Embodied philosophy (also known as the embodied mind thesis, embodied cognition or the embodied cognition thesis) usually refers to a set of beliefs promoted by George Lakoff and his various co-authors (including Mark Johnson, Mark Turner, and Rafael E. Núñez), which suggest that the mind can only be well understood by taking into account the body and the more primitive underpinnings of the mind. This view is, therefore, opposed to other views of cognition, such as cognitivism, computationalism, connectionism and Cartesian dualism. George P. Lakoff (, born 1941) is a professor of linguistics (in particular, cognitive linguistics) at the University of California, Berkeley where he has taught since 1972. ... Mark L. Johnson is Knight Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Oregon. ... Mark Turner is a linguist, researcher in cognitive science, and author. ... Rafael E. Núñez is a professor of Cognitive science at the University of California, San Diego and is well known for promoting the idea of embodied cognition. ... Look up Cognition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The term cognition (Latin, cogito: to think) is used in several different loosely related ways. ... The word cognitivism is used in several ways: In ethics, cognitivism is the philosophical view that ethical sentences express propositions, and hence are capable of being true or false. ... A computer is a device or machine for processing information from data according to a program — a compiled list of instructions. ... Connectionism is an approach in the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive science, neuroscience, psychology and philosophy of mind. ... In the philosophy of mind, dualism is a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter, which begins with the claim that mental phenomena are, in some respects, nonphysical. ...

According to Lakoff and Johnson, an embodied philosophy "would show the laws of thought to be metaphorical, not logical; truth would be a metaphorical construction, not an attribute of objective reality." That is, it would not rely on any foundation ontology from the physical sciences or from religion, but would likely proceed from metaphors known to be effective for certain situations, as in the philosophy of action. In language, a metaphor (from the Greek: metapherin) is a rhetorical trope defined as a direct comparison between two seemingly unrelated subjects. ... Logic, from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, (but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of criteria for the evaluation of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy among philosophers. ... Template:Wiktionarypar objective Objective may be: Objective lens, an optical element in a camera or microscope. ... Reality in everyday usage means everything that exists. ... In philosophy of mathematics, a foundation ontology is an ontology in the formal philosophical sense that is deemed to play a role in the foundations of mathematics. ... Physical science is an encompassing term for the branches of natural science, and science (generally), that study non-living systems, in contrast to the biological sciences. ... Philosophy of action is chiefly concerned with human action, intending to distinguish between activity and passivity, voluntary, intentional, culpable and involuntary actions, and related question. ...

The goals of this school of philosophy include a more localized political science, perhaps one tied to ecoregions rather than to global ideology, and a non-dualistic account of the body to complement the more dualistic accounts of philosophy of law and philosophy of medicine, which literally dispose of the body and parts of the body. These all have deep roots in traditional anti-Cartesian approaches, such as Immanuel Kant's "skeptical view, arguing that we can have no positive knowledge about the nature of the mind and rejecting Cartesian claims that we have a privileged self-knowledge." Kant was likewise concerned with medicine and law, and had long sought to find general principles of personal conduct, most famously his Categorical Imperative, the basis of his ethics. Political science is a social science discipline that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. ... An ecoregion is a relatively large area of land or water that contains a geographically distinct assemblage of natural communities. ... The adjective global and adverb globally imply that the verb or noun to which they are applied applies to the entire Earth and all of its species and regions. ... An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ... It has been suggested that Combative dualism be merged into this article or section. ... Philosophy of law is a branch of philosophy and jurisprudence which studies basic questions about law and legal systems, such as what is the law?, what are the criteria for legal validity?, what is the relationship between law and morality?, and many other similar questions. ... Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804), was a German philosopher from Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) in East Prussia. ... The categorical imperative is the philosophical concept central to the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant and to modern deontological ethics. ... Ethics (from Greek ἦθος meaning custom) is the branch of axiology, one of the four major branches of philosophy, which attempts to understand the nature of morality; to define that which is right from that which is wrong. ...

Embodied philosophers as exemplified by Lakoff and Johnson have an even more ambitious goal: extensions to the embodied mind thesis based on findings in cognitive science, yielding a cognitive science of mathematics to explain how "isomorphism" is constructed from varying levels of metaphor, and why mathematicians accept this type of metaphor as "more real" than any other. This is distinct from the "social constructivism" view in the philosophy of mathematics. Rendering of human brain based on MRI data Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e. ... The cognitive science of mathematics is the study of mathematical ideas using the techniques of cognitive science. ... In mathematics, an isomorphism (in Greek isos = equal and morphe = shape) is a kind of mapping between objects, devised by Eilhard Mitscherlich, which shows a relation between two properties or operations. ... A mathematician is a person whose area of study and research is mathematics. ... Help im stuck Im stuck on Fractions Decimals and percentages can u plz help?Á ...

However, some assumptions regarding human cognitive bias and falsifiability of assertions regarding it seem to be shared by both schools. Likewise, some of embodied philosophy is clearly convergent with postmodernism, feminism, "queer" and other social construction paradigms that discuss socially-enforced metaphorical construction as a product not only of an "embodied" cognitive bias or an "isomorphic" notation bias but also of culture bias. In this broader sense, embodied philosophy has most of its influence on political science, on green economists and their search for an "embodied" or "body-respecting" political economy. It could also be said to be the main thrust of the anti-globalization movement, i.e. embodiment as localization, although that claim is disputed by those who view that movement as one narrowly opposing just capitalism. Cognitive bias is any of a wide range of observer effects identified in cognitive science and social psychology including very basic statistical, social attribution, and memory errors that are common to all human beings. ... Falsifiability is an important concept in the philosophy of science that amounts to the principle that a proposition or theory cannot be considered scientific if it does not admit the possibility of being shown false. ... Postmodernism is a term describing a wide-ranging change in thinking beginning in the early 20th century. ... Feminism is a diverse, competing, and often opposing collection of social theories, political movements, and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or concerning the experiences of women, especially in terms of their social, political, and economic inequalities. ... Queer has traditionally meant ‘strange’ or ‘unusual’, but is currently often used in reference to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex communities. ... Constructivism is a new criticism in philosophy directed against medieval realism, classical rationalism and empiricism. ... Since the late 1800s, the word paradigm (IPA: ) has referred to a thought pattern in any scientific discipline or other epistemological context. ... Cognitive bias is any of a wide range of observer effects identified in cognitive science and social psychology including very basic statistical, social attribution, and memory errors that are common to all human beings. ... Notational bias is a form of cultural bias in which a notation induces the appearance of a nonexistent natural law. ... Cultural bias is interpreting and judging phenomena in terms particular to ones own culture. ... Political science is a social science discipline that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. ... Green economics loosely defines a theory of economics by which an economy is considered to be component of the ecosystem in which it resides. ... Political economy was the original term for the study of production, the acts of buying and selling, and their relationships to laws, customs and government. ... Anti-WEF grafiti in Lausanne. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Capitalism Capitalism has been defined in various ways. ...

Humberto Maturana and his collaborator, the late biologist Francisco Varela, have also been major proponents of this view. This view is compatible with some views of cognition promoted in neuropsychology, such as the theories of consciousness of Vilayanur S. Ramachandran, Gerald Edelman, and Antonio Damasio. Humberto Maturana (born 1928 in Santiago) is a Chilean biologist and philosopher. ... Francisco Varela (Santiago, September 7, 1946 – May 28, 2001 in Paris) was a Chilean biologist and philosopher, who, together with Humberto Maturana, is most well-known for introducing the concept of autopoiesis to biology. ... Neuropsychology is a branch of psychology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relate to specific psychological processes. ... Dr. Vilayanur Ramachandran on an episode of PBSs NOVA Television program. ... Gerald Maurice Edelman (born July 1, 1929) is a biologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1972 for his work on the immune system. ... António R. Damásio (b. ...

Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner have advanced a theory of cognition known as conceptual blending which has much in common with the idea of embodied cognition. Gilles Fauconnier (born August 19, 1944) is a linguist, researcher in cognitive science, and author. ... Mark Turner is a linguist, researcher in cognitive science, and author. ... Cognitive The scientific study of how people obtain, retrieve, store and manipulate information. ... Conceptual Blending is a theory of cognition[1]. According to the Theory of Conceptual Blending, elements and vital relations from diverse scenarios are blended in a subconscious process. ...

It could be argued that José Ortega y Gasset, George Santayana, Miguel de Unamuno, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Martin Heidegger and others in the broadly existential tradition have proposed philosophies of mind very close to the 'embodiment' thesis. José Ortega y Gasset (May 9, 1883 - October 18, 1955) was a Spanish philosopher. ... George Santayana George Santayana (16 December 1863 – 26 September 1952), was a philosopher, essayist, poet and novelist. ... Miguel de Unamuno Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo (September 29, 1864–December 31, 1936) was a writer and philosopher from Bilbao in the the Basque Country in Spain. ... The references in this article would be clearer with a different style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ... Martin Heidegger (September 26, 1889 – May 26, 1976) was a German philosopher. ... Existentialism is a philosophical movement emphasizing individualism, individual freedom, and subjectivity. ...

In his pre-critical period, philosopher Immanuel Kant advocated a remarkably similar embodied view of the mind-body problem that was part of his Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven (1755). Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804), was a German philosopher from Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) in East Prussia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven (German:Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels) is a work written by Immanuel Kant in 1755. ...

See also

• Cognitive Linguistics
• Neuropsychology
• Cognitive neuropsychology
• Cognitive neuroscience
• Conceptual blending
• Conceptual metaphor
• Cognitive Science
• Embodiment
• Philosophy of mind

In linguistics and cognitive science, cognitive linguistics (CL) refers to the currently dominant school of linguistics that views the important essence of language as innately based in evolutionarily-developed and speciated faculties, and seeks explanations that advance or fit well into the current understandings of the human mind. ... Neuropsychology is a branch of psychology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relate to specific psychological processes. ... == ISABEL IS COOL AND SHE LOVES COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY!!!!!!!!! == Cognitive neuropsychology is a branch of neuropsychology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relates to specific psychological processes. ... The field of Cognitive neuroscience concerns the study of the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and is a branch of biological psychology which, in turn, is part of the wider field of neuroscience, the most comprehensive interdisciplinary discipline studying the brain . ... Conceptual Blending is a theory of cognition[1]. According to the Theory of Conceptual Blending, elements and vital relations from diverse scenarios are blended in a subconscious process. ... Conceptual metaphor: In cognitive linguistics, metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain; for example, using one persons life experience to understand a different persons experience. ... Rendering of human brain based on MRI data Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e. ... Embodiment is the way in which human (or any other animals) psychology arises from the brains and bodys physiology. ... What is the mind? Phrenologists attempted to answer this question by correlating mental functions with specific parts of the brain. ...

External links

• Society for the Scientific Study of Embodiment
• Embodied Cognition - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• "Embodiment and Experientialism" from the Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pdf)
• Six Views of Embodied Cognition
• Embodied Cognition: A Field Guilde (pdf) - from an Artificial Intelligence perspective
• Pragmatism, Ideology, and Embodiment: William James and the Philosophical Foundations of Embodiment by Tim Rohrer

See also: Hondas intelligent humanoid robot Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as intelligence exhibited by an artificial entity. ...

• Where the Action Is by Paul Dourish- for applications to human-computer interaction.
• Enactive Learning - for applications to education
• Visual Causality - an article on the embodied nature of causal perception