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Emergency management (or disaster management) is the discipline dealing of with and avoiding risks.[1] It is a discipline that involves preparing, supporting, and rebuilding society when natural or human-made disasters occur. In general, any Emergency management is the continuous process by which all individuals, groups, and communities manage hazards in an effort to avoid or ameliorate the impact of disasters resulting from the hazards. Actions taken depend in part on perceptions of risk of those exposed.[2] Effective emergency management relies on thorough integration of emergency plans at all levels of government and non-government involvement. Activities at each level (individual, group, community) affect the other levels. It is common to place the responsibility for governmental emergency management with the institutions for civil defense or within the conventional structure of the emergency services. In the private sector, emergency management is sometimes referred to as business continuity management. Young people interacting within a an ethnically diverse society. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Categories: Disasters ...
For other uses, see Risk (disambiguation). ...
The old United States civil defense logo. ...
Emergency services are public services that deal with emergencies and other aspects of Public Safety. ...
According to the Business Continuity Institute (BCI), business continuity management is a holistic management process that identifies potential impacts that threaten an organisation and provides a framework for building resilience with the capability for an effective response that safeguards the interests of its key stakeholders, reputation, brand and value creating...
Phases and professional activities
The process of emergency management involves four phases: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.
 A graphic representation of the four phases in emergency management. Image File history File links Em_cycle. ...
Image File history File links Em_cycle. ...
Mitigation Mitigation efforts attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether, or to reduce the effects of disasters when they occur. The mitigation phase differs from the other phases because it focuses on long-term measures for reducing or eliminating risk.[1] The implementation of mitigation strategies can be considered a part of the recovery process if applied after a disaster occurs.[1] However, even if applied as part of recovery efforts, actions that reduce or eliminate risk over time are still considered mitigation efforts.[1]
Mitigative measures can be structural or non-structural. Structural measures use technological solutions, like flood levees. Non-structural measures include legislation, land-use planning (e.g. the designation of nonessential land like parks to be used as flood zones), and insurance. Mitigation is the most cost-efficient method for reducing the impact of hazards. However, mitigation is not always suitable and structural mitigation in particular may have adverse effects on the ecosystem. A coral reef near the Hawaiian islands is an example of a complex marine ecosystem. ...
A precursor activity to the mitigation is the identification of risks. Physical risk assessment refers to the process of identifying and evaluating hazards.[1] In risk assessment, various hazards (e.g. earthquakes, floods, riots) within a certain area are identified. Each hazard poses a risk to the population within the area assessed.[2] The hazard-specific risk (Rh) combines both the probability and the level of impact of a specific hazard. The equation below gives that the hazard times the populations' vulnerability to that hazard produce a risk. Catastrophe modeling tools are used to support the calculation. The higher the risk, the more urgent that the hazard specific vulnerabilities are targeted by mitigation and preparedness efforts. However, if there is no vulnerability there will be no risk, e.g. an earthquake occurring in a desert where nobody lives. For other uses, see Risk (disambiguation). ...
Catastrophe modeling (also known as cat modeling) is the process of using computer-assisted calculations to estimate the losses that could be sustained by a portfolio of properties due to a catastrophic event such as a hurricane or earthquake. ...
Preparedness In the preparedness phase, emergency managers develop plans of action for when the disaster strikes. Common preparedness measures include: the An efficient preparedness measure is an emergency operations center (EOC) combined with a practiced region-wide doctrine for managing emergencies. Another preparedness measure is to develop a volunteer response capability among civilian populations. Since, volunteer response is not as predictable and plannable as professional response, volunteers are most effectively deployed on the periphery of an emergency. This article deals with the military concept. ...
Some emergency situations can reach an entire population. ...
Emergency shelters are places for people to live temporarily when they cant live in their previous residence, similar to homeless shelters. ...
Emergency evacuation is the movement of persons from a dangerous place due to the threat or occurrence of a disastrous event. ...
A stockpile is a pile or storage location for various material materials or commodities. ...
The Emergency Operations Center, or EOC, is an central command and control facility responsible for carrying out the principles of emergency prepardness and emergency management, or disaster management functions at a strategic level in an emergency situation, and ensuring the continuity of operation of the company, or political subdivision. ...
Response The response phase includes the mobilization of the necessary emergency services and first responders in the disaster area, such as firefighters, police, volunteers, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as Oxfam or the Caritas Network. A well rehearsed emergency plan developed as part of the preparedness phase enables efficient coordination of rescue efforts.[3] Emergency plan rehearsal is essential to achieve optimal output with limited resources. In the response phase, medical assets will be used in accordance with the appropriate triage of the affected victims. A disaster area is a region or locale heavily damaged by either natural events, such as hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, earthquakes), or by war. ...
It has been suggested that Firefighter Assist and Search Team be merged into this article or section. ...
NGO is an abbreviation or code for: Non-governmental organization Nagoya Airport (IATA code) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Oxfam International is an international confederation of 13 independent non-governmental dedicated to fighting poverty and related injustice around the world. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
Where required, search and rescue efforts commence at an early stage. Depending on injuries sustained by the victim, outside temperature, and victim access to air and water, the vast majority of those affected by a disaster will die within 72 hours after impact.[4] Search and Rescue (acronym SAR) is an operation mounted by emergency services, often well-trained volunteers, to find someone believed to be in distress, lost, sick or injured either in a remote or difficult to access area, such as mountains, desert or forest (Wilderness search and rescue), or at sea...
Individuals are often compelled to volunteer directly after a disaster. Volunteers can be both a help and a hindrance to emergency management and other relief agencies. A spontaneous, unaffiliated volunteer can harm recovery efforts.
Recovery The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the affected area to its previous state. It differs from the response phase in its focus; recovery efforts are concerned with issues and decisions that must be made after immediate needs are addressed.[1] Recovery efforts are primarily concerned with actions that involve rebuilding destroyed property, re-employment, and the repair of other essential infrastructure.[1] An important aspect of effective recovery efforts is taking advantage of a 'window of opportunity'[3] for the implementation of mitigative measures that might otherwise be unpopular. Citizens of the affected area are more likely to accept more mitigative changes when a recent disaster is in fresh memory.
In the United States, the National Response Plan dictates how the resources provided by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 will be used in recovery efforts.[1] It is the Federal government that often provides the most technical and financial assistance for recovery efforts in the United States.[1] The National Response Plan is the Department of Homeland Securitys plan to handle terrorist attacks, natural disasters or other large-scale emergency. ...
The Homeland Security Act was introduced in the aftermath of 9/11 and created the Department of Homeland Security. ...
Phases and personal activities
Mitigation Personal mitigation is mainly about knowing and avoiding unnecessary risks. This includes an assessment of possible risks to personal/family health and to personal property.
An example of personal non-structural mitigation would be to avoid buying property that is exposed to hazards, e.g. in a flood plain, in areas of subsidence or landslides. Homeowners may not be aware of their home being exposed to a hazard until it strikes. Real estate agents may not come forward with such information. However, specialists can be hired to conduct risk assessment surveys. Insurance covering the most prominent identified risks are a common measure. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Floodplain. ...
A road destroyed by subsidence and shear. ...
Rockslide redirects here. ...
In the United States and parts of the Commonwealth (including Canada and Australia) as well as in many other countries, a real estate agent is a person who advises and represents others in transactions involving real estate. ...
Personal structural mitigation in earthquake prone areas include installation of an Earthquake Valve to instantly shut off the natural gas supply to your property, seismic retrofits of property and the securing of items inside the building to enhance household seismic safety such as the mounting of furniture, refrigerators, water heaters and breakables to the walls, and the addition of cabinet latches. In flood prone areas houses can be built on poles, like in much of southern Asia. In areas prone to prolonged electricity black-outs a generator would be an example of an optimal structural mitigation measure. The construction of storm cellars and fallout shelters are further examples of personal mitigative actions. This article should belong in one or more categories. ...
Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
“Freezer†redirects here. ...
A trio of propane hot water heaters. ...
For other uses, see Blackout (disambiguation). ...
“Dynamo†redirects here. ...
Categories: Stub ...
A sign pointing to an old fallout shelter in New York City. ...
Preparedness See also hurricane preparedness and earthquake preparedness Hurricane preparedness includes actions taken before a tropical cyclone strikes to mitigate the damage and personal danger such storms can cause. ...
The field of Earthquake preparedness has made extensive progress in the past few years. ...
On the contrary to mitigation activities which are aimed at preventing a disaster from occurring, personal preparedness are targeted on preparing activities to be taken when a disaster occurs, i.e. planning. Preparedness measures can take many forms. Examples include the construction of shelters, warning devices, back-up life-line services (e.g. power, water, sewage), and rehearsing an evacuation plan. Two simple measures prepare you for either sitting out the event or evacuating. For evacuation, a disaster supplies kit should be prepared and for sheltering purposes a stockpile of supplies. A disaster supplies kit is a collection of basic items that members of a household may need in the event of a disaster. ...
Response The response phase of an emergency may commence with a search and rescue phase. However in all cases the focus will be on fulfilling the basic needs of the affected population on a humanitarian basis. This assistance may be provided by national and/or international agencies and organisations. Effective coordination of disaster assistance is often crucial particularly when many organisations respond and local emergency management agency (LEMA) capacity may be over-stretched and diminished by the disaster itself. Search and Rescue (acronym SAR) is an operation mounted by emergency services, often well-trained volunteers, to find someone believed to be in distress, lost, sick or injured either in a remote or difficult to access area, such as mountains, desert or forest (Wilderness search and rescue), or at sea...
The basic needs model in development discourse focuses on the elimination of poverty in the shortest amount of time. ...
Humanitarianism is the view that all people should be treated with the respect and dignity they deserve as human beings, and that advancing the well-being of humanity is a noble goal. ...
On a personal level the response can take the shape either of a home confinement or an evacuation. In a home confinement scenario a family should be prepared to fend for themselves in their home for many days without any form of outside support. In an evacuation scenario, a family evacuates by an automobile (or other mode of transportation) with the maximum amount of supplies, including a tent for shelter. The scenario could also include equipment for evacuation on foot with at least three days of supplies and rain-tight bedding a tarpaulin and a bedroll of blankets is the minimum. Look up evacuation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Karl Benzs Velo (vélo means bicycle in French) model (1894) - entered into the first automobile race 2005 MINI Cooper S. An automobile (also motor car or simply car) is a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. ...
A tarpaulin or tarp (also known as hootchie) is a large sheet of strong, flexible, water resistant or waterproof material, often cloth such as canvas coated with plastic or latex. ...
Recovery The recovery phase starts when the immediate threat to human life has subsided. In the reconstruction it is recommended to reconsider the location or construction material of the property.
In long term disasters the most extreme home confinement scenarios like war, famine and severe epidemics last up to a year. In this situation the recovery will take place inside the home. Planners for these events usually buy bulk foods and appropriate storage and preparation equipment, and eat the food as part of normal life. A simple balanced diet can be constructed from vitamin pills, whole-meal wheat, beans, dried milk, corn, and cooking oil.[5] One should add vegetables, fruits, spices and meats, both prepared and fresh-gardened, when possible. A famine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic and increased mortality. ...
In epidemiology, an epidemic (from [[Latin language] epi- upon + demos people) is a disease that appears as new cases in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is expected, based on recent experience (the number of new cases in the population during...
Bulk can refer to: Bulk mail Bulk Purchasing Bulk liquids Bulk material handling Bulk and Skull, a pair of characters in the Power Rangers universe. ...
Retinol (Vitamin A) For the record label, see Vitamin Records Vitamins are nutrients required in tiny amounts for essential metabolic reactions in the body. ...
Whole grains are cereal grains which retain the bran and germ as well as the endosperm, in contrast to refined grains which retain only the endosperm. ...
Powdered milk is a powder made from dried milk solids. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with vegetable oil. ...
Disaster Management in International Development The nature of emergency management is highly dependent on economic and social conditions local to the emergency, or disaster. This is true to the extent that some disaster relief experts such as Fred Cuny have noted that in a sense the only real disasters are economic. [6] For example, in developing nations often funding is not available for public works projects, populations are not sufficiently literate for learning about prevention methods, and many are so poor that they are willing to take personal/familial risks even over the warnings and laws of their society in order to survive or moderately increase comfort levels. A sad example is that of the Union Carbide Bhopal disaster, which also illustrates the nature of most disasters as being multi-level failures, often with human issues such as greed in the mix, even though the precipitating event is technical or natural (e.g. equipment failure, hurricane, etc.). Frederick C. Cuny (born November 14, 1944 in New Haven, Connecticut) was an American disaster relief specialist who was active in many humanitarian projects around the world from 1969 until his forced disappearance in Chechnya in 1995. ...
Time cover about Bhopal disaster. ...
Experts such as Cuny have long noted that in developing nations especially, the cycle of emergency management must include long-term work on infrastructure, public awareness, and even human justice issues. Failure to recognize these needs can result in "recovery" that results in the same (or even worse) losses as adequate systems have not been put in to place.
Emergency Management Information Systems Continuity feature of emergency management resulted in a new concept Emergency Management Information Systems (EMIS) in recent years. For continuity and interoperability between the emergency management stakeholders, EMIS support the emergency management process by providing an infrastructure that integrates emergency plans at all levels of government/non-government involvement and by utilizing the management of all related resources (including human resource and other resources) for all four phases of emergencies. Emergency Management Information System (EMIS) is a computer aided management system for all types of emergencies ranging from earthquakes to cyclones, NBC incidents to refugee movements, etc. ...
The Emergency Management Profession Emergency managers are trained in a wide variety of disciplines that support them through out the emergency life-cycle. Professional emergency managers can focus on government and community preparedness (Continuity of Operations/Continuity of Government Planning), or private business preparedness (Business Continuity Management Planning). Training is provided by local, state, federal and private organizations. It ranges from public information and media relations to high-level incident command and tactical skills such as studying a terrorist bombing site or controlling an emergency scene.
In the past, the field of emergency management has been limited to mostly men from a military or first responder background. Currently, the field is as diverse as any with many experts from a variety of backgrounds with no military or first responder history at all. Educational opportunities are increasing for those seeking undergraduate and graduate degrees in emergency management or a related field.
Professional accreditation standards are increasing as well. Such professional certificates as the Certified Emergency Manager (CEM) and Certified Business Continuity Professional (CBCP) are becoming more common place as the need for high professional standards is recognized and accepted by the emergency management community especially in the Unites States.
International organisations
Red Cross/Red Crescent National Red Cross/Red Crescent societies often have pivotal roles in responding to emergencies. Additionally, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC, or "The Federation") may deploy assessment teams to the affected country. They speacilise in the recovery component of the emergency management framework. The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS) is an international humanitarian organisation, often better known as the Red Cross or the Red Crescent. ...
United Nations Within the United Nations system responsibility for emergency response rests with the Resident Coordinator within the affected country. However, in practice international response will be coordinated, if requested by the affected country's government, by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA), by deploying a UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) team. The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ...
The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), is a organisation under the United Nations which was formed in December 1991 with the General Assembly Resolution 46/182. ...
National organisations
Australia Australia has the federal government agency Emergency Management Australia as the key federal coordinating and advisory body for emergency management. Each state has their own arrangements but generally conform to the recognised standard Emergency Management framwork of " PPRR " and have arrangements in place to assist each other if neccesary.
Canada Public Safety Canada is Canada's national emergency management agency. Each province has a mandate to set up their Emergency Management Organizations. Public Safety Canada, formerly known as Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada, legally incorporated as the federal Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, is the department of the government of Canada with responsibility for protecting Canadians and helping to maintain a peaceful and safe society. ...
PSC also coordinates and supports the efforts of federal organizations ensuring national security and the safety of Canadians. They also work with other levels of government, first responders, community groups, the private sector (operators of critical infrastructure)and other nations.
PSC’s work is based on a wide range of policies and legislation. Through the Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Act which defines the powers, duties and functions of PSEPC are outlined. Other acts are specific to fields such as corrections, emergency management, law enforcement, and national security.
Germany In Germany the Federal Governemt controls the German Katastrophenschutz (disaster relief) or Zivilschutz (civil defense) programs. Particularly the German fire department and the Technisches Hilfswerk (Federal Agency for Technical Relief, THW) are part of these programs. Also the German Armed Forces (Bundeswehr) can be deployed for disaster relief operations. The old United States civil defense logo. ...
This article is about the German (Feuerwehr), a fire-fighting organisation as it exists in basically every country of the world. ...
THW-Logo The Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk THW (German for: Federal Technical Relief Agency) is an organisation of the German government. ...
The Bundeswehr (German for Federal Defence Force; ) is the armed forces of Germany. ...
New Zealand In New Zealand the Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management has statutory authority for controlling any state of emergency declared by central government. Local government bodies such as city and regional councils have their own emergency management agencies to control localised states of emergency, but these all defer to the MCDEM in the event of a national state of emergency. The Wellington Emergency Management Office utilize a building that has been purpose built with its own water, electricity, communications and sewerage facilities to ensure operations in the event of an emergency or disaster. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government, may work to alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors, or may order government agencies to implement emergency preparedness plans. ...
Central government or the national government (or, in federal states, the federal government) is the government at the level of the nation state. ...
Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a state or province. ...
Russia In Russia the Ministry of Extraordinary Situations (EMERCOM) is engaged in fire fighting, Civil Defense, Search and Rescue, rescue services after natural and human-made disasters. Ministry of Extraordinary Situations (Russian Federation) Ministry of Extraordinary Situations (Ukraine) Category: ...
A repair locker hose team aboard USS John F. Kennedy (CV 67) combats a controlled fire on the mobile aircraft firefighting training device May 2, 2006. ...
The old United States civil defense logo. ...
Search and Rescue (acronym SAR) is an operation mounted by emergency services, often well-trained volunteers, to find someone believed to be in distress, lost, sick or injured either in a remote or difficult to access area, such as mountains, desert or forest (Wilderness search and rescue), or at sea...
United Kingdom The United Kingdom adjusted its focus on emergency management following the 2000 UK fuel protests, severe UK flooding in the same year and the 2001 UK foot and mouth crisis. This resulted in the creation of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 which legislated the responsibilities of all category one responders regarding an emergency response. The United Kingdom's management of the CCA is through the Civil Contingencies Secretariat through regional disaster centres and at the local authority level. The term UK fuel protest refers to a series of protests held in the United Kingdom over the cost of petrol. ...
Notice telling people to keep off the North York Moors. ...
The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament that gives the British government wide-ranging powers in an emergency. ...
Responsibility for emergency planning in the United Kingdom was transferred from the Home Office to the Cabinet Office in 2001. ...
Disaster Management training is generally conducted at the local level by the organisations involved in any response. This is consolidated through professional courses that can be undertaken at the Emergency Planning College. Furthemore diplomas and undergraduate qualifications can be gained throughout the country - the first course of this type was carried out by Coventry University in 1994. If youhave just put this warning on this page, please add the following to WP:CV: * {{subst:article-cv|Emergency Planning College}} from [http://www. ...
Coventry University is a forward-looking, modern University with a proud tradition as a provider of high quality education and a focus for multidisciplinary research. ...
United States Under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is lead agency for emergency management. The HAZUS software package developed by FEMA is central in the risk assessment process in the country. The United States and its territories are covered by one of ten regions for FEMA's emergency management purposes. Tribal, state, county and local governments develop emergency management programs/departments and operate hierarchially within each region. Emergencies are managed at the most-local level possible, utilizing mutual aid agreements with adjacent jurisdictions. If the emergency is terrorist related or if declared an "Incident of National Significance", the Secretary of Homeland Security will initiate the National Response Plan (NRP). Under this plan the involvement of federal resources will be made possible, integrating in with the local, county, state, or tribal entities. Management will continue to be handled at the lowest possible level utilizing the National Incident Management System (NIMS). The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), commonly known as Homeland Security, is a Cabinet department of the Federal Government of the United States with the responsibility of protecting the territory of the United States from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters. ...
New FEMA seal The Federal Emergency Management Agency or FEMA is a government agency in the United States which is organized under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate. ...
HAZUS HAZUS(abbreviation for HAZards United States) Several years ago FEMA began to design a loss estimation software package that is linked to GIS technology. ...
The National Response Plan is the Department of Homeland Securitys plan to handle terrorist attacks, natural disasters or other large-scale emergency. ...
Developed by the United States Secretary of Homeland Security at the request of the President of the United States, the National Incident Management System (NIMS) integrates effective practices in emergency preparedness and response into a comprehensive national framework for incident management. ...
The Citizen Corps is an organization of volunteer service programs, administered locally and coordinated nationally by DHS, which seek to mitigate disaster and prepare the population for emergency response through public education, training, and outreach. Community Emergency Response Teams are a Citizen Corps program focused on disaster preparedness and teaching basic disaster response skills. These volunteer teams are utilized to provide emergency support when disaster overwhelms the conventional emergency services. Citizen Corps is a United States national service program under the jurisdiction of the Department of Homeland Security that seeks to mobilize the population of the country against threats to national security as well as to assist in the recovery after a disaster or terrorist attack. ...
In the United States a Community Emergency Response Team (CERT), sometimes known as a Neighborhood Emergency Response Team (NERT), or Neighborhood Emergency Team (NET), is a group of volunteer emergency workers who have received basic training in disaster preparedness, disaster fire suppression, basic disaster medical operations, light search and rescue...
See also Amateur Radio operators provide emergency communications in the event of an Emergency see links: First aid is a series of simple, life-saving medical techniques that a non-doctor or layman can be trained to perform. ...
For other uses, see Risk (disambiguation). ...
2003 US mortality (life) table, Table 1, Page 1 Actuarial science applies mathematical and statistical methods to finance and insurance, particularly to the assessment of risk. ...
Extreme value theory is a branch of statistics dealing with the extreme deviations from the median of probability distributions. ...
A survivalist is a person who anticipates and prepares for a future disruption in local, regional or worldwide social or political order. ...
The Orsec plan (plan Orsec) is the French generic emergency plan is case of disaster, when the local means are not sufficient (catastrophe à moyens dépassés, CMD). ...
The french red plan (plan rouge) is, in France, an emergency plan in case of an important number of causalties in a limited area; its aim is to organize the means of rescue to face this concentration of casualties. ...
The french white plan (plan blanc) is, in France, the emergency plan to face a sudden increase of activity in an hospital, such as a massive arrival of casualties due to an accident or a disaster (who may come by their own means to the emergency department or are evacuated...
The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, Public Law 106-390, also called the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act is U.S. federal legislation passed in 2000 which amended provisions of the United States Code related to disaster relief. ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Radio_Emergency_Service
Footnotes - ^ a b c d e f g h i Haddow, George D.; Jane A. Bullock (2004). Introduction to Emergency Management. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-7689-2.
- ^ a b Wisner, Ben; P. Blaikie, T. Cannon, and I. Davis (2004). At Risk - Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. Wiltshire: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25216-4.
- ^ a b Alexander, David (2002). Principles of Emergency planning and Management. Harpenden: Terra Publishing. ISBN 1-903544-10-6.
- ^ Walker, Peter (1991). International Search and Rescue Teams, A League Discussion Paper. Geneva: League of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
- ^ www.fema.gov Federal Emergency Management Agency Website
- ^ Cuny, Fred C. (1983). Disasters and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nickname: Motto: Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig (Valiant, Determined, Compassionate) Location of Amsterdam Coordinates: Country Netherlands Province North Holland Government - Mayor Job Cohen (PvdA) - Aldermen Lodewijk Asscher Hennah Buyne Carolien Gehrels Tjeerd Herrema Maarten van Poelgeest Marijke Vos - Secretary Erik Gerritsen Area [1][2] - City 219 km² (84. ...
Butterworth-Heinemann was a UK-based international publishing company specialized in professional information and learning materials for higher education and professional training, in printed and electronic forms. ...
Wiltshire (abbreviated Wilts) is a large southern English county. ...
Routledge is an imprint for books in the humanities part of the Taylor & Francis Group, which also has Brunner-Routledge, RoutledgeCurzon and RoutledgeFalmer divisions. ...
Harpenden is a town in the City and District of St Albans of Hertfordshire in the East of England. ...
Hunters a cool hobo For other uses, see Geneva (disambiguation). ...
The Red Cross and the Red Crescent emblems, the symbols from which the Movement derives its name The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement whose stated mission is to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for the human being, and to prevent...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ...
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