It has been suggested that Barbalissos be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

Emar was an ancient city on the mid-Euphrates in northeastern Syria, at the site now marked by Tell Meskene. It has been the source of many cuneiform tablets, making it rank with Ugarit, Mari and Ebla among the most important archeological sites of Syria. In these texts, dating as far back as 2500 BC, and in excavations in several campaigns since the 1970s, Emar emerges as an important Bronze Age trade center, occupying a liminal position between the power centers of Upper Mesopotamia and Anatolia-Syria. Unlike other cities, the tablets preserved at Emar are not royal or official, but record private transactions, judicial records, dealings in real estate, marriages, last wills, formal adoptions. In the house of a priest, a library contained literary and lexical texts in the Mesopotamian tradition, and ritual texts for local cults. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Emar. ... For the span of recorded history starting roughly 5,000-5,500 years ago, see Ancient history. ... Bold text For the song River Euphrates by the Pixies, see Surfer Rosa The Euphrates (IPA: /juːˈfreɪtiːz/; Greek: EuphrátÄ“s; Akkadian: Pu-rat-tu; Hebrew: פְּרָת PÄ•rāth; Syriac: Prâth; Arabic: الفرات Al-Furāt; Turkish: Fırat; Kurdish: فرهات, Firhat, Ferhat, Azeri: FÉ™rat) is the... The cuneiform script is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. ... Common disk-shaped tablets A pharmacological tablet is a medicinal or other active substance mixed with binder powders and pressed into a tablet form. ... Entrance to the Palace of Ugarit Ugarit (modern site Ras Shamra رأس شمرة; in Arabic) 35°35´ N; 35°45´E) was an ancient cosmopolitan port city, sited on the Mediterranean coast of northern Syria a few kilometers north of the modern city of Latakia. ... Intendant Ebih-Il, found in the temple of Ishtar at Mari, Archaic Dynasties (ca. ... Ebla is not to be confused with Elba. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... In traditional usage, the cult of a religion, quite apart from its sacred writings (scriptures), its theology or myths, or the personal faith of its believers, is the totality of external religious practice and observance, the neglect of which is the definition of impiety. ...

The initial salvage excavations in advance of the rising waters of the Syrian Tabqa Dam project were undertaken by two French teams, in 1972-76. Excavations revealed a temple area comprising the sanctuaries of the weathergod Ba’al and possibly of his consort Astarte of the Late Bronze Age (thirteenth and early twelfth century BC). For other uses, see Baal (disambiguation). ... Astarte on a car with four branches protruding from roof. ...

After the conclusion of the French excavations the site was left unguarded and was systematically looted, bringing many cuneiform tablets onto the antiquities gray market stripped of their context. In 1992, the Syrian Antiquities Department took charge of the site, and a fresh series of campaigns revealed earlier strata, of the Middle and Early Bronze Ages (second half of the third millennium and the first half of the second millennium BC).

History

In the middle of the third millennium BC Emar came under the influence of the rulers of Ebla; the city is mentioned in archives at Ebla. In Mari texts eighteenth century BC, Middle Bronze Age) Emar was under the influence of the neighboring Amorite state of Yamhad. For the thirteenth and the early twelfth centuries BC (Late Bronze Age), there is written documentation from Emar itself, mostly in Akkadian, and also references in contemporaneous texts from Hattuša, Ugarit and in Assyrian archives; at the time Emar was within the Hittite sphere of influence, subject to the king of Carchemish, a Hittite client-king. Ebla is not to be confused with Elba. ... The Mari (also known as Cheremis in Russian and ÇirmeÅŸ in Tatar) are a Volga-Finnic people in the Volga area, the natives of Mari El, Russia. ... Yamhad (also written Jamhad or Yamkhad) was an ancient Amorite kingdom centered at Halab, Aleppo, in northern Syria. ... Akkadian language city of Akkad or Agad Akkadian Empire Sargon of Akkad the Amarna letters and Amarna Letters EA 296(Yahtiru) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Lion Gate in the south-west Hattusa (also known as Hattusas or Khattushash) was the capital of the Hittite Empire. ... Entrance to the Palace of Ugarit Ugarit (modern site Ras Shamra رأس شمرة; in Arabic) 35°35´ N; 35°45´E) was an ancient cosmopolitan port city, sited on the Mediterranean coast of northern Syria a few kilometers north of the modern city of Latakia. ... Hittite can refer to either: The ancient Anatolian people called the Hittites; or The Hittite language, an ancient Indo-European language they spoke. ... Carchemish (pr. ...

Archeological and written documentation come to an end in the later twelfth century BC. The site remained desolate at the unstable eastern borders of the Roman Empire, resettled as Barbalissos. In 253 it was the site of the Battle of Barbalissos between the Sassanid Persians under Shapur I and Roman troops. Its Byzantine history can be followed at Barbalissos. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Emar. ... Combatants Sassanid Persians Roman Empire Commanders Shapur I Unknown Strength Unknown 60,000-70,000 Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Barbalissos was fought between the Sassanid Persians and Romans at Barbalissos. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Emar. ...

References

• Arnaud, Daniel 1985/87 Emar: Récherches au pays d'Aştata VI: Textes sumériens et akkadiens (Paris)

External links

• Bibliography of Emar Studies (IEIOP-FU)
• History of Emar; state of current research, excavations (Tübingen University)
• Archaeobotany at Emar (Tübingen University)