Fundamentally, empirical validation requires rigorous communication of hypothesis (usually expressed in mathematics), experimental constraints and controls (expressed necessarily in terms of standard experimental apparatus), and a common understanding of measurement.
External validity was explored in two dimensions: the range of behaviors and reference modes that the theory is capable of explaining, and the variety of service settings that can accurately be captured by the proposed structure.
Although construct validity and internal validity are prerequisites to external validity, without addressing the issues of external validity it is impossible to make the generalizability claim, and, therefore, it is quite difficult for `generic structures' to become part of mainstream management theory.
Although the validation strategy was developed with the idea of testing a preexisting theory in a real world situation, the same strategy could be used to test dynamic hypotheses in a traditional system dynamics intervention.
Thus some aspects of Einstein's theory of relativity are validated by an experiment on the speed of light (special consensus), which in turn is validated by the displacement of a needle on an instrument (ordinary consensus).
I use "routine social validation" in the definitional statement because I mean to exclude cases of successful validation that are extraordinary, such as the account of Jehovah revealing Himself contemporaneously to both Moses and Aaron, or to both David and Samuel.
The accounts in empirical metaphysics need not, and cannot, concern themselves with people as they might be, or the reasons they are as they are (such as "in the image of" or "by the Grace of" God, the latter being an entity not describable within the account).
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