Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes, 1817, by Jacques-Louis David

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès ( May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). There are 242 days remaining. Events 1494 - Christopher Columbus discovers Jamaica. 1791 - The May Constitution of Poland (first modern constitution in Europe) is proclaimed by the Polish Diet. 1808 - Finnish War: Sweden loses... May 3, Events April 24 - A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle with the intent to conclude the struggle known as the War of Austrian Succession - at October 18 - The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh Building of... 1748 - June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. Events 1200-1899 1214 - University of Oxford receives its charter. 1685 - Monmouth Rebellion: The Duke of Monmouth declared himself King of England at Bridgwater. 1756 - English garrison imprisoned in... June 20, Events January - Book by Maria Monk claims that she was sexually exploited in a Canadian convent February 3 - United States Whig Party holds its first convention in Albany, New York. February 23 - The siege of the Alamo begins in San Antonio, Texas. February 24 - Samuel Colt receives a patent for... 1836) was a The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. France is a democracy organised as a... French abbé and statesman, one of the chief theorists of the The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. While France would oscillate among republic, empire, and monarchy for 75 years... revolutionary and For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). Portrait of Napoléon Bonaparte Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general and ruler of France. He was a general of the French Revolution and became the effective ruler of France in 1799: he was First Consul (Premier... Napoleonic era.

He was born at Fréjus in the south of France, and was educated for the church at the The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The Sorbonne today, from the same point of view The historic University of Paris (French: Université de Paris) first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was in 1970 reorganized as 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–... Sorbonne. While there, he eagerly imbibed the teachings of For other people by this name see John Locke (disambiguation) John Locke John Locke (August 29, 1632 — October 28, 1704) was a 17th century philosopher concerned primarily with society and epistemology. An Englishman, Lockes notions of a government with the consent of the governed and mans natural... John Locke, Etienne Bonnot de Condillac. Étienne Bonnot de Condillac ( September 30, 1715 - August 3, 1780) was a French philosopher. Life He was born at Grenoble of a legal family, and, like his elder brother, the well-known political writer, abbé de Mably, took holy orders and became abbé... Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, and other political thinkers, in preference to Theology is literally rational discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, rational discourse). By extension, it also refers to the study of other religious topics. History of the term The term theologia is used in Classical Greek literature, with the meaning... theology. Nevertheless he entered the church, and his learning and subtlety earned him rapid promotion to vicar-general and chancellor of the diocese of Chartres is a city of France, préfecture (capital) of the Eure-et-Loir département. Its cathedral has been inscribed by the UNESCO on the list of World Heritage Sites in 1979. Chartres was the birthplace of: Jerôme Pétion de Villeneuve François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers... Chartres. In 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January 1 - First edition of The Times, previously The Daily Universal Register, was published. January 2 - Georgia ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the 4th U.S. state. January 9 - Connecticut ratifies the United States Constitution... 1788 the proposed convocation of the The Estates-General of 1789 was the first meeting of the French Estates-General, a general assembly consisting of representatives from all but the poorest segment of the French citizenry, since 1614. The independence which it displayed from the crown paved the way for the French Revolution. Background Among the... Estates-General of France after the interval of more than a century and a half, and the invitation of Jacques Necker Jacques Necker (September 30, 1732 - April 9, 1804) was a French statesman and finance minister of Louis XVI. Early life Necker was born in Geneva, Switzerland. His father was a native of Küstrin in Pomerania (now Kostrzyn, Poland), and had, after the publication of some works on... Jacques Necker to writers to state their views as to the constitution of the Estates, enabled Sieyès to publish his celebrated pamphlet, "Qu’est-ce que le tiers état?" ("What is the In France of the ancien régime and the age of the French Revolution, the term Third Estate (tiers état) indicated the generality of people which were not part of the clergy (the First Estate) nor of the nobility (the Second Estate). From these terms came the name of the... Third Estate?") He begins his answer: "Everything. What has it been hitherto in the political order? Nothing. What does it desire? To be something." For this mot he is said to have been indebted to Nicolas Chamfort (1741 - April 13, 1794), was a French writer. He was born Nicolas-Sébastien Roch. He was born near Clermont in Auvergne, and, according to a baptismal certificate found among his papers, was the son of a grocer named Nicolas. A journey to Paris resulted in the boy... Chamfort. The pamphlet was very successful, and its author, despite doubts about his clerical vocation, was elected as the last (the twentieth) of the deputies of The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. Paris is the capital city of France, as well as the capital of the Île-de-France région, whose territory encompasses Paris and its suburbs. The city of Paris proper is also a dé... Paris to the States General.

Despite his failure as a speaker, his influence was great; he strongly advised the constitution of the Estates in one chamber as the During the French Revolution, the National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale) was a transitional body between the Estates-General and the National Constituent Assembly which existed from June 17 to July 9 of 1789. Background The Estates-General had been called in May of 1789 to deal with Frances... National Assembly, but he opposed the abolition of A tithe is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a voluntary contribution or as a tax or levy, usually to support a religious organization. The word is derived from the Hebrew word asair, which means to give the tenth part of something, often of a persons income... tithes and the confiscation of church lands. Elected to the special committee on the For the entry on the naval ship U.S.S. Constitution, see: USS Constitution. An organizations constitution defines its form, structure, activities, character, and fundamental rules. To view particular constitutions, refer to the list of national constitutions. The term comes from Latin constitutio, which referred to any important law... constitution, he opposed the right of "absolute veto" for the king, which Portrait of Mirabeau Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de Mirabeau, (often referred to simply as Mirabeau) ( March 9, 1749 - April 2, 1791) was a French writer, popular orator and statesman. During the French Revolution, he was a moderate, favored a constitutional monarchy built on the model of Great Britain, and... Honoré Mirabeau unsuccessfully supported. For the most part, however, he kept quiet about his opinions in the Assembly, speaking rarely and then generally with oracular brevity and ambiguity. He had considerable influence on the framing of the The départements (or departments) are administrative units of France, roughly analogous to British counties and are now grouped into 22 metropolitan and four overseas régions. They are subdivided into 342 arrondissements. Départements are also found in Côte dIvoire. Administrative role Each... departmental system, but after the spring of 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). Events January 8 - George Washington gives the first State of the Union Address. January 30 - The first boat specialized as a lifeboat is tested on the River Tyne. February 1 - In New York City the Supreme Court of... 1790 he was eclipsed by others. Only once was he elected to the post of fortnightly president of the The National Constituent Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale constituante) was formed from the National Assembly on July 9, 1789, during the first stages of the French Revolution. It dissolved September 30, 1791, succeeded by the Legislative Assembly. Background The Estates-General of 1789, which convened on May 5, had reached... Constituent Assembly.

Excluded from the During the French Revolution, the Legislative Assembly was the legislature of France from 1 October 1791 to September 1792. It provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making between the periods of the National Constituent Assembly and of the National Convention. Background The National Constituent Assembly dissolved itself... Legislative Assembly by Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre, (May 6, 1758–July 28, 1794), known also to his contemporaries as the Incorruptible, is one of the best known of the leaders of the French Revolution. He was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety which oversaw the period of... Robespierre's self-denying ordinance, he reappeared in the third national Assembly, known as the This article is about a legislative body and constitutional convention during the French Revolution. The term national convention also refers, in the United States, to the presidential nominating conventions. During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the constitutional and legislative assembly which sat from September... Convention (September 1792 - September 1795). There, his self-effacement was even more remarkable; it resulted partly from disgust, partly from timidity. He even abjured his faith at the time of the installation of the This article was a word for word copy of an entry in the Rotten Library here ... goddess of reason; and afterwards he characterized his conduct during the The Reign of Terror (June 1793 - July 1794) was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression. The Terror (see also state terrorism) originated with a highly centralized political regime that suspended most of the democratic achievements of the Revolution, and intended to pursue the Revolution on social... Reign of Terror in the ironical phrase, J'ai vécu ("I lived.") He voted for the death of King Louis XVI Louis XVI (August 23, 1754 - January 21, 1793), was King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then King of the French in 1791-1792. Suspended and arrested during the insurrection of the 10th of August, he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of... Louis XVI, but not in the contemptuous terms sometimes ascribed to him. He is known to have disapproved of many of the provisions of the constitutions of the years 1791 and 1793, but did little to improve them.

In 1795 he went on a diplomatic mission to This article is about the city in the Netherlands; there is also a region known as (the) Hague in France. Arms of The Hague Flag of The city of The Hague. The Hague (Dutch: Den Haag, or officially s-Gravenhage) is the administrative capital of the Netherlands, located in the... the Hague, and was instrumental in drawing up a treaty between the French and From 1795 to 1806, the Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek in Dutch) designated the Netherlands as a republic modelled after the French Republic, to which it was a vassal state. The Batavian Republic was proclaimed on January 19 1795, a day after stadtholder William V of Orange fled to England. In... Batavian republics. He dissented from the constitution of 1795 (that of the The Directory (in French Directoire) held executive power in France from October 1795 until November 1799 - from the end of the Convention to the beginning of the Consulate. Five Directors shared power. In the history of France, this period constitutes the last stage of the French Revolution and precedes the... Directory) in some important particulars, and refused to serve as a Director of the Republic. In May 1798 he went as the plenipotentiary of France to the court of For other uses, see Berlin (disambiguation). Berlin [ bɛrˈliːn ] is the national capital of Germany and its largest city, with 3,387,404 inhabitants (as of September 2004); down from 4.5 million before World War II. Berlin is located on the rivers Spree and... Berlin in order to try to induce The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia ( German: Preußen or Preussen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: Prūsai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad... Prussia to make common cause with France against the The name Second Coalition (1798 - 1800) designates the second major concerted effort of multiple European powers to contain revolutionary France. The coalition comprised: Austria Great Britain (at war with France since 1793) Russia Turkey After Napoleon Bonaparte mounted an expedition to Egypt and, in spite of several land victories, was... Second Coalition. His conduct was skilful, but he failed in his main object. The prestige which encircled his name led to his being elected a Director of France in place of Jean-François Rewbell in May 1799.

Already he was plotting the overthrow of the Directory, and is said to have considered the advent to power at Paris of persons so unlikely as the Victorious Archduke Charles of Austria during the Battle of Aspern_Essling (May 21_22, 1809) The epileptic younger brother of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, Archduke Charles of Austria (Erzherzog Karl) (September 5, 1771 - April 30, 1847) achieved respect both as a commander and as a reformer of Austrias army. Youth... Archduke Charles and the Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (October 9, 1735 - November 10, 1806), German general, was born at Wolfenbüttel. He received an unusually wide and thorough education, and travelled in his youth in Holland, France and various parts of Germany. His first military experience was in the... duke of Brunswick. He now set himself to undermine the Constitution of 1795. With that aim he caused the revived Jacobin Club, the most famous of the political clubs of the French Revolution, had its origin in the Club Breton, which formed at Versailles shortly after the opening of the Estates General in 1789. It was at first composed exclusively of deputies from Brittany, but was soon joined by others... Jacobin Club to be closed, and made overtures to Barthélemy Catherine Joubert (14 April 1769 - 15 August 1799), French general, the son of an advocate, was born at Pont de Vaux (Ain). In 1784 he ran away from school to enlist in the artillery, but was brought back and sent to study law at Lyons and Dijon. In... General Joubert for a A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. It is different from a revolution, which is staged by a larger group and radically changes the political system. The term... coup d'état. The death of Joubert at the The battle of Novi was a battle in the French Revolutionary Wars that was fought on August 15, 1799. It resulted in a victory for the Russians under French under General Moreau. Categories: Military stubs | Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars | Russian battles ... Battle of Novi, and the return of For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). Portrait of Napoléon Bonaparte Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general and ruler of the French Republic. He was a general of the French Revolution and became the effective ruler of France in 1799: he was First... Bonaparte from The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Mişr or Maşr, in Egyptian dialect) is a republic mostly located in northeastern Africa. Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km², it includes the Sinai Peninsula (considered part of... Egypt marred his schemes; but ultimately he came to an understanding with the young general. After the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire, the coup of 18 Brumaire or sometimes simply Brumaire refers to the coup détat by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the government of the Directory to replace it by the Consulate. This occurred on November 9, 1799, which was 18 Brumaire in the year VIII under the... 18 Brumaire, Sieyès produced the perfect constitution which he had long been planning, only to have it completely remodelled by Bonaparte, who thereby achieved a coup within the coup.

Sieyès soon retired from the post of provisional consul, which he accepted after Brumaire; he now became one of the first The Senate (in French : le Sénat) is the upper house of the Parliament of France. A Sénat was also the upper house during the French Consulate of 1799-1804. Composition and election The French Senate presently has 321 senators who are elected for a 9-year term... senators, and rumour, probably rightly, connected this retirement with the acquisition of a fine estate at Crôsne. After the bomb outrage at the close of 1800 (the affair of Nivôse), Sieyès in the senate defended the arbitrary and illegal proceedings whereby Bonaparte rid himself of the leading Jacobins. During the empire he rarely emerged from his retirement, but at the time of the Following the ouster of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814, the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. The ensuing period is called in French the Restauration, characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re_establishment of the Roman Catholic church as a power in French politics. Louis XVIII 1814... Bourbon restorations (1814 and 1815) he left France. After the Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, was a revolt by the middle class against Bourbon King Charles X which forced him out of office and replaced him with the Orleanist King Louis-Philippe... July Revolution (1830) he returned.

References

This article incorporates text from the The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. (Proprietary interest is typically represented by a copyright or patent.) Such works and inventions are considered part of... public domain The Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) in many ways represents the sum of knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century. The edition is still often regarded as the greatest edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, with many articles being up to 10 times the length of... 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. Please update as needed.

The 1911 Encylopedia Britannica specifically cites A. Neton, Sieyès (1748-1836) d'après documents inédits (Paris, 1900). Other than that, it simply cites "the chief histories on the French Revolution and the Napoleonic empire."