Employment discrimination refers to employment practices that are prohibited by law such as bias in hiring, promotion, job assignment, termination, compensation, and various types of harassment. This article is about discrimination in the social science sense. ... Harassment refers to a wide spectrum of offensive behavior. ...

Laws prohibit employers from discriminating on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, national origin, physical or mental disability, or age. There is also a growing body of law preventing or occasionally justifying employment discrimination based on sexual orientation. Employment discrimination in the United States is governed by both federal and state law. For other uses, see Race (disambiguation). ... Look up Sex in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Hans Baldung Grien: The Ages And Death, c. ... This article is about discrimination in the social science sense. ... Sexual orientation describes the direction of an individuals sexuality, often in relation to their own sex or gender. ...

Protected categories

There are a number of grounds on which employers are typically not permitted to discriminate.

• Race
• Color
• Sex
• Religion
• National origin
• Disability (physical or mental)
• Age
• Sexual orientation
• Medical condition

Unintentional discrimination

Employment discrimination laws prohibit intentional discrimination, as well as neutral practices that inadvertently produce a disparate impact on individuals of a particular race or sex, unless for Bona Fide Occupational Qualification (BFOQ) reasons. Such practices include the use of standardized tests (which may harm minority applicants) or height (which may harm women) in the hiring process, unless these characteristics are required by the position. However, when defending against a disparate impact claim that alleges age discrimination, an employer does not need to demonstrate necessity; rather, it must simply show that its practice is reasonable. This article is about discrimination in the social science sense. ... For other uses, see Race (disambiguation). ... Look up Sex in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ageism is discrimination against a person or group on the grounds of age. ...

Legal protection from employment discrimination

Constitutional

The United States Constitution and some state constitutions provide additional protection where the employer is a governmental body or the government has taken significant steps to foster the discriminatory practice of the employer. Page I of the Constitution of the United States of America The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. ...

The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Amendments of the United States Constitution limit the power of the federal and state governments to discriminate. The Fifth amendment has an explicit requirement that the federal government not deprive individuals of "life, liberty, or property," without due process of the law. It also contains an implicit guarantee that that the Fourteenth Amendment explicitly prohibits states from violating an individual's rights of due process and equal protection. In the employment context, the right of equal protection limits the power of the state and federal governments to discriminate in their employment practices by treating employees, former employees, or job applicants unequally because of membership in a group (such as a race or sex). Due process protection requires that government employees have a fair procedural process before they are terminated if the termination is related to a "liberty" (such as the right to free speech) or property interest. State constitutions may also afford protection from employment discrimination. Amendment V (the Fifth Amendment) of the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, is related to legal procedure. ... The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the post-Civil War amendments and includes the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Equal Protection Clause is a part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, providing that no state shall make or enforce any law which shall. ... Freedom of speech is the right to freely say what one pleases, as well as the related right to hear what others have stated. ...

Federal law

Discrimination in the private sector is not directly constrained by the Constitution, but has become subject to a growing body of federal and state law. The private sector of a nations economy consists of those entities which are not controlled by the state - i. ...

The Equal Pay Act amended the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1963. The Equal Pay Act prohibits paying wages based on sex by employers and unions. It does not prohibit other discriminatory practices in hiring. It provides that where workers perform equal work in jobs requiring "equal skill, effort, and responsibility and performed under similar working conditions," they should be provided equal pay. The Fair Labor Standards Act applies to employers engaged in some aspect of interstate commerce, or all of an employer's workers if the enterprise is engaged as a whole in a significant amount of interstate commerce. Equal pay for women is an issue involving pay inequality between men and women. ... The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, ch. ... Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution empowers the United States Congress To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes. The Commerce Clause has been the subject of intense constitutional and political disagreement centering on the extent to...

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in many more aspects of the employment relationship. It applies to most employers engaged in interstate commerce with more than 15 employees, labor organizations, and employment agencies. Title VII prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. It makes it illegal for employers to discriminate based upon protected characteristics regarding terms, conditions, and privileges of employment. Employment agencies may not discriminate when hiring or referring applicants, and Labor organizations are also prohibited from basing membership or union classifications on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. A related statute, the Family and Medical Leave Act, regulates discrimination based on pregnancy, childbirth, and some medical conditions. President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ... President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ... For other uses, see Race (disambiguation). ... Look up Sex in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... ... The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (Public Law 103-3, enacted February 5, 1993) was one of the first major new laws enacted by United States President Bill Clinton in his first term, fulfilling a campaign promise. ... Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more embryos or fetuses by female mammals, including humans, inside their bodies. ... Childbirth (also called labo(u)r, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a human pregnancy with the emergence of a newborn infant from its mothers uterus. ...

The Nineteenth Century Civil Rights Acts, amended in 1993, ensure all persons equal rights under the law and outline the damages available to complainants in actions brought under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and the 1973 Rehabilitation Act. 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ... The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is the short title of United States Public Law 101-336, signed into law on July 26, 1990 by George H. W. Bush. ... The 1973 Rehabilitation Act was an American piece of legislation that guaranteed certain rights to people with disabilities. ...

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), enacted in 1968 and amended in 1978 and 1986, prohibits employers from discriminating on the basis of age. The prohibited practices are nearly identical to those outlined in Title 7, except that the ADEA protects workers in firms with 20 or more workers rather than 15 or more. An employee is protected from discrimination based on age if he or she is over 40. Since 1978, the ADEA has phased out and prohibited mandatory retirement, except for high powered decision making positions (that also provide large pensions). The ADEA contains explicit guidelines for benefit, pension and retirement plans. PWNED!!! ...

The Rehabilitation Act's purpose is to "promote and expand employment opportunities in the public and private sectors for handicapped individuals," through the elimination of discrimination and affirmative action programs. Employers covered by the act include agencies of the federal government and employers receiving federal contracts over $2500 or federal financial assistance. The U.S. Department of Labor enforces section 793 of the act which refers to employment under federal contracts. The U.S. Department of Justice enforces section 794 of the act which refers to organizations receiving federal assistance. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces the act against federal employees and individual federal agencies promulgate regulation pertaining to the employment of the disabled. The United States Department of Labor is a Cabinet department of the United States government responsible for occupational safety, wage and hour standards, unemployment insurance benefits, re-employment services, and some economic statistics. ... The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans. ... The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, or EEOC, is a U.S. federal agency tasked with ending employment discrimination in the United States. ...

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was enacted to eliminate discrimination against those with handicaps. It prohibits discrimination based on a physical or mental handicap and requires employers to make reasonable accommodations for disabled workers. The type of discrimination prohibited is broader than that explicitly outlined by Title VII, and the ADA also places an affirmative requirement on employers to accomodate a disabled employee in the performance of his or her job unless the employer can show that "undue hardship" will result. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is the short title of United States Public Law 101-336, signed into law on July 26, 1990 by George H. W. Bush. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

The Black Lung Act prohibits discrimination by mine operators against miners who suffer from "black lung disease" (pneumoconiosis). Pneumoconiosis, also known as miners lung, is a lung condition caused by the inhalation of dust, characterized by formation of nodular fibrotic changes in lungs. ...

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) interprets and enforces the Equal Pay Act, Age Discrimination in Employment Act, Title VII, Americans With Disabilities Act, and sections of the Rehabilitation Act. The Commission was established by Title VII. Its enforcement provisions are contained in section 2000e-5 of Title 42, and its regulations and guidelines are contained in Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations, part 1614. Persons wishing to file suit under Title VII and/or the ADA must also exhaust their administrative remedies by filing an administrative complaint with the EEOC prior to filing their lawsuit in court. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, or EEOC, is a U.S. federal agency tasked with ending employment discrimination in the United States. ... Equal pay for women is an issue involving pay inequality between men and women. ... PWNED!!! ... The United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government. ...

State law

State statutes also provide extensive protection from employment discrimination. Some laws extend similar protection as provided by the federal acts to employers who are not covered by those statutes. Other statutes provide protection to groups not covered by the federal acts. A number of state statutes provide protection for individuals who are performing civil or family duties outside of their normal employment. State Fair Employment Practices (FEP) offices take the role of the EEOC in administering state statutes.