Emil Walter Haury (Born May 2, 1904 Newton, Kansas- Died December 5, 1992 Tuscon, Arizona) was an influential archaeologist who specialized in the archaeology of the American Southwest. He is most famous for his work at Snaketown, a Hohokam site in Arizona. Main Street and E 4th looking north to downtown. ... A city street near downtown Tucson, Arizona. ... Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech/discourse) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... Snaketown is the name of a prehistoric Native American settlement in Arizonas lower Gila River valley near the community of Chandler in the United States of America. ... Hohokam is the name applied to one of the four major prehistoric archaeological traditions of the American Southwest. ... Official language(s) English Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Area  Ranked 6th  - Total 113,998 sq mi (295,254 km²)  - Width 310 miles (500 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 0. ...

Early years

Emil was the youngest of four children born to Professor Gustav A. Haury and Clara K. Ruth Haury. Gustav was a professor at Bethel College a Mennonite college in Newton. When they were both six, Emil Haury met his future first wife, Hulda Penner, when she and her family visited Newton from a nearby Mennonite community. Bethel College is a private college affiliated with Mennonite Church USA. The college is located on the edge of the Flint Hills and vast wheat fields of south central Kansas in the town of North Newton. ... The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations named after and influenced by the teachings and tradition of Menno Simons (1496-1561). ...

College career

After graduating high school in 1923, Emil then attended the University of Arizona where he earned his bachelor’s degree in 1927 and his M.A. in 1928. It was during the 1928-29 school year that he earned his first teaching position. In 1934 Haury earned his PhD from Harvard University. The University of Arizona (UA or U of A) is a land-grant and space-grant public institution of higher education and research located in Tucson, Arizona, United States. ... A Master of Arts is a postgraduate academic masters degree awarded by universities in North America and the United Kingdom (excluding the ancient universities of Scotland and Oxbridge. ... PhD usually refers to the academic title Doctor of Philosophy PhD can also refer to the manga Phantasy Degree This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) , is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Founded in 1636,[1] Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning still operating in the United States. ...

Field work and experience

One of the first field experiences came in 1925. That year he was apprenticed to Byron Cummings, A.E. Douglass, and Harold Gladwin where their major work occurred at Cuicuilco right outside of Mexico City. It was at this time that he became one of Cummings' (who was at the time the acting university president) most important assistants. It was through connections made through Cummings that Haury was in attendance at the first Pecos Conference in 1927. Emil Haury's Prehistory of the American Southwest: Edited by J. Jefferson Reid and David E. Doyel, Tuscon & London: The University of Arizona Press </ref> A. E. (Andrew Ellicott) Douglass (July 5, 1867, Windsor, Vermont – March 20, 1962, Tucson, Arizona) was an American astronomer. ... Harold S. Gladwin was an American archaeologist, anthropologist and stockbroker born in New York City. ... Cuicuilco was an ancient Mexica city (circa 700 B.C. to A.D. 150) and is a significant archaeological site in the central Mexican highlands, near the southeastern portion of the valley of Mexico. ... Nickname: Ciudad de los Palacios Location of Mexico City in central Mexico Coordinates: Country Mexico Federal entity Federal District Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded (as Tenochtitlan) c. ... The Pecos Classification is a division of all of known Ancient Pueblo Peoples culture into chronological phases, based on changes in architecture, art, pottery, and cultural remains. ...

Gila Pueblo

In 1928 the New York stockbroker turned archaeologist Harold Gladwin along with Wilfred McCurdy started the Gila Pueblo Archaeological Foundation. In 1930 Haury became the assistant director at Gila Pueblo. During his time with Gila he was able to expand Haury's studies throughout Arizona and New Mexico. It was through this extensive research that Haury became part of the group that was to define the Hohokam culture. Thusly, it helped Haury in eventually defining the Mogollon culture. Midtown Manhattan, looking north from the Empire State Building, 2005 New York City (officially named the City of New York) is the most populous city in the state of New York and the entire United States. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... The Mogollon (pronounced mo-goi-YONE) were an American Indian culture living in the American Southwest from approximately AD 700 until sometime between AD 1300 and AD 1400. ...

With the assistance and support from Gladwin, Haury was able to conduct large amounts of field research and publish reports. The 1930s was a time of plenty for Haury and when some of his most famous research was conducted. Some of the excavations he conducted included: Tusayan Ruin, Canyon Creek Ruin, Mogollon and Harris Village, and arguably his most famous research at Snaketown.

Between his extensive work with Gila Pueblo, Haury also managed to earn his PhD from Harvard. His dissertation dealt with the excavations by Frank Hamilton Cushing's excavations at Los Meurtos, a Hohokam site in Arizona.

Paleoindians in the Southwest

One of Haury's passions that lasted throughout his career was the presence of Paleoindians in the Southwest. He conducted several excavations at Paleoindian sites and subsequently wrote several papers on the subject. In 1926 Pleistocene megafauna hunting in the Southwest was proven by the discoveries at Folsom, New Mexico. That same year Haury alongside Cummings began excavations at Whitewater Draw in southeastern Arizona where they excavated a mammoth skeleton which was above a deposit of artifacts from the Cochise Culture. This was Haury's first experience with Paleoindian archaeology in the Southwest. Paleo-Indians is an English term used to refer to the ancient peoples of America who were present at the end of the last Ice Age. ... The Pleistocene epoch (IPA: ) is part of the geologic timescale. ... The mammoth, an extinct genus of megafauna. ... Folsom is a village located in Union County, New Mexico. ... Species Mammuthus africanavus African mammoth Mammuthus columbi Columbian mammoth Mammuthus exilis Pygmy mammoth Mammuthus jeffersonii Jeffersonian mammoth Mammuthus trogontherii Steppe mammoth Mammuthus meridionalis Mammuthus subplanifrons South African mammoth Mammuthus primigenius Woolly mammoth Mammuthus lamarmorae Sardinian Dwarf Mammoth A mammoth is any of a number of an extinct genus of proboscidean... The Cochise Tradition (also Cochise Culture) refers to the southern archeological tradition of the four Southwestern Archaic Traditions. ...

Ventana Cave

During the late 1930s and early 1940s excavations, led by Julian Hayden and Haury, were conducted in the area of Ventana Cave in Arizona. Ventana Cave is a rock shelter with extensive stratigraphy of which the lowest layer was attributed to the Cochise culture while upper layers were attributed to more recent inhabitants.^[1] The impact of the work done by Haury and others at Vetnana cave helped in the understanding of Paleoindians in the Southwest. A rock shelter is a shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff. ... In archaeology, especially in the course of excavation, stratification is of major interest and significance. ...

Lehner Ranch

The Lehner Ranch site is a mammoth kill site in the San Pedro Valley in Cochise County in southeast Arizona. In 1952 Haury began investigating an arroyo where a rancher, Edward F. Lehner, had observed bones sticking out from a deep layer. These bones were identified as mammoth bones. After excavating several projectile points were found in situ with the mammoth bones.^[2] Also a hearth was discovered. Lehner Ranch became another one of Haury's seminal works in Southwestern Paleoindian archaeology. Location in the state of Arizona Formed 1881 Seat Bisbee Area  - Total  - Water 16,107 km² (6,219 mi²) 128 km² (49 mi²) 0. ... An arroyo is a dry creek bed or gulch that fills with water either seasonally, or after a heavy rain. ... In archaeology, a projectile point is an object that was hafted and used either as knife or projectile tip or both. ... In situ is a Latin phrase meaning in the place. ... In common historic and modern usage, a hearth (Her-earth) is a brick- or stone-lined fireplace or oven used for cooking and/or heating. ...

Hohokam

Haury's work with the Hohokam began in 1930 when he joined Gila Pueblo. There were many questions surrounding discoveries in southern Arizona beginning with A.V. Kidder in the early 20th century to Harold and Winifred Gladwin's work up through 1930s. One of Haury's first projects after becoming the Assistant director of Gila Pueblo was to investigate a site known as Roosevelt 9:6. The importance of understanding the Hohokam was extremely important to Haury and one of his most famous projects was at Snaketown where he conducted extensive excavations and on which he eventually wrote a book. Haury was the first to claim that the Hohokam were decedents of the Paleoindian Cochise culture. Haury was also a critical figure in the chronology of the Hohokam because of his work in establishing a timeline for the Pioneer period Hohokam. Haury was also a proponent of the idea that the Hohokam had contact with Mesoamerica. Alfred Vincent Kidder (October 29, 1885 - June 11, 1963) was considered the foremost archaeologist of the southwestern United States and Middle America during the first half of the 20th century. ... The cultural areas of Mesoamerica Mesoamerica or Meso-America (Spanish: Mesoamérica) was a geographical culture area extending from central Honduras and northwestern Costa Rica on the south, and, in Mexico, from the Soto la Marina River in Tamaulipas and the Rio Fuerte in Sinaloa on the north. ...

Roosevelt 9:6

The Roosevelt 9:6 site was a Colonial Period Hohokam site near the Salt River north of Globe, Arizona. The site came to the attention of archaeologists when pottery sherds and cremations were exposed by the recession of Roosevelt Lake. Working for Gila Pueblo alongside the Gladwins, Haury published an extensive and detailed report of the findings. This report along with those published by the Gladwins, were important in the establishment of ceramic typologies, burial techniques, and lifeways of the Hohokam. The Salt River, a tributary of the Gila, is shown highlighted on a map of the United States and Mexico The Salt River along side State Route 77 The Salt River as seen in Salt River Canyon The Salt River (Oodham [Pima]: Onk Akimel) is a tributary of the... Globe is a city in Gila County, Arizona, United States. ...

Snaketown

By the 1960s there was a lot of controversy surrounding the Hohokam and where they fit or didn't fit chronologically. Haury decided then to re-visit a site where Gladwin had first conducted research in the 1930s. Snaketown was the epitomes Hohokam site. It was strategically placed in the proximity of the Gila River which then allowed for its famous irrigation system. Haury's re-examination of Snaketown was based around the hope that with the use of new technology, new research methods and ideas surrounding the Hohokam, that questions which had arisen since the first reports on Snaketown in the 1930s. In 1964 Haury began his reexamination which led to the publication in 1976 of one of the most influential works on the Hohokam, The Hohokam, Desert Farmers & Craftsmen: Excavations at Snaketown, 1964-1965. The Gila River, a tributary of the Colorado, is shown highlighted on a map of the United States The Gila River (Oodham [Pima]: Hila Akimel) is a tributary of the Colorado River, 630 mile (1,014 km) long, in the southwestern United States. ...

Mogollon

Arguably Haury's most important contribution to the archaeology of the American Southwest was his work in establishing a timeline and refining the definition of the Mogollon Culture. Much of Haury's work was conducted in the most famous Mogollon area, the Mimbres Valley of New Mexico. Early research in the area focused on the ceramics that made the valley famous, while ignoring the underlying structures and pottery types.^[3] It was Haury who, starting in the 1930s with Gila Pueblo, began to identify and understand the timeline and uniqueness of the Mogollon from their Anasazi and Hohokam neighbors.

Chronology

Haury's research in the area allowed him to be one of the first archaeologists to definitively give the Mogollon a chronological sequence. The sequences Haury established were: Early Pit House Period (200 C.E- 550 C.E.), Late Pit House Period (550 C.E.- 1000 C.E.), and Classic Mimbres Period (1000 C.E.- 1130 C.E.). Haury's research and findings were paramount when establishing a larger understanding the Mogollon that happened in the 1970s, as well as understanding the role of Casas Grandes in the Mogollon sequence. Era Vulgaris redirects here. ... Casas Grandes (Great Houses), a small village in Mexico, in the state of Chihuahua, situated on the Casas Grandes or San Miguel river, about 35 m. ...

Mogollon Village and Harris Village

Mogollon and Harris Villages were very much the type sites for the Mogollon Culture and are the sites that convinced Haury of its uniqueness from other Southwestern cultures^[4]. In archaeology a type site (also known as a type-site or typesite) is a site that is considered the model of a particular archaeological culture. ...

Work began on the Mogollon Village site in 1933. It is a site on the San Francisco River north of Glenwood, New Mexico in Catron County, New Mexico. During Haury's excavations eleven houses of several types were excavated. An abundance of artifacts were uncovered including pottery, clay objects, grinding stones, projectile points, as well as several burials^[4]. For the river in Brazil, see Rio São Francisco The San Francisco River is a river in the southwest United States, the largest tributary to the Gila River. ... Catron County is a county located in the state of New Mexico. ...

Harris Village was another site excavated around the same time as Mogollon Village. The site is located in the town of Mimbres, New Mexico near the Mimbres River about 75 miles south of Mogollon Village. Thirty-four houses were excavated with variation in shape, and function (domestic, ceremonial, storage).

After the excavation and analysis of these two sites Haury was able to establish a housing typology for the Mogollon ^[4].

Dendrochronology

After becoming increasingly uncomfortable with Cummings' perspective on archaeology Haury looked for other opportunities. In 1929 he began to work for A.E. Douglass. It was in 1929 along with Douglass and several other archaeologists that a tree ring sample was uncovered in Show Low, Arizona. It was this tree ring which helped in establishing a missing link in the ability to use tree rings as dating markers, and was the watershed moment in dendrochronology. This discovery then allowed for archaeological sites in the Southwest to be more accurately dated. Pinus taeda Cross section showing annual rings Cheraw, South Carolina Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the method of scientific dating based on the analysis of tree ring patterns. ... Show Low, Arizona is a town in east central Arizona, on the Mogollon Rim at an elevation of 6,400 feet. ... The growth rings of an unknown tree species, at Bristol Zoo, England Pinus taeda Cross section showing annual rings, Cheraw, South Carolina Pine stump showing growth rings Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the method of scientific dating based on the analysis of tree-ring growth patterns. ...

At the University of Arizona

In 1937 Haury went back to the University of Arizona to head the Department of Archaeology. To broaden the scope of the department Haury changed the name to the Department of Anthropology. As well as holding his position at the university, Haury also took on the role of Director of the Arizona State Museum, which he held until 1964.

Writings

Throughout his career Haury published many papers and several books on archaeology and the Southwest.

Books

• The Stratigraphy & Archaeology of Ventana Cave (1950) ISBN 0-8165-0536-5
• The Hohokam, Desert Farmers & Craftsmen: Excavations at Snaketown, 1964-1965 (1976) ISBN 0-8165-0445-8
• Mogollon Culture in the Forestdale Valley, East-Central Arizona (1985) ISBN 0-8165-0894-1
• Emil W. Haury's Prehistory of the American Southwest (1986) ISBN 0-8165-0896-8
• Point of Pines Arizona: A History of the University of Arizona Archaeological Field School (1989) ISBN 0-8165-1096-2

Papers

• "Tree Rings: The Archaeologist's Time-Piece", American Antiquity, Vol. 1, No. 2., pp. 98-108 (1935)
• "The Stratigraphy of Ventana Cave, Arizona", American Antiquity, Vol. 8, No. 3., pp. 218-223 (1943)
• "Artifacts With Mammoth Remains, Naco, Arizona", American Antiquity, Vol. 19, No. 1., pp. 1-24 (1953)
• "The Lehner Mammoth Site, Southeastern Arizona", American Antiquity, Vol. 25, No. 1., pp. 2-20 (with E.B. Sayles and William W. Wasley) (1959)

Trivia

Emil Haury has an asteroid named after him (4912 emilhaury).

Among the people who had taken classes from Haury were future Senator Bob Dole and Ned Danson, father of actor Ted Danson. (Ned Danson's daughter later married one of Haury's sons.) A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. ... Robert Joseph Bob Dole (Born July 22, 1923) was the Republican candidate in the 1996 U.S. Presidential election. ... Ted Danson in the TV sitcom Becker The image above is believed to be a replaceable fair use image. ...

Even after retiring, Emil Haury kept an office at the University of Arizona and went there almost every weekday for most of the rest of his life.

Emil Haury's second wife, Agnese Nelms Haury (whom he married in the 1990s after his previous wife's death), was a close friend of Alger Hiss and believes to this day he was innocent of the charges made against him. Alger Hiss in Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary (Photos courtesy of the Federal Bureau of Prisons) Alger Hiss (November 11, 1904 – November 15, 1996) was a U.S. State Department official involved in the establishment of the United Nations. ...

As a result of pipe smoking during early adulthood and middle age, Haury permanently lost his sense of smell.

In 2004, a centennial issue of the Journal of the Southwest celebrating Haury's life and career was released. It includes examples of Haury's own artwork, which he used to illustrate both his field notes and letters to his future wife, Hulda.

References

1. ^ Haury, Emil W. (1943) "The Stratigraphy of Ventana Cave, Arizona", American Antiquity, Vol. 8, No. 3., pp. 218-223
2. ^ Haury, Emil W., E.B. Sayles and William W. Wasley (1959) "The Lehner Mammoth Site, Southeastern Arizona", American Antiquity, Vol. 25, No. 1., pp. 2-20
3. ^ Haury, Emil (1992) Emil Haury's Prehistory of the American Southwest: Edited by J. Jefferson Reid and David E. Doyel, Tuscon & London: The University of Arizona Press
4. ^ ^{a b c} Haury, Emil W. (1936) "The Mogollon Culture of Southwestern New Mexico", Medallion Papers 20. Gila Pueblo

External links

• Bio from the National Academy of Sciences
• Bio from Minnesota State University