Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808, Paris, France - January 9, 1873, Chislehurst, Kent, England) was a President of France, and later, Emperor of the French. File links The following pages link to this file: Napoleon III of France ... April 20 is the 110th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (111th in leap years). ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Chislehurst is a place in the London Borough of Bromley. ... Kent is a county in England, south-east of London. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Religion... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, universities, and countries. ... An emperor is a monarch and sovereign ruler of an empire or any other imperial realm. ...

Biography

Bonaparte was the son of Hortense de Beauharnais, who was the daughter of Josephine de Beauharnais and, thus, the stepdaughter of Napoleon Bonaparte. The identity of his biological father remains a subject of speculation, given his unhappily married mother's record of extramarital liaisons. The father of record, however, was Hortense's husband, Louis Bonaparte, a younger brother of Napoleon. The couple had been made king and queen of a French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. During his youth, he was a member of the Carbonari, a resistance organization fighting Austrian domination of Northern Italy. This would later have an effect on his foreign policy. Hortense de Beauharnais depicted in Queen Hortense - A Life Picture of the Napoleonic Era, 1910 Hortense de Beauharnais (April 10, 1783 - October 5, 1837), was the Queen of Holland and mother of the Emperor Napoleon III of France. ... Joséphine de Beauharnais, Empress Joséphine Joséphine de Beauharnais (June 23, 1763 - May 29, 1814) was the first wife of Napoléon Bonaparte, and became Empress of France. ... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français... Louis Bonaparte Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (September 2, 1779 - July 25, 1844) was a nephew of the Emperor Napoleon I of France, who made him king of Holland in 1806. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ... The Kingdom of Holland 1806 - 1810 (Koninkrijk Holland in Dutch, Royaume dHollande in French) was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom for his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, in order to better control the Netherlands. ... The Carbonari (coal-burners) were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th century Italy, and instrumental in organising revolution in Italy in 1820, 1830-1831 and 1848. ... Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P. Huntington and Warren Demian Manshel. ...

Imprisoned after the second of two abortive coup attempts (October 1836 and August 1840), he escaped to the United Kingdom in May 1846, returning after the revolution of February 1848 to win the presidential election December 10 that year on a platform of strong government, social consolidation and national greatness. President Bonaparte then on December 2, 1851 overthrew the Second Republic and seized dictatorial powers, becoming Napoléon III. In a situation that resembles the case of Louis XVIII of France, the numbering of Napoléon's reign assumes the existence of a legitimate Napoléon II of France who never actually ruled, but was briefly recognized as emperor from June 22, 1815 to July 7, 1815. He became Emperor exactly one year after overthrowing the Second Republic and established the Second French Empire. That same year, he began shipping political prisoners and criminals to penal colonies such as Devil's Island (in French Guyana) or (in milder cases) New Caledonia. On April, 28th, 1855 he survived an attempted assassination. 1836 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... December 10 is the 344th day (345th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 23 - The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in Oregon is named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning. ... The French Second Republic (often simply Second Republic) was the republican regime of France from February 25, 1848 to December 2, 1852. ... Louis XVIII (November 17, 1755 - September 16, 1824) was King of France from 1814 (although he declared that he considered his reign to have begun in 1795) until his death in 1824. ... Napoleon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte (March 20, 1811 -July 22, 1832), Duke of Reichstadt, was briefly the second Emperor of the French. ... The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. ... Devils Island (French Île du Diable), is an island located off the coast of French Guiana. ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Napoléon III's challenge to Russia's claims to influence in the Ottoman Empire led to France's successful participation in the Crimean War (March 1854-March 1856). He approved the launching of a naval expedition in 1858 to punish the Vietnamese and force the court to accept a French presence in the country. On January 14, 1858 Napoléon escaped another assassination attempt. In May-July 1859 French intervention secured the defeat of Austria in Italy, and the result of this was the unification of Italy, and the acquisition of Savoy and the region of Nice (the so-called French Riviera) by France in 1860. France took part in the Second Opium War along with Great Britain, and in 1860 the French troops entered Beijing. In the beginning of the 1860s, the objectives of the emperor in foreign policy had been met: France had scored several military victories in Europe and abroad, the humiliation of Waterloo had been exorcised, and France was regarded again as the largest military power in Europe. The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul (Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ... The Crimean War lasted from 28 March 1854 to 1856. ... 1854 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... January 14 is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1858 is a common year starting on Friday. ... 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... This article is about the historical region of Savoy. ... City motto: Nicæa civitas. ... The Promenade des Anglais in Nice on the French Riviera at night. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... The Second Opium War or Arrow War began in 1856 and ended in 1860. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Beijing  listen (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking) is the capital city of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... Events and trends Italian unification under King Victor Emmanuel II. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the Papal States (March 17, 1861 - September 20, 1870). ... Map of the Waterloo campaign The Battle of Waterloo, fought on June 18, 1815, was Napoleon Bonapartes last battle. ...

However, the intervention in Mexico (January 1862-March 1867) ended in defeat and in the execution of the French-backed Emperor Maximilian. More importantly, France saw her influence eroded by Prussia's crushing victory over Austria in June-August 1866. Due to his Carbonari past, Napoléon was unable to bring himself to ally himself with Austria, despite the obvious threat that a victorious Prussia would present to France. 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Maximilian I, Emperor of Mexico, (July 6, 1832 - June 19, 1867) was a member of Austrias Imperial Habsburg family. ... The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia (German: Preußen or Preussen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: Prūsai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia and... The Austro-Prussian War (also called the Seven Weeks War or the German Civil War) was a war fought between Austria and Prussia in 1866 that resulted in Prussian dominance in Germany. ... 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ...

He would pay the price for this blunder in 1870 when, forced by the diplomacy of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Napoléon began the Franco-Prussian War. This war proved disastrous, and was instrumental in giving birth to the German Empire. In battle against Prussia in July 1870 the Emperor was captured at the Battle of Sedan (September 2) and was deposed by the forces of the Third Republic in Paris two days later. He died in exile in England on January 9, 1873. 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (April 1, 1815 – July 30, 1898) was one of the most prominent European aristocrats and statesmen of the nineteenth century. ... The Franco-Prussian War (July 19, 1870 – May 10, 1871) was fought between France and Prussia (backed by the North German Confederation) allied with the south German states of Baden, Bavaria and Württemberg. ... The term German Empire (Deutsches Reich) commonly refers to Germany, from its consolidation as a unified nation-state on January 18, 1871, until the abdication of Kaiser (Emperor) Wilhelm II on November 9, 1918. ... Battle of Sedan Conflict Franco-Prussian War Date September 2, 1870 Place Sedan, France Result Decisive German victory The Battle of Sedan was fought during the Franco-Prussian War on September 1-2, 1870. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years). ... The French Third Republic, (in French, Troisième Republique, sometimes written as IIIème Republique) ( 1870/ 75- 1940/ 46), was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Fourth Republic. ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Married to Eugenie de Montijo, Countess of Teba, a Spanish noblewoman of Scottish and Spanish descent, Napoléon III had one son, Eugène Bonaparte, known as the Prince Imperial. Maria Eugenia Ignacia Augustina Palafox de Guzmán Portocarrero y Kirkpatrick, 9th Countess de Teba, aka Eugenia de Montijo (May 5, 1826 - July 11, 1920) was Empress of France (1853-1871). ... Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country in northwest Europe, occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain. ... Napoleon Eugene Louis John Joseph, (March 16, 1856 - June 1, 1879), Prince Imperial, was the only child of Emperor Napoleon III of France and his wife the Empress Eugénie. ... Napoleon Eugene Louis John Joseph, (March 16, 1856 - June 1, 1879), Prince Imperial, was the only child of Emperor Napoleon III of France and his wife the Empress Eugénie. ...

He is buried in the Imperial Crypt at Saint Michael's Abbey, Farnborough, Hampshire, England. Location within the British Isles. ...

Legacy

An important change during his reign was the rebuilding of Paris. Part of the design decisions were taken in order to reduce the ability of future revolutionaries to challenge the government. Large sections of the city were razed and the old convoluted streets were replaced with many broad avenues, with the intent of allowing cannon to be used easily within the city. The rebuilding of Paris was directed by Baron Haussmann (1809-1891; Prefect of the Seine département 1853-1870). The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... A small cast-iron cannon on a carriage A cannon is any large tubular firearm designed to fire a heavy projectile over a considerable distance. ... Georges-Eugène, Baron Haussmann (March 27, 1809 – January 11, 1891) was a French civic planner whose name is associated with the rebuilding of Paris. ... Seine was a département of France encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs. ... The départements (or departments) are administrative units of France, roughly analogous to British counties and are now grouped into 22 metropolitan and four overseas régions. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

He also directed the building of the French railway network, which greatly contributed to the development of the coal mining and steel industry in France, radically changing the nature of the French economy, which entered the modern age of large-scale capitalism. The French economy, the second largest in the world at the time (behind Great Britain), experienced a very strong growth during the reign of Napoléon III. Names such as steel tycoon Eugène Schneider or banking mogul James de Rothschild are symbols of the period. The two largest French banks, Société Générale and Crédit Lyonnais, still in existence today, were founded during that period. The French stock market also expanded prodigiously, with many coal mining and steel companies issuing stocks. Although largely forgotten by later Republican generations, which only remembered the non-democratic nature of the regime, the economic successes of the Second Empire are today recognized as impressive by historians. The emperor himself, who had spent his youth in Victorian England, was largely influenced by the ideas of the Industrial Revolution in England, and he took particular care of the economic development of the country. He is recognized as the first ruler of France to have taken great care of the economy (previous rulers considered the economy secondary). James de Rothschild, born May 15, 1792 in Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany – died November 15, 1868 in Paris, France , was a banker and a member of the prominent Rothschild family. ... Société Générale is one of the main banks in France (one of the three oldest). ... Crédit Lyonnais is a French bank. ... The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the massive social, economic and technological change in 18th century and 19th century Great Britain. ...

Napoleon III, to this day, has not enjoyed the prestige that Napoleon I enjoyed. Victor Hugo called him "Napoleon the small", as opposed to Napoleon I "The Great". Karl Marx mocked Napoleon III by saying that history repeats itself: "the first time as tragedy, the second time as farce." Napoleon III has often been described as an ineffectual and authoritarian leader who brought France into dubious foreign military adventures. In France, the arch-opposition of Victor Hugo to Napoleon III made it impossible for a very long time to assess his reign objectively. However, in the latter part of the 20th century historians have done much to restore the image of Napoleon III. The diplomatic, and above all economic achievements of the reign are now recognized. Historians have also shown that the emperor was one of the very few rulers of Europe actually interested in the fate of poor people. His book Extinction du paupérisme ("Extinction of pauperism"), which he wrote while imprisoned at the Fort of Ham in 1844, made much for his successful election in 1848, and all along his reign the emperor showed concerns to alleviate the sufferings of the most poor in the empire. Among other things, the emperor granted the right to strike to French workers in 1864, despite intense opposition from corporate lobbies. The emperor also ordered the creation of three large parks in Paris (Parc Monceau, Parc Montsouris, and Parc des Buttes-Chaumont) with the clear intention of offering them for poor working families as an alternative to the pub (bistrot) on Sundays, much as Victoria Park in London was also built with the same social motives in mind. Victor Hugo Victor Hugo (February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French author, the most important of the Romantic authors in the French language. ... Karl Marx Karl Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was an influential German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary organizer of the International Workingmens Association. ... 1844 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1864 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Buttes Chaumont are an island of greenery in the middle of the urban environment. ... Victoria Park is a large open space that stretches out across part of the East End of London, England covering areas of Bethnal Green, Hackney, and Bow, such as along Old Ford Road, London E3. ... The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben A red double-decker bus crosses Piccadilly Circus. ...

French general and statesman Louis Eugène Cavaignac Louis Eugène Cavaignac (October 15, 1802 - October 28, 1857), French general, second son of Jean Baptiste Cavaignac and brother of Eleonore Louis Godefroi Cavaignac, was born at Paris. ... French general Jules Trochu Louis Jules Trochu (March 12, 1815 - October 7, 1896) was a French military leader. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... December 2 is the 336th day (337th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... December 2 is the 336th day (337th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Napoleon Eugene Louis John Joseph, (March 16, 1856 - June 1, 1879), Prince Imperial, was the only child of Emperor Napoleon III of France and his wife the Empress Eugénie. ...

See also

• History of France
• Bonaparte
• Prussia
• Otto von Bismarck

Gaul Main article: Gaul Settled mainly by the Gauls and other Celtic peoples (apart from a shrinking area of Basque population in the southwest and Ligurian population on the southern coast), the area of modern France comprised the bulk of the region of Gaul (Latin: Gallia) under the rule of... Of Corsican origin, the Bonaparte (originally Buonaparte) family is the family of Napoleon I, who was elected as first consul of France on November 10, 1799 with the help of his brother, Lucien Bonaparte, president of the Council of Five Hundred at Saint-Cloud. ... The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia (German: Preußen or Preussen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: Prūsai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia and... Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (April 1, 1815 – July 30, 1898) was one of the most prominent European aristocrats and statesmen of the nineteenth century. ...

External link

• Napoleon III (http://www.insecula.com/contact/A006122.html/)