The Mexican Empire was the name of Mexico on two non-consecutive occasions in the 19th century when it was ruled by an Emperor. (For the Pre-Columbian empires of Mesoamerica in the territory of modern-day Mexico, see Aztec, Toltec, and Teotihuacan.) Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. ... The term Pre-Columbian is used to refer to the cultures of the New World in the era before significant European influence. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The cultural areas of Mesoamerica Mesoamerica is a region that extends roughly from the Tropic of Cancer in central Mexico down through northwestern Costa Rica. ... The Aztecs were a Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people of central Mexico in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. ... The Toltecs (or Toltec or Tolteca) were a Pre-Columbian Native American people who dominated much of central Mexico between the 10th and 12th century AD. Their language, Nahuatl, was also spoken by the Aztecs. ... Teotihuacan was the largest Pre-Columbian known city in the Americas, and the name Teotihuacan is used to refer to the civilization this city dominated, which at its greatest extent included most of Mesoamerica. ...

First Mexican Empire

The First Mexican Empire was short lived, lasting only eight months from 21 July 1822 to 19 March 1823 and having only one emperor, Agustín de Iturbide. July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. ... Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu (September 27, 1783 – July 19, 1824) was Emperor of Mexico from 1822 to 1823. ...

When the Emperor Napoleon of France put his brother, Joseph, on the Spanish throne in 1808, ties between Spain and her American colonies weakened and the movement for Mexican independence grew stronger. Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, King of Italy (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution; the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from 11 November 1799 to 18 May 1804; then Emperor of the French (Empereur... Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, King of Naples, King of Spain (January 7, 1768 – July 28, 1844) was the elder brother of the French Emperor Napoleon I, who made him King of Naples (1806–1808) and King of Spain (1808–1813). ... The thrones for The Queen of Canada, and the Duke of Edinburgh in the Canadian Senate, Ottawa is usually occupied by the Governor General and her spouse at the annual State Opening of Parliament. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Colonialism. ... The Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821) was Mexicos struggle for independence from Spanish colonial rule. ...

Coat of arms of the First Mexican Empire

The Mexican War of Independence began in 1810 and continued until 1821, when rebel troops entered Mexico City and the Treaty of Córdoba was signed, whereby Spain recognized Mexico's independence. Coat of Arms of the First Mexican Empire, File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Coat of Arms of the First Mexican Empire, File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821) was Mexicos struggle for independence from Spanish colonial rule. ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The coronation banquet for George IV 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de México, México D.F. or simply México, pronounced /mexiko/ in IPA) is the capital and largest city of the nation of Mexico. ... The Treaty of Córdoba gave Mexico independence from Spain at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence. ...

In that year, General Agustín de Iturbide, a Mexican-born criollo who originally fought for the pro-Spanish royalists but switched his allegiance to the insurgents in the final phases of the war, was elected head of the provisional junta government and of the regency that held the imperial power that Spain once had. On the night of the 18 May 1822, a mass demonstration led by the Regiment of Celaya, which Iturbide had commanded during the war, marched through the streets and demanded that their commander-in-chief accept the throne. On 19 May 1822, the Sovereign Congress named him the emperor and on 21 May 1822, issued a decree officially confirming this appointment, which was officially a temporary measure until a European monarch could be found to rule Mexico. In the Spanish colonial caste system (castas), a criollo was a person of unmixed Spanish ancestry born in the colonies. ... Regency may have several meanings: A regency may be a period of time when a regent holds power in the name of the current monarch, or in the name of the Crown itself, if the throne is vacant. ... May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (139th in leap years). ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... A man holds up a street puppet designed to resemble George W. Bush at a demonstration against the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on April 16, 2005 in Washington, D.C.. American Civil Rights March on Washington, leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial, August 28... The United States detonated an atomic bomb over Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. ... May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... World map showing Europe Political map Europe is one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ... Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Iturbide's official title was "By Divine Providence and the National Congress, First Constitutional Emperor of Mexico" (Spanish:Por la Divina Providencia y por el Congreso de la Nación, Primer Emperador Constitucional de México). His coronation took place on 21 July 1822, in Mexico City. The coronation of Empress Farah, of Iran in 1967. ... July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

As factions in the Congress began to sharply criticise both Iturbide and his policies, the emperor decided on 31 October to dissolve it. This enraged the commander of the garrison at Veracruz, Antonio López de Santa Anna, who himself would be President in several terms, during the Secession of Texas and the disastrous Mexican-American War. Santa Anna and his troops rose up against Iturbide and declared a republic on the 1 December. October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 61 days remaining. ... Garrison House, built 1675, Dover, NH, USA In the military, garrison is the collective term for the body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but now often simply using it as a home base. ... Veracruz from space, July 1997 The city of Veracruz is a major port city on the Gulf of Mexico in the Mexican state of Veracruz. ... Antonio López de Santa Anna Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón (21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876) was a Mexican soldier and military dictator who influenced early Mexican politics and government, first fighting against independence from Spain, and... Combatants United States Mexico Commanders Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott Stephen W. Kearney Antonio López de Santa Anna Mariano Arista Pedro de Ampudia Strength 7,000 - 43,000 18,000 - 40,000 Casualties KIA: 1,733 Total dead: 13,283 Wounded: 4,152 25,000 killed or wounded (Mexican government... In a broad definition a republic is a state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Fearing for his life as the rebellion grew stronger, the emperor ordered the dissolved Congress to reassemble on the 4 March 1823. He presented his abdication to them at a night-time session on 19 March 1823. He fled to Italy shortly after. March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Look up abdication in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

In April 1824 the Congress, having already declared his administration void, declared Iturbide a traitor. When he returned to Mexico in July 1824 he was arrested on arrival in Tamaulipas and executed. 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Look up Administration in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Void in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Void can refer to: Aether as the source of all elements, the quintessence. ... In law, treason is the crime of disloyalty to ones nation or state. ... Tamaulipas is a state in the northeast of Mexico. ...

Second Mexican Empire

Coat of arms of the Second Mexican Empire

Main article: French intervention in Mexico

The Second Mexican Empire survived longer than the First Empire; however, it still only had one reigning emperor, Maximiliano de Habsburgo, who was installed by Napoleon III of France with the support of the Austrian and Spanish Crowns, in order to create a European-style monarchical system in Mexico. It lasted three years from 1864 to 1867. Coat of Arms of the Second Mexican Empire File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Coat of Arms of the Second Mexican Empire File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Emperor Maximilian Napoleon III of France Juárez, republican leader and President The French intervention in Mexico was an invasion of Mexico by the army of the Second French Empire, and supported in the beginning by the British and Spanish. ... Maximilian I, Emperor of Mexico, (July 6, 1832 - June 19, 1867) was a member of Austrias Imperial Habsburg family. ... Napoléon III, Emperor of the French (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808- 9 January 1873) was President of France from 1849 to 1852, and then Emperor of the French under the name Napoléon III from 1852 to 1870. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

The rule of Emperor Maximiliano de Habsburgo was blemished by constant conflict. On his arrival in 1864 with his wife, Empress Carlota of Belgium, he found himself in the middle of a political struggle between the Liberals, headed by Benito Juárez, and the Conservatives that backed him. The two factions had set up parallel governments; the Conservatives in Mexico City controlling central Mexico and the Liberals in Veracruz. The Conservatives received funding from Europe, especially from Isabella II of Spain and Napoleon III of France; the Liberals found backing from US Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, who had just finished their own Civil War. Maximilian became a pawn in this conflict. Carlota of Mexico (also spelled Carlotta; sometimes rendered as Charlotte) (June 7, 1840 – January 19, 1927) was the wife of regime largely dependent on French troops under the orders of Napoleon III. The only daughter of Leopold I, King of the Belgians (1790–1865) by his second wife, Louise d... Term of office: March 1861 to 1863 (first term) – 1867 to 1871 (second term) Preceded by: Ignacio Comonfort (1861), Maximilian I (Emperor) (1867) Succeeded by: Maximilian I (1863), Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada interim (1873) Date of birth: March 21, 1806 Place of birth: San Pablo Guelatao, Oaxaca Date of... Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de México, México D.F. or simply México, pronounced /mexiko/ in IPA) is the capital and largest city of the nation of Mexico. ... The state of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that compose Mexico (does not include the Mexican Federal District). ... Isabella II (October 10, 1830 – April 10, 1904), Isabel II in Spanish, was queen of Spain. ... Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. ... It has been suggested that Abraham Lincoln in popular culture be merged into this article or section. ... Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the sixteenth Vice President (1865) and the seventeenth President of the United States (1865–1869), succeeding to the presidency upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties Killed in action: 110,000 Total dead: 360,000 Wounded: 275,200 Killed in action: 93,000 Total dead: 258...

Because Emperor Maximilian was a foreigner, he was unpopular and some citizens did not regard him as the legitimate leader of Mexico. He was executed by a Liberal firing squad in 1867, under the orders of Benito Juárez in an attempt to disuade any further foreign attempts to control Mexico. Execution by firing squad is a method of capital punishment, especially in times of war. ... 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Term of office: March 1861 to 1863 (first term) – 1867 to 1871 (second term) Preceded by: Ignacio Comonfort (1861), Maximilian I (Emperor) (1867) Succeeded by: Maximilian I (1863), Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada interim (1873) Date of birth: March 21, 1806 Place of birth: San Pablo Guelatao, Oaxaca Date of...

Pretenders to the Imperial Throne of Mexico

Since the deposition of Maximiliano de Habsburgo in 1867, there has been no Monarchy in Mexico. Maximilian I, Emperor of Mexico, (July 6, 1832 - June 19, 1867) was a member of Austrias Imperial Habsburg family. ...

However, there has been a pretender line of accession to the Throne, through Maximilian's adopted sons, originally grandsons of Agustín de Iturbide. A Pretender is a claimant to an abolished or already occupied throne. ... Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu (September 27, 1783 – July 19, 1824) was Emperor of Mexico from 1822 to 1823. ...

There is a parallel claim, that by Matrilineal Descent the descendants of the naturalized Mexican Princely-Countess Anna-Victoria, the favorite niece of the Emperor and daughter of Archduke Louis of Austria, are the pretender line to the abolished throne. Matrilineality is a system in which one belongs to ones mothers lineage; it may also involve the inheritance of property or titles through the female line. ... His Imperial and Royal Highness Louis (Ludwig) Joseph Anton Johann, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Hungary, Prince of Bohemia and Prince of Tuscany (born 13 December 1784 at Florence, Italy – died 21 December 1864 at Vienna, Austria) was the 15th son of Emperor Leopold II of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor... A Pretender is a claimant to an abolished or already occupied throne. ...

See also

• Mexican War of Independence
• Mexican Imperial Orders
• List of Emperors of Mexico

The Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821) was Mexicos struggle for independence from Spanish colonial rule. ... There were three Imperial Orders of the Mexican Empire created to reward those subjects loyal to the Monarchy during the two periods of the Mexican Empire. ... This is a list of emperors and pretenders to the throne of Mexico. ...

External links

• Imperial House of Mexico