm. Eastern Europe, western Asia.
  • Ulmus thomasii - Rock Elm. Eastern North America.

• "Autumn-flowering elms": autumn flowering
  • Ulmus crassifolia - Cedar Elm. Eastern North America.
  • Ulmus parvifolia - Chinese Elm or Lacebark Elm. China.
  • Ulmus serotina - September Elm. Eastern North America.

• Hybrids and hybrid origin cultivars
  • Ulmus x brandisiana. U. chumlia x U. wallichiana.
  • Ulmus x hollandica - Dutch Elm. U. glabra x U. carpinifolia.
  • Ulmus 'Accolade'. U. japonica x U. wilsoniana.
  • Ulmus 'Coolshade'. U. rubra x U. pumila.
  • Ulmus 'Frontier'. U. carpinifolia x U. parvifolia.
  • Ulmus 'New Horizon'. U. japonica x U. pumila.
  • Ulmus 'Regal'. U. carpinifolia x U. pumila.
  • Ulmus 'Sapporo Autumn Gold'. U. japonica x U. pumila.
  • Ulmus 'Sarniensis' - Jersey Elm. Backcross (U. x hollandica) x U. carpinifolia.
  • Ulmus 'Vegeta' - Huntingdon Elm. Cultivated origin; parentage unknown.
  • and many more without formal hybrid names

The only other genera in the Ulmaceae are Zelkova (Zelkova) and Planera (Water-elm). Binomial nomenclature Ulmus glabra Huds. ... Binomial name Ulmus rubra Muhl. ... In biology and ecology endemic means exclusively native to a place or biota, in contrast to cosmopolitan or one of various ways of being not native (e. ... Species Ulmus carpinifolia Smooth-leaved Elm (Ulmus carpinifolia) is a species of Elm native to Europe, from northeast Spain and southeast England east to southwest Russia. ... Binomial name Ulmus procera English Elm (Ulmus procera) is a species of Elm tree. ... Download high resolution version (1296x972, 251 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1296x972, 251 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (793x998, 115 KB)Wych Elm foliage and seeds - photo 8 May 2005 by MPF File links The following pages link to this file: Elm Wych Elm Categories: GFDL images ... Download high resolution version (793x998, 115 KB)Wych Elm foliage and seeds - photo 8 May 2005 by MPF File links The following pages link to this file: Elm Wych Elm Categories: GFDL images ... Binomial name Ulmus americana L. The American Elm Ulmus americana is a species of elm native to eastern North America, occurring from Nova Scotia west to southeast Saskatchewan, and south to Florida and central Texas. ... Binomial name Ulmus laevis Pall. ... Binomial name Ulmus thomasii Sarg. ... Binomial name Ulmus crassifolia Nutt. ... Binomial name Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. ... In biology, hybrid has three meanings. ... Species Zelkova abelicea - Cretan Zelkova Zelkova carpinifolia - Caucasian Zelkova Zelkova serrata - Keaki or Japanese Zelkova Zelkova sicula - Sicilian Zelkova Zelkova sinica - Chinese Zelkova Zelkova schneideriana - Schneiders Zelkova Zelkova is a genus of six species of deciduous trees in the elm family Ulmaceae, native to southern Europe, and southwest and... Binomial name Planera aquatica J. F. Gmel. ...

Cultivation and uses

Elm wood is valued for its interlocking grain, and consequent resistance to splitting, with significant uses in chair seats and coffins. The wood is also resistant to decay when permanently wet, and was used for making pipes during the mediaeval period in Europe. Elms also have a long history of cultivation for fodder, with the leafy branches cut for livestock. A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood derives from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ... Look up chair in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... An open casket A coffin (which some call a casket) is a box used for the display and burial or cremation of a cadaver. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... In agriculture, fodder or animal feed is any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed livestock, such as cattle, sheep, chickens and pigs. ... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ...

From the 18th century to the early 20th century, elms were among the most widely planted ornamental tree in both Europe and North America. They were particularly popular as a street tree in avenue plantings in towns and cities, creating high tunneled effects. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Categories: Stub ...

In Europe, the Wych Elm U. glabra and the Smooth-leaved Elm U. carpinifolia were the most widely planted, with the former in northern areas (Scandinavia, northern Britain), and the latter further south. The hybrid between these two, Dutch Elm U. x hollandica, was also commonly planted. Scandinavia, Fennoscandia, and the Kola Peninsula. ...

In North America the main species used was the American Elm U. americana, which has unique properties that made it ideal for such use; rapid growth, wide adaptation to a broad range of climates and soils, strong wood, resistant to wind damage, and vase-like growth habit requiring minimal pruning. In microeconomics, pruning taken as a metaphor from gardening, refers to the removal of excess items from a budget. ...

From about 1850 to 1920 the most prized small specimen elm was the Camperdown Elm, a contorted weeping cultivar of the Wych Elm Ulmus glabra 'Camperdown', grafted on a standard Wych Elm trunk to give a wide, spreading and weeping fountain shape in large garden spaces. The Camperdown Elm (Weeping Elm) Ulmus glabra Camperdown is a cultivar, which cannot reproduce from seed. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ...

Large numbers of English Elms U. procera were planted in Australia in the early 20th century, although the tree is not native to the island-continent. Binomial name Ulmus procera English Elm (Ulmus procera) is a species of Elm tree. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...

Dutch Elm Disease

Dutch elm disease has been devastating to elms throughout Europe and North America. This is a fungal disease native to Asia, that is transmitted by a vector, the elm-bark beetle. It affects all species of elm native to North America and Europe to some degree, while at least some Asian elms are much more resistant, having evolved alongside the disease. Woodland trees in North America are not quite as susceptible to the disease because they usually lack the root-grafting of the urban elms and are somewhat more isolated from each other. Dutch elm disease is a fungal disease of elm trees, originally native to Asia. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Deuteromycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Fungus growing on a tree in Borneo A fungus (plural fungi) is a eukaryotic organism that digests its food externally and absorbs the nutrient molecules into its cells. ... Traditionally in medicine, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another. ... Suborders Adephaga Archostemata Myxophaga Polyphaga See subgroups of the order Coleoptera Beetles are one of the main groups of insects. ...

The disease was first introduced to Europe in about 1920 and North America in 1928, and has since become endemic. As a result, most of the elms planted there as shade trees have been destroyed across Europe, the US and most of Canada. 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Because of its geographical isolation and effective quarantine enforcement, Australia has so far been unaffected by Dutch Elm Disease, and as such retains some of the world's best stands of elms; the long avenues of Royal Parade and St Kilda Road in Melbourne are perhaps the most beautiful examples. [1] Melbourne is the state capital and largest city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-largest city in Australia (after Sydney), with a population of approximately 3. ...

The provinces of Alberta and British Columbia in western Canada are also free of Dutch Elm disease, although in 1998, one tree in southeastern Alberta was found diseased and thus had to be destroyed immediately before the disease could spread any further. Aggressive means are being taken to prevent any occurences of the disease in these two provinces. In fact, Alberta has the world's largest stands of elms unaffected by the disease, and many streets and parks in Edmonton and Calgary are still lined with large numbers of healthy mature elms. More than one place has the name Edmonton. ... Motto: Heart of the new west Area: 712. ...

Resistant Trees

Well-funded efforts to develop resistant trees have been underway since the 1960s. Research has followed two paths.

Hybridization of the American Elm with the Chinese Elm has produced trees with good disease resistance. A number of named hybrids are commercially available. However, these trees have a smaller mature size and lack the vaselike form for which the American Elm was prized.

Separately, efforts have been made to develop resistant cultivars of American Elm. The 'Liberty Elm', available commercially, represents the results of one such effort, and though marketed as a single product, consists of five cultivars chosen at random. These cultivars were the result of field selection of trees that survived in a region where the disease was endemic, followed by 2-3 generations of selection. Some of the cultivars are patented. This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ...

The 'Valley Forge' and 'New Harmony' elms are competing cultivars, produced using selection techniques similar to those used for the 'Liberty Elm'.

Since elms take decades to grow to maturity, and these introductions are recent, the performance of these trees in actual landscape conditions is not known with certainty.

A related effort is the commercial reintroduction of the 'Princeton Elm', which is a cultivar selected in 1920 for its landscape qualities. Large plantings have survived the disease, and testing in laboratory conditions revealed that this cultivar has considerable resistance.

Insect use

Several species of Lepidopteran larvae uses elm as a food plant; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Elms. In Australia, introduced elm trees are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genus Aenetus. These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down. Super Families Butterflies Hesperioidea Papilionoidea Moths Micropterigoidea Heterobathmioidea Eriocranioidea Acanthopteroctetoidea Lophocoronoidea Neopseustoidea Mnesarchaeoidea Hepialoidea Nepticuloidea Incurvarioidea Palaephatoidea Tischeriodea Simaethistoidea Tineoidea Gracillarioidea Yponomeutoidea Gelechioidea Zygaenoidea Sesioidea Cossoidea Tortricoidea Choreutoida Urodoidea Galacticoidea Schreckensteinioidea Epermenioidea Pterophoroidea Aluctoidea Immoidea Axioidea Hyblaeoidea Thyridoidea Whalleyanoidea Pyraloidea Mimallonoidea Lasiocampoidea Geometroidea Drepanoidea Bombycoidea Calliduloidae Hedyloidea Noctuoidea Families About... A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... genera Abantiades Aenetus Afrotheora Andeabatis Antihepialus Aoraia Aplatissa Bipectilis Blanchardina Bordaia Calada Callipielus Cibyra Cladoxycanus Dalaca Dioxycanus Druceiella Dumbletonius Elhamma Endoclyta Eudalaca Fraus Gazoryctra Gorgopis Heloxycanus Hepialiscus Hepialus Jeana Korscheltellus Leto Metahepialus Napialus Neohepialus Oncopera Oxycanus Palpifer Parahepialiscus Pfitzneriana Pfitzneriella Pharmacis Phassodes Phassus Phialuse Phymatopus Puermytrans Roseala Schausiana Sthenopis Thitarodes... A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly. ... Aenetus is a genus of moths of the family Hepialidae. ...