Emilio Lussu.

Emilio Lussu (December 4, 1890 - March 5, 1975) was an Italian soldier, politician and a writer. Image File history File links Emilio_Lussu. ... December 4th redirects here. ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... March 5 is the 64th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (65th in leap years). ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Modern soldiers. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The term writer can apply to anyone who creates a written work, but the word more usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms. ...

Biography

The soldier

Lussu was born in Armungia, Cagliari (Sardinia) and graduated with a degree in law in 1914. Lussu married Joyce Salvatori, a notable poet, and member of the noble family of Marches. Country Italy Region Sardinia Province Province of Cagliari (CA) Mayor Elevation 366 m Area 54. ... Càgliari is the capital of the island of Sardinia, an autonomous region of Italy. ... Sardinia (pronounced ; Italian: Sardegna; Sardinian: Sardigna or Sardinna) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily). ... Equality and the balancing of our interests under law is symbolised by a blindfold and weighing scales For other senses of this word, see Law (disambiguation). ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... „The poor poet“ A poet is a person who writes poetry. ... Mark or march (or various plural forms of these words) are derived from the Frankish word marka (boundary) and refer to an area along a border, e. ...

Prior to the entry of Italy into World War I, Lussu joined the army and was involved in several skirmishes. As a complementary (N.C.O) officer of the Brigata Sassari in 1916 (the famous Sassari's infantry Brigade of Italian army) he was stationed in Asiago. He was in command of the defense Verona against the Austrian Army. The defense was, at first, victorious but was soon followed by a counter attack (mainly on Monte Zebio and Castelgomberto) that lasted until July 1917. The WWI trench warfare that Lussu observed would serve as an archetype for his later works. Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Franz... A non-commissioned officer (sometimes noncommissioned officer), also known as an NCO or noncom, is a non-commissioned member of an armed force who has been given authority by a commissioned officer. ... Sassari (in Italian and Sassarese, a Corsican dialect; either Sassari or Tathari in southern Sardinian), is a town and a province in Sardinia, Italy. ... Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I. Infantry are soldiers who fight primarily on foot with small arms in organized military units, though they may be transported to the battlefield by horses, ships, automobiles, skis, or other means. ... Ariete Tanks of the Italian Ariete Tank Brigade on exercise Three Bersaglieri ride in a Dardo The Italian Army has recently become a professional all-volunteer force of 112,000 active duty personnel. ... Asiago is the name of both a minor township (population roughly 6,500) and the surrounding plateau region (the Altopiano di Asiago) in the Province of Vicenza in the Veneto region of Northeastern Italy ( 45°52. ... Castelgomberto is a town in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, Italy. ... Year 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Trench warfare is a form of war in which both opposing armies have static lines of defense. ... An archetype is a generic, idealized model of a person, object or concept from which similar instances are derived, copied, patterned or emulated. ...

Politics and exile

After the war Lussu, together with Camillo Bellieni, founded of Partito Sardo d'Azione (The Sardinian Action Party), that blended social-democratic ideas and Sardinian autonomy. The party took a formal position in 1921, opposing the increasing power of the Fascist movement. Lussu was elected to the Italian parliament in 1921 and, in 1929 was among the Aventine secessionists who retired after the murder of Giacomo Matteotti. Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... The Aventine Hill is one of the seven hills that ancient Rome was built on. ... Giacomo Matteotti (22 May 1885, Fratta Polesine, Province of Rovigo—10 June 1924, near Rome) was an Italian socialist politician. ...

Lussu's anti-Fascist position was, at the time, one of the most radical in Italy. Lussu was physically attacked and injured by unknown aggressors several times. In 1926, during one of these attacks (notably, the same day that Mussolini suffered an attack in Bologna), Lussu shot one of the squadristi, in self-defense. He was arrested and tried; and was acquitted. However, he was re-tried by an administrative Fascist commission and sentenced to 5 years of confinement on the island of Lipari, near Sicily. Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ... Bologna (IPA , from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in the local dialect) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, in the Pianura Padana, between the Po River and the Apennines, exactly between the Reno River and the Sàvena River. ... Lipari Castle above the town of Lipari. ... Sicily (Sicilia in Italian, Latin, Sicilian and Spanish, Σικελία in Greek, Sqallija Maltese) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,700 km² and 5 million inhabitants. ...

In 1929 Lussu escaped from his confinement and reached Paris. There, together with Gaetano Salvemini and Carlo Rosselli he formed Giustizia e Libertà (Justice and Freedom), an anti-Fascist movement that proposed revolutionary methods to upset the Italian Fascist Regime. While in exile came to be known as "Mister Mills". City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... Image:Gaetano Salvemini. ... Carlo Rosselli (b. ...

In 1938 Lussu's novel Un anno sull'altipiano ("A Year on the Plateau"), was published in Paris. This thinly fictional account tells of the lives of soldiers during WWI and the trench warfare they encountered. Un anno sull'altipiano underlines, with chill rationalism, how the irrationalities of warfare affected the common man. Gifted with a keen sense of observation and sharp logic, Lussu demonstrates how distant the real life of soldiers is from everyday activities. In a notable passage, he describes the silent terror in the moments preceding an attack, as he is forced to abandon of the "safe" protective trench for an external unknown, risky, undefined world: “All the machine-guns are waiting for us”. A trench is a long narrow ditch. ...

Return to Italy

Lussu took part in the civil war in Spain and returned to Italy after the armistice of 1943. Lussu joined the Resistenza and became the secretary of Partito d'Azione for southern Italy. He became the leader of the leftist wing of Partito d'Azione and later joined forces with the Italian Socialist Party. After WWII he served as a Minister of Aid in the government of Ferruccio Parri and later as a minor minister in Alcide De Gasperi's government. A white flag is traditionally used to represent a truce. ... Action Party (1942-1947) // Italian political party of the anti-fascist opposition, in the tradition of Mazzini and the Risorgimento. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Ferruccio Parri (January 19, 1890 - December 8, 1981), Pinerolo, Piedmont was an Italian politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy for several months in 1945. ... Alcide De Gasperi Alcide De Gasperi (3 April 1881 - 19 August 1954) was an Italian statesman and politician. ...

In 1964 he separated from the Socialist Party creating the Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity (PSIUP). Polemic contrasts with the political line of Partito d'Azione deepened and Lussu left Sardinia. 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity (in Italian: Partito Socialista Italiano di Unità Proletaria), was a political party in Italy 1964 to 1972. ...

Emilio Lussu died in Rome in 1975. Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ...

Works

Many political meanings have been drawn from Lussu’s works, but his works are perhaps more important at a personal level. Morally and philosophically, Lussu books reflect his need to repent, previously an interventista (favorable to entrance in war) and a revolutionary (in Giustizia e Libertà); his works soberly describe what war, in its cruelest moments, was like for him.

The alteration of Lussu's opinion of war is quite apparent in the range of his works: first an interventista, then the author of a manual for revolution, soon after the author of a pacifist book, again a revolutionary and a volunteer in the Spanish civil war. Lussu's consistency has been questioned and political discourse often invades evaluations of his works.

Bibliography

• La catena (1929)
• Marcia su Roma e dintorni (The March on Rome and Thereabouts, 1932)
• Teoria dell'insurrezione (1936)
• Per l'Italia dall'esilio (Road to exile: the story of a Sardinian patriot, 1938)
• Un anno sull'altipiano ("A Year on the High Plateau", 1938)
• La clericalizzazione dello Stato e l’arcivescovo di Cagliari (1958)
• Il cinghiale del diavolo e altri scritti sulla Sardegna (1976)