Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment. Many emission standards focus on regulating pollutants released by automobiles (motor cars) and other powered vehicles but they can also regulate emissions from industry, power plants, small equipment such as lawn mowers and diesel generators. Frequent policy alternatives to emission standards are technology standards (which mandate the use of a specific technology) and emission trading. Pollutants are substances which directly or indirectly damage us or the environment. ... Karl Benzs Velo (vélo means bicycle in French) model (1894) - entered into the first automobile race 2005 MINI Cooper S. An automobile (also motor car or simply car) is a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. ... The Trikke is a Human Powered Vehicle (HPV) This article is about the means of transport. ... A power station (also power plant) is a facility for the generation of electric power. ... “Dynamo” redirects here. ... Emissions trading is a proposed economic solution to air pollution. ...

Standards generally regulate the emissions of NO_x, particulate matter (PM) or soot, carbon monoxide (CO), or volatile hydrocarbons (see carbon dioxide equivalent). The 3 letter word/formula nox can mean: Nyx, a goddess of Night (nox is Latin for night). ... Particulates, alternately referred to as Particulate Matter (PM) , aerosols or fine particles are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in the air. ... Soot, also called lampblack, Pigment Black 7, carbon black or black carbon, is a dark powdery deposit of unburned fuel residues, usually composed mainly of amorphous carbon, that accumulates in chimneys, automobile mufflers and other surfaces exposed to smoke—especially from the combustion of carbon-rich organic fuels in the... Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ... Oil refineries are key to obtaining hydrocarbons; crude oil is processed through several stages to form desirable hydrocarbons, used in fuel and other commercial products. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Vehicles and CO2

Main article: Carbon dioxide equivalent

The main components of automobile exhaust are carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water vapor (H₂O). Carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) and the most significant Greenhouse Gas emitted in the U.S. (with 82-84% of all U.S. emissions).^[1] Increases in carbon dioxide concentration are due primarily to fossil fuel use and land-use change.^[2] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... Look up anthropogenic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Top: Increasing atmospheric CO2 levels as measured in the atmosphere and ice cores. ... Top: Increasing atmospheric CO2 levels as measured in the atmosphere and ice cores. ... // Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal and petroleum (fuel oil or natural gas), formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. ... Land use is the activity for which land is used. ...

The CO2 emission standards can be referred to the fuel or to the vehicle : Fuel is any material that is capable of releasing energy when its chemical or physical structure is changed or converted. ... The Trikke is a Human Powered Vehicle (HPV) This article is about the means of transport. ...

• The European Union is moving towards fuel mandatory CO₂ standards and USA has reflected it in the Greenhouse Gas Score.

• There are information, but mandatory, standards for CO2 limits in vehicle (engine) emissions, excepting some state regulations (i.e. California). See hybrid vehicles.

CO2 mass emission in vehicles is measured in g/km (g/mi * 0.621371192 = g/km). The Greenhouse Gas Score reflects the exhaust emissions of carbon dioxide. ... See: Hybrid Vehicle ... A mile is a unit of length, usually used to measure distance, in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, United States customary units and Norwegian/Swedish mil. ...

Low Carbon Fuel Standard

Transportation accounts for forty percent of California's annual greenhouse gas emissions, and California relies on petroleum-based fuels for 96 percent of its transportation needs. Top: Increasing atmospheric CO2 levels as measured in the atmosphere and ice cores. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ...

The Californian Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger announced an Executive Order that California adopt so-called Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS).^[3] The LCFS requires fuel providers to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell in the California Market meets, on average, a declining target for greenhouse gas emissions measured in CO2-equivalent grammes per unit of fuel energy sold. By 2020, the LCFS will produce a 10 % reduction in GHG emissions from production and use of fuel in passenger vehicles in California. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (left) and Governor Gray Davis (right) with President George W. Bush (2003) Seal of the Governor of California (without the Roman numerals designating the governors sequence) The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government, whose responsibilities include making yearly State of... Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (German pronunciation (IPA): ) (born on July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American bodybuilder, actor and an American politician, currently serving as the 38th Governor of California. ... An executive order is an edict issued by a member of the executive branch of a government, usually the head of that branch. ... ... Top: Increasing atmospheric CO2 levels as measured in the atmosphere and ice cores. ... Carbon dioxide equivalent or CO2e, is an internationally accepted measure that encapsulates all GHGs (greenhouse gases) that contribute to global warming (e. ... ...

Americas

USA : EPA and State standards (transport vehicles)

Main article: Tier (emission standard)

In the United States, emissions standards are managed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as some state governments. Currently, vehicles sold in the United States must meet Tier II emission standards that went into effect in 2004. ... EPA redirects here. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Counties/Parishes/Boroughs, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal      A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of...

Some of the strictest standards in the world are enforced in California by the California Air Resources Board (CARB), following the California AB 1493. For the band, see The Police. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... California Air Resources Board (CARB) is the clean air agency of the state of California in the United States. ... California Air Resources Board (CARB) is the clean air agency of the state of California in the United States. ...

Currently, vehicles sold in the United States must meet "Tier II" standards that went into effect in 2004. "Tier II" standards are currently being phased in—a process that should be complete by 2009. Within the Tier II ranking, there is a subranking ranging from BIN 1-10, with 1 being the cleanest (Zero Emission vehicle) and 10 being the dirtiest. The former Tier 1 standards that were effective from 1994 until 2003 were different between automobiles and light trucks (SUVs, pickup trucks, and minivans), but Tier II standards are the same for both types. Currently, vehicles sold in the United States must meet Tier II emission standards that went into effect in 2004. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A Tier is a term used commonly within fighting game circles and tournaments to describe a characters general success in tournaments and common battles of the fighting game they hail from. ... 2009 (MMIX) will be a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Light truck is a vehicle classification generally used by the United States government for regulating fuel economy and safety. ... This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers, and should be edited to rectify this. ... Mazda B-Series compact pickup truck with extended cabin and home-made wooden rack. ... Lloyd LT 600, a vintage minivan 05 Mercury Monterey minivan Buick GL8, sold exclusively in China A minivan, multi-purpose vehicle, people-carrier, people-mover or multi-utility vehicle is a type of automobile similar in shape to a van that is designed for personal use and has between four...

A common measurement system for American standards is the somewhat confusing mixed-standard unit of grams per mile. BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ... A mile is a unit of length, usually used to measure distance, in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, United States customary units and Norwegian/Swedish mil. ...

There are several ratings that can be given to vehicles. A certain percentage of the cars produced by major manufacturers must meet these different levels in order for the company to sell their products in affected regions. Tier 1 has been the baseline used. Beyond Tier 1, in increasing stringency, there are:

• TLEV – Transitional Low Emission Vehicle
• LEV – Low Emission Vehicle
• ULEV – Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle
• SULEV – Super-Ultra Low Emission Vehicle
• ZEV – Zero Emission Vehicle

The last category is largely restricted to electric vehicles and hydrogen cars, although such vehicles are usually not entirely non-polluting. In those cases, the other emissions are transferred to another site, such as a power plant or hydrogen reforming center, unless such sites run on renewable energy. However, a battery-powered electric vehicle charged from the California power grid will still be up to ten times cleaner than even the cleanest gasoline vehicles over their respective lifetimes. A ULEV or Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle is a vehicle that has been verified by the California Air Resources Board to emit 50% less polluting emissions than the average for new cars released in that model year. ... Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) is a conventionally powered or gas-electric hybrid vehicle designed to produce minimal air pollution, typically less than 10% of that of an equivalent ordinary vehicle. ... General Motors EV1 A zero-emissions vehicle, or ZEV will produce no emissions or pollution from the vehicle when stationary or operating. ... A streetcar drawing current from a single overhead wire, returning current through the rails and ground An electric locomotive, taking power through a pantograph An electric vehicle, or EV, is a vehicle with one or more electric motors for propulsion. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Hydrogen vehicle. ... A power station (also power plant) is a facility for the generation of electric power. ... A hydrogen reformer is a device that extracts the hydrogen contained in other fuels. ... World renewable energy in 2005 (except 2004 data for items marked* or **). Enlarge image to read exclusions. ... A streetcar drawing current from a single overhead wire, returning current through the rails and ground An electric locomotive, taking power through a pantograph An electric vehicle, or EV, is a vehicle with one or more electric motors for propulsion. ... Transmission towers Transmission lines in Lund, Sweden Electric power transmission, or more accurately Electrical energy transmission, is the second process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. ...

The above standards are being made even more stringent. Tier 2 variations are appended with "II", such as LEV II or SULEV II. There are other categories that have also been created.

• ILEV – Inherently Low-Emission Vehicle
• PZEV – Partial Zero Emission Vehicle
• AT-PZEV – Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle
• NLEV – National Low Emission Vehicle

PZEVs meet SULEV emission standards, but in addition have zero evaporative emissions and an extended (15-year/150,000 mile) warranty on their emission-control equipment. Several ordinary gasoline vehicles from the 2001 and later model years qualify as PZEVs; in addition, if a PZEV has technology that can also be used in ZEVs like an electric motor or high-pressure gaseous fuel tanks for compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquified petroleum gas (LPG), it qualifies as an AT-PZEV. Hybrid electric vehicles like the Toyota Prius can qualify, as can internal combustion engine vehicles that run on natural gas like the Honda Civic GX. These vehicles are called "partial" ZEVs because they receive partial credit in place of ZEVs that automakers would otherwise be required to sell in California. A Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle (PZEV) is an administrative category within the U.S. state of California for low emission vehicles. ... A Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle (PZEV) is an administrative category within the U.S. state of California for low emission vehicles. ... A mile is a unit of length, usually used to measure distance, in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, United States customary units and Norwegian/Swedish mil. ... Rotating magnetic field as a sum of magnetic vectors from 3 phase coils An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. ... A CNG propelled autorickshaw on the streets of New Delhi, Delhi. ... 45 kg LPG cylinders Spherical Gas Container typically found in Refineries. ... A hybrid car or hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive the wheels directly. ... Toyota Motor Corporation ), or Toyota is a Japanese automaker and the worlds second largest automaker by sales revenue. ... Prius may refer to: Hitachi Flora Prius, a personal computer. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The Greenhouse Gas Score reflects the exhaust emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas, and one of the biggest by-products of engine combustion. The Greenhouse Gas Score allows you to compare the expected amount of greenhouse gas emissions for different vehicles. The scoring is from 0 to 10, where 10 is the best because it represents the lowest amount of greenhouse gases. The Greenhouse Gas Score reflects the exhaust emissions of carbon dioxide. ... Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... Top: Increasing atmospheric CO2 levels as measured in the atmosphere and ice cores. ...

"In Europe and the United States, particulate emissions from vehicles are expected to decline over the next decade. For example, by 2005, the European Union will introduce more stringent standards for particulate emissions from light duty vehicles of 0.025 grams per kilometer [0.04 grams per mile]. Even under these standards, diesel-powered cars may still warm the climate more over the next 100 years than may gasoline-powered cars, according to the study.

The state of California is implementing an even more restrictive standard in 2004, allowing only 0.006 grams per kilometer [0.01 grams per mile] of particulate emissions. Even if the California standard were introduced worldwide, says Jacobson, diesel cars may still warm the climate more than gasoline cars over 13 to 54 years." Particulate Emissions

California standard uses grams per mile average CO2-equivalent value, which means that emissions of the various greenhouse gases are weighted to take into account their differing impact on climate change (i.e. in 2009, 323 g/mi for passenger cars).^[4] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Restored passenger cars on display at the Mid-Continent Railway Museum in North Freedom, WI. A passenger car is a piece of railroad rolling stock that is designed to carry passengers. ...

See also : GHG Vehicle Test Group, upstream emission factor, greenhouse gas credit and grenhouse gas debit. GHG Vehicle Test Group means vehicles that have identical test group, vehicle make and model, transmission class and driveline, aspiration method (e. ... The term upstream has several possible meanings: In geography, upstream means literally towards the source of a stream or river, against the normal direction of water flow. ... Introduction to Emission Factors The following discussion of emission factors is taken from the introduction to the Emission Factor Ratings Public Review Of Emission Factors Other Ways To Obtain AP-42 Information And Updates Introduction Emission factors and emission inventories have long been fundamental tools for air quality management. ... Emissions trading (or cap and trade) is an administrative approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants [1]. In such a plan, a central authority (usually a government agency) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that... Emissions trading (or cap and trade) is an administrative approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants [1]. In such a plan, a central authority (usually a government agency) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that...

European standards

Main article: European emission standards

The European Union has its own set of emission standards that all new vehicles must meet. Currently, standards are set for all road vehicles, trains, barges and 'nonroad mobile machinery' (such as tractors). No standards apply to seagoing ships or airplanes. Find below the standards applicable to heavy duty engines to be fitted in vehicles with a gross weight (GVW) over 3.5 metric tonnes. The emissions standards change based on the test cycle used: ECE R49 (old) and ESC (European Steady Cycle, since 2000). European emission standards for motor vehicles define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions. ... See also ESC This could mean: The Eurovision Song Contest. ... ESC can refer to: As an abbreviation The Edmonton Ski Club The Earl Shilton Crew (the youth of Earl Shilton, Leicestershire) Ecole Supérieure de Commerce a business school in the French system of Grandes Ecoles. Electronic Stability Control. ...

Large Goods Vehicle European emission standards Large Goods Vehicle (LGV) is the new formal term in the United Kingdom for goods vehicles (i. ... European emission standards for motor vehicles define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions. ...

Currently there are no standards for CO₂ emissions. The European Parliament has suggested to introduce mandatory CO₂ emission standards^[5] to replace current voluntary commitments by the automanufacturers (see ACEA agreement) and labelling. In late 2005, the European Commission started working on a proposal for a new law to limit CO2 emissions from cars^[6] The New European Driving Cycle is a driving cycle consisting of four repeated ECE-15 driving cycles and a Extra-Urban driving cycle, or EUCD. The NEDC represents the typical usage of a car in Europe, and is used, among other things, to assess the emission levels of car engines. ... CO can stand for: Carbon monoxide, molecular formula Central office, in telecommunications and telephony Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Colombia, in various country codes Colorado, U.S. postal abbreviation Commanding officer, military Conscientious objector, military Continental Airlines, IATA airline designator Collaborative Browsing Chinese Orchestra Correctional Officer, Correctional Officer Co can stand... Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment. ... The 3 letter word/formula nox can mean: Nyx, a goddess of Night (nox is Latin for night). ... The abbreviation HC may refer to: Hydrocarbon Helicopter, as noted in the Commodore 64 computer game, Falcon Patrol II. Hoaxcheats, a gaming website Hospitality Club, the hospitality exchange network HC also denotes coercivity This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Particulates, alternately referred to as Particulate Matter (PM) , aerosols or fine particles are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in the air. ... EURO I (popularly referred to as Euro1) was the emission standard for cars introduced in the EU in 1992 that limits car emissions to 8 g/kWh of Nitrogen Oxides and 0. ... EURO II (popularly referred to as Euro2 or as EC 96) was the emission standard for cars introduced in the EU in 1995 that limits car emissions to 7 g/kWh of NOX and 0. ... Euro III (popularly referred to as Euro3) is the emission standard for vehicles introduced in the EU in 1999. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... EURO V is a European emission standard for vehicles that will be introduced in the EU in 2008. ... EURO VI is the name of future stage in mandatory EU emission standards applying to new road vehicles sold in the EU. It will affect all new vehicles from September 1, 2015. ... CO can stand for: Carbon monoxide, molecular formula Central office, in telecommunications and telephony Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Colombia, in various country codes Colorado, U.S. postal abbreviation Commanding officer, military Conscientious objector, military Continental Airlines, IATA airline designator Collaborative Browsing Chinese Orchestra Correctional Officer, Correctional Officer Co can stand... Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment. ... The 3 letter word/formula nox can mean: Nyx, a goddess of Night (nox is Latin for night). ... The abbreviation HC may refer to: Hydrocarbon Helicopter, as noted in the Commodore 64 computer game, Falcon Patrol II. Hoaxcheats, a gaming website Hospitality Club, the hospitality exchange network HC also denotes coercivity This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Particulates, alternately referred to as Particulate Matter (PM) , aerosols or fine particles are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in the air. ... EURO I (popularly referred to as Euro1) was the emission standard for cars introduced in the EU in 1992 that limits car emissions to 8 g/kWh of Nitrogen Oxides and 0. ... EURO II (popularly referred to as Euro2 or as EC 96) was the emission standard for cars introduced in the EU in 1995 that limits car emissions to 7 g/kWh of NOX and 0. ... The European Parliament is the directly elected parliamentary body of the European Union. ... The ACEA agreement refers to a voluntary agreement between the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) and the European Commission to limit the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by passenger cars sold in Europe. ... The Commission seat in Brussels The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive body of the European Union. ...

Asia

China

Due to rapidly expanding wealth and prosperity, the number of cars on China's roads is exploding, creating an ongoing pollution problem. China enacted its first emissions controls on automobiles in 2000, equivalent to Euro I standards. They were upgraded again in 2005 to Euro II. More strigent emission controls will go into effect in 2007, equivalent to Euro III standards. Plans are for Euro IV standards to take effect in 2010.^{[citation needed]}

India

Background

The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which became effective in 1989. These idle emission regulations were soon replaced by mass emission limits for both gasoline (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990’s. Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-dc. Indian own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled vehicles.

On October 6, 2003, the National Auto Fuel Policy has been announced, which envisages a phased program for introducing Euro 2 - 4 emission and fuel regulations by 2010. The implementation schedule of EU emission standards in India is summarized in Table 1.

^{[citation needed]}

The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities.

For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) will be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force preferably from April 1, 2008, but not later than April 1, 2010. [1]

Trucks and Buses

Emission standards for new heavy-duty diesel engines—applicable to vehicles of GVW > 3,500 kg—are listed in Table 1. Emissions are tested over the ECE R49 13-mode test (through the Euro II stage)

More details on Euro I-III regulations can be found in the EU heavy-duty engine standards page.

Light duty diesel vehicles

Emission standards for light-duty diesel vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table 3. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes (by reference mass) of light commercial vehicles; compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page for details on the Euro 1 and later standards. The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ≤ 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats).

The test cycle has been the ECE + EUDC for low power vehicles (with maximum speed limited to 90 km/h). Before 2000, emissions were measured over an Indian test cycle.

Engines for use in light-duty vehicles can be also emission tested using an engine dynamometer. The respective emission standards are listed in Table 4.

Light duty gasoline vehicles

4-wheel vehicles

Emission standards for gasoline vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table 5. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes of light commercial vehicles (compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page). The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ≤ 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats).

Gasoline vehicles must also meet an evaporative (SHED) limit of 2 g/test (effective 2000).

3- and 2-wheel vehicles

Emission standards for 3- and 2-wheel gasoline vehicles are listed in the following tables.

Overview of the emission norms in India

• 1991 - Idle CO Limits for Gasoline Vehicles and Free Acceleration Smoke for Diesel Vehicles, Mass Emission Norms for Gasoline Vehicles.

• 1992 - Mass Emission Norms for Diesel Vehicles.

• 1996 - Revision of Mass Emission Norms for Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles, mandatory fitment of Catalytic Converter for Cars in Metros on Unleaded Gasoline.

• 1998 - Cold Start Norms Introduced.

• 2000 - India 2000 (Eq. to Euro I) Norms, Modified IDC (Indian Driving Cycle), Bharat Stage II Norms for Delhi.

• 2001 - Bharat Stage II (Eq. to Euro II) Norms for All Metros, Emission Norms for CNG & LPG Vehicles.

• 2003 - Bharat Stage II (Eq. to Euro II) Norms for 11 major cities.

• 2005 - From 1st April Bharat Stage III (Eq. to Euro III) Norms for 11 major cities.

• 2010 - Bharat Stage III Emission Norms for 4-wheelers for entire country whereas Bharat Stage - IV (Eq. to Euro IV) for 11 major cities.

Japan

Africa

See also

Air pollution is a chemical, physical (e. ... Vehicle emissions inspection station Automobile emissions control covers all the technologies that are employed to reduce the air pollution-causing emissions produced by automobiles. ... The AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, was first published by the U.S. Public Health Service in 1968. ... Sugar cane can be used as a biofuel. ... Bivalent (chemistry): two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule An atom which can form two covalent bonds with other molecules (such as oxygen) is said to be bivalent, posessing a valency of 2. ... Type approval is granted to a product that meets a minimum set of regulatory technical and safety requirements. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government of the United States. ... The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in the United States, first enacted by Congress in 1975, exist to regulate and improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks (trucks, vans and sport utility vehicles) sold in the US in the wake of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo. ... An engine test stand is a facility used to develop, characterize and test engines. ... Introduction to Emission Factors The following discussion of emission factors is taken from the introduction to the Emission Factor Ratings Public Review Of Emission Factors Other Ways To Obtain AP-42 Information And Updates Introduction Emission factors and emission inventories have long been fundamental tools for air quality management. ... An Emission test cycle is a specified procedure for measuring pollutant emissions of engines. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... European emission standards for motor vehicles define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions. ... A flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV) or dual-fuel vehicle (also sometimes called only flex-fuel) is an automobile that can typically alternate between two sources of fuel, with separate tanks and fuel systems for each fuel. ... Green vehicles made by Ford, including flexible-fuel cars and trucks, sport this logo A flexible-fuel vehicle or dual-fuel vehicle is an automobile or truck (lorry) that can accept a range of fuel mixtures. ... Fuel efficiency sometimes means the same as thermal efficiency, that is, the efficiency of converting energy contained in a carrier fuel to kinetic energy or work. ... Global warming potential (GWP) is a measure of how much a given mass of greenhouse gas is estimated to contribute to global warming. ... Kyoto Protocol Opened for signature December 11, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan Entered into force February 16, 2005. ... A low-carbon economy is a future economy in which the use of carbon based fuels and carbon dioxide emissions from burning fuels are significantly reduced. ... // Government agencies worldwide have struggled with finding new and innovative approaches to address the growing problem of air pollution and global warming. ... The National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) are emissions standards set by the United States EPA for an air pollutant not covered by NAAQS that may cause an increase in fatalities or in serious, irreversible, or incapacitating illness. ... NTE may refer to: Negative thermal expansion Not-To-Exceed Category: ... Oil dependence is the reliance of a nation or other entity upon the discovery, mass production, and distribution of fossil fuels and related products, frequently by another nation. ... A Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) is essentially a lightweight ‘laboratory’ that is used to test and/or assess mobile source emissions (i. ... The generalised concept of radiative forcing in climate science is any change in the radiation (heat) entering the climate system or changes in radiatively active gases. ... SmartWay Logo The SmartWay Transport Partnerhip is a collaboration between freight shippers, carriers, and logistics companies to voluntarily achieve improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions from freight transport. ... Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment. ... 1947 - Los Angeles Air Pollution Control District created; first air pollution agency in the US. 1948 - Federal Water Pollution Control Act 1955 - National Air Pollution Control Act 1959 - California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board created to test automobile emissions and set standards. ... Ultra-low sulphur diesel (ULSD) is a term used to describe a standard for defining diesel fuel with substantially lowered sulphur contents. ... Fuel efficiency sometimes means the same as thermal efficiency, that is, the efficiency of converting energy contained in a carrier fuel to kinetic energy or work. ... A4: 4-speed automatic transmission A5: 5-speed automatic transmission A6: 6-speed automatic transmission CAB 1493: California Assembly Bill 1493 AdvHEV: Advanced hybrid ARB and CARB: California Air Resources Board AMT: Automated Manual Transmission CCP: Coupled cam phasing CH4: Methane CNG: Compressed natural gas CO2: Carbon dioxide CVVL: Continuous...

References

1. ^ http://www.greenbuilder.com/sbc/newsletters/99july.html
2. ^ IPCC, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science BasisPDF (2.20 MiB) .
3. ^ http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/press-release/5074
4. ^ http://www.arb.ca.gov/newsrel/nr092404.htm
5. ^ European Parliament resolution on "Winning the Battle Against Global Climate Change", 16 November 2005
6. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20061103/sc_afp/eutransportauto_061103190746 "EU to introduce legislation as car makers fail on emission targets" AFP, 3 November 2006

IPCC is science authority for the UNFCCC The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to assess the risk of human-induced climate change. The Panel is open to all... Portable Document Format (PDF), sometimes mistaken for Printable Document Format, is an open file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 and is now being prepared for submission as an ISO standard. ... A mebibyte (a contraction of mega binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, abbreviated MiB. 1 MiB = 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 kibibytes 1 MiB = 1024 (= 210) kibibytes (KiB), and 1024 MiB equal one gibibyte (GiB). ...

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

California AB 1493

• Dieselnet pages on vehicle emission standards.
• US EPA Vehicle Environmental Performance Score SpecificationsPDF (26.5 KiB).
• EPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory.
• EPA Clean Air Technology Center.
• Emission Standards Reference Guide forPDF (141 KiB)heavy duty and nonroad engines .
• http://www.fueleconomy.gov/
• Federal Income Tax Credits for Hybrids placed in service.
• http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming
• Environmental health news.
• Automaker Rankings 2007: The Environmental Performance of Car Companies

Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Portable Document Format (PDF), sometimes mistaken for Printable Document Format, is an open file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 and is now being prepared for submission as an ISO standard. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... Portable Document Format (PDF), sometimes mistaken for Printable Document Format, is an open file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 and is now being prepared for submission as an ISO standard. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... Look up heavy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Duty is a term loosely appliedDuty to any action (or course of action) whichDutyDuty is regarded as morally incumbent, apart from personal likes and dislikes or any external compulsion. ... Mountain road with hairpin turns in the French Alps For other uses, see Road (disambiguation). ... An engine is something that produces an effect from a given input. ...

EU

• DIRECTIVE 1999/94/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 13 December 1999, relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger carsPDF (140 KiB).
• Council Directive 80/1268/EEC Fuel consumption of motor vehicles.