It has been suggested that Ethnonym be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

An exonym is a name for a place that is not used within that place by the local inhabitants, or a name for a people or language that is not used by the people or language to which it refers. The name used by the people or locals themselves is an endonym or autonym. For example, Deutschland is an endonym; Germany is an English exonym for the same place; and Allemagne is a French exonym. Similarly, Spanish is an exonym for the name of the language; speakers of Spanish use either español or castellano. In the Spanish language, inglés is an exonym for either an English person or the English language. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... An ethnonym (Gk. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... An ethnonym (Gk. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Exonyms may derive from distinct roots as in the case of Deutschland, Germany and Allemagne mentioned above, or may be cognate words which have diverged in pronunciation or orthography. For example, London is known as Londres in French, Spanish and Portuguese; Londen in Dutch, Londra in Italian, Turkish and Romanian; Londýn in Czech and Slovak; Londyn in Polish; and Lontoo in Finnish. Some languages use the same spelling as the endonym but change the pronunciation, thus making it an exonym. The English pronunciation of Paris, for example, is different than the French pronunciation (where the s is silent), though it is spelled the same in both languages. This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Look up pronunciation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The orthography of a language is the set of symbols (glyphs and diacritics) used to write a language, as well as the set of rules describing how to write these glyphs, including spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ...

Tendencies in the development of exonyms

Exonyms develop for places of special significance for speakers of the language of the exonym. Consequently, most European capitals have English exonyms, e.g. Athens (Αθήνα/Athína), Belgrade (Београд/Beograd), Bucharest (Bucureşti), Brussels (Bruxelles, Brussel), Copenhagen (København), Moscow (Москва/Moskva), Prague (Praha), Rome (Roma), Tirana (Tiranë), Vienna (Wien) or Warsaw (Warszawa). For places considered to be of lesser significance, attempts to reproduce local names have been made in English since the time of the Crusades. Livorno, to take an instance, was Leghorn because it was an Italian port essential to English merchants and, by the 18th century, to the British navy. Not far away, a minor port on the same sea like Rapallo never received an exonym. Nickname: Το κλεινόν άστυ Location of the city of Athens (red dot) within the Prefecture of Athens and Periphery of Attica Coordinates: Country Greece Peripheries Attica Prefecture Athens Founded circa 2000 BC Government  - Mayor Nikitas Kaklamanis Area [1][2]  - City 38. ... Belgrade (Serbian: Београд or Beograd  ) is the capital and the largest city of Serbia. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2005) 2,064,000[1] Density 8,443 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www1. ... Nickname: The Capital Of Europe, Comic City City of a 100 Museums[] Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Coordinates: Country Belgium Region Brussels-Capital Region Founded 979 Founded (Region) June 18, 1989  - Mayor (Municipality) Freddy Thielemans Area    - City 162 (Region) km²  (62. ... For other uses, see Copenhagen (disambiguation). ... Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 1,081 km² Population  - City (2007)    - Density 10,469,000   9684. ... Nickname: City of a Hundred Spires Motto: Praga Caput Rei publicae Location within the Czech Republic Coordinates: Country Czech Republic Region Capital City of Prague Founded 9th century  - Mayor Pavel Bém Area    - City 496 km²  (191. ... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban... Skanderbeg Square (Photo by Marc Morell) Tirana (Albanian: Tiranë or Tirana) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Albania. ... Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Warsaw (Polish: , , in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: ) is the capital of Poland, its largest city, and a gamma world city. ... The Siege of Antioch, from a medieval miniature painting, during the First Crusade. ... Livorno, sometimes in English Leghorn, (population 170,000) is a port city on the Tyrrhenian Sea on the western edge of Tuscany, Italy. ... This is about a Ligurian commune, see Rapallo for a resort on the Adriatic coast. ...

In earlier times, the name of the first tribe or village encountered became the exonym for the whole people beyond. Thus, the Romans used the tribal name of Graecus (Greek), the Russians used the village name of Chechen, medieval Europeans took the tribal name Tatar as emblematic for the whole Mongolic confederation (and then confused it with Tartarus, a word for Hell, to produce Tartar), and the Magyar invaders were equated to the 500 years earlier Hunnish invaders in the same territory, and were appellated Hungarians. Chechen can mean: Chechen people, an ethnic group Chechen language Related to Chechnya This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Historically, the term Tatar (or Tartar) has been ambiguously used by Europeans to refer to many different peoples of Inner Asia and Northern Asia. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... Tartar may refer to: Look up Tartar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Magyar may refer to: The Magyar language The Magyar people This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Many historians consider the Huns (meaning person in Mongolian language) the first Mongolian and Turkic people mentioned in European history. ...

Most productively, the Germanic invaders of the Roman Empire apparently encountered a Latin-speaking Celtic tribe named the Volcae and this evolved in West Germanic languages as a generic name for all non-Germanic speakers; thence, the names Wallachia, Vlach, Wales, Wallasey, and even the Polish name for Italy, Włochy. Sometimes, nicknames or pejorative appellations became standard exonyms; the Slavic peoples referred to the Germans as "dumb" or "mute" (i.e. incapable of speech), and the Russian word for Germans even today is still that, nemtsy. The Serbian word is homophonous to the Russian but is spelled "Nemci", while the Croatian word has adopted the form of "Nijemci". Motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, c. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... This article is about the European people. ... The Volcae in the 2nd century BC were a large and powerful Celtic nation of Gallia Transalpina, comprised of two branches, the Volcae Arecomici and the Volcae Tectosages. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Vlachs (also called Wlachs, Wallachs, Olahs) are the Romanized population in Central and Eastern Europe, including Romanians, Aromanians, Istro-Romanians and Megleno-Romanians, but since the creation of the Romanian state, this term was mostly used for the Vlachs living south of the Danube river. ... This article is about the country. ... Arms of the former Wallasey County Borough Council, 1913-74 Wallasey is a large town on the mouth of the River Mersey, at the north-eastern corner of the Wirral. ... Slav may refer to: Slavic peoples, people who indigenously reside in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, the Balkans, and many have later settled in Northern Asia Slav (settlement), an Israeli settlement in the Gaza Strip This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Serbian (српски језик; srpski jezik) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs everywhere. ...

White settlers in South Africa thought the Khoi-San natives gabbled nonsense syllables, so they called them Hottentots. Two millennia earlier, the Greeks thought all non-Greek speakers spoke gibberish like bar-bar-bar, so they called them all barbarians, which eventually gave rise to the exonym Berber. This article is about the Khoisan ethnic group. ... The Khoikhoi (men of men) or Khoi are a division of the Khoisan ethnic group of south-western Africa, closely related to the Bushmen (San). ... Look up Barbarian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Berbers (also called Amazigh people or Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group autochtonous to Northwest Africa and speak various Berber languages. ...

In the late 20th century the use of exonyms often became controversial. Groups often prefer that outsiders avoid exonyms where they have come to be used in a pejorative way; for example, Roma people prefer that term over exonyms like Gypsy (from Egypt), or the French term bohème (from Bohemia), or the Spanish term flamenco (from Flanders). People may also seek to avoid exonyms due to historical sensitivities, as in the case of German names for Polish and Czech places which used to be ethnically or politically German (eg. Danzig/Gdansk), much like Russian placenames being used for locations once under its control (eg. Kiev/Kyiv). A word or phrase is pejorative if it implies contempt or disapproval. ... Tzigane redirects here; for the composition by Maurice Ravel, see Tzigane (Ravel). ... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... Flanders (Dutch: ) has several main meanings: the social, cultural and linguistical, scientific and educational, economical and political community of the Flemings; generally called the Flemish community (others refer to this as the Flemish nation) which is, with over 6 million inhabitants, the majority of all Belgians; the constituent governing institution...

In recent years, geographers have sought to reduce the use of exonyms to avoid these kind of problems. For example, it is now common for Spanish speakers to refer to the Turkish capital as Ankara rather than use the Spanish exonym Angora, still in use for a type of cat. Geography (from the Greek words Geo (γη) or Gaea (γαια), both meaning Earth, and graphein (γραφειν) meaning to describe or to writeor to map) is the study of the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the Earth, including human life and the effects of human activity. ... Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after İstanbul. ...

But according to the United Nations Statistics Division: "Time has, however, shown that initial ambitious attempts to rapidly decrease the number of exonyms were over-optimistic and not possible to realise in the intended way. The reason would appear to be that many exonyms have become common words in a language and can be seen as part of the language’s cultural heritage." The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ...

In English, attempts to skirt a familiar exonym in order to accurately reproduce an endonym often appears pretentious, a device used to comic effect in E.F. Benson's novels concerning Miss Mapp and Lucia. Edward Frederick Benson (July 24, 1867 - February 29, 1940) was an English novelist, biographer, memoirist and short story writer, known professionally as E.F. Benson. ...

Other difficulties with endonyms have to do with pronunciation, spelling and word category. The endonym may include sounds which are highly unfamiliar to speakers of other languages, making appropriate usage difficult if not impossible for an outsider. Over the years, phonetic changes may happen to the endonym either in the original language or the borrowing language, thus changing an endonym into an exonym. In many cases no standardized spelling is available either because the language itself is unwritten (even unanalyzed) or because there are competing non-standard spellings. Use of a misspelled endonym is perhaps more problematic than the respectful use of an existing exonym. Finally, an endonym may be simply a plural noun and does not extend itself to adjectival usage in another language like English which has a propensity to use the adjectives for describing culture and language. The attempt to use the endonym thus has a bizarre-sounding result.

The name for a language and a people are often different terms, of course, which is a complication for an outsider.

Sometimes the government of a country tries to endorse the use of an endonym instead of traditional exonyms outside the country:

• In 1985 the government of Côte d'Ivoire requested that the country's French name be used in all languages instead of exonyms such as Ivory Coast, so that Côte d'Ivoire is now the official English name of that country in the United Nations and the International Olympic Committee (see Name of Côte d'Ivoire).
• The Ukrainian government maintains that the capital of Ukraine should be called Kyiv in English because it considers the traditional English exonym Kiev to be derived from the Russian name Kiyev (Киев) (see Kiev or Kyiv?).
• The Belarusian government argues that the endonym Belarus should be used in all languages and has been rather successful in English, where the former exonym Byelorussia, still used with reference to the Soviet Republic, has virtually died out, whereas in other languages exonyms like German Weißrußland, Swedish Vitryssland, Dutch Wit-Rusland, Icelandic Hvíta-Rússland (all literally 'White Russia') or French Biélorussie are still much more common than Belarus (see History of the name Belarus).
• In 1989 the military regime of Burma requested that the English name of the country be Myanmar, with Myanma as the adjective of the country and Bamar as the name of the inhabitants (see Explanation of the names of Burma/Myanmar).

The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... Bold textralf is gay IOC redirects here. ... Motto: Unity, Discipline and Labour(translation) Anthem: LAbidjanaise Capital Yamoussoukro (official)  Abidjan (de facto) Largest city  Abidjan Official languages French Government Republic  - President Laurent Gbagbo  - Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny Independence from France   - Date August 7, 1960  Area  - Total 322,460 km² (68th) 124,502 sq mi   - Water (%) 1. ... Location Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted. ... Location Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted. ... State motto: Belarusian: Пралетарыі ўсіх краін, яднайцеся! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Minsk Official language Belarusian, Polish, Russian and Yiddish (before WWII) Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until January 1, 1919 December 30, 1922 August 25, 1991 Area  - Total  - Water (%) Ranked 6th in the USSR 207,600 km² negligible Population  - Total   - Density... Motto: none Anthem: Мы, беларусы(Belarusian) My, Belarusy(transliteration) We Belarusians Belarus() on the European continent()  —  [] Capital (and largest city)  Minsk Official languages Belarusian, Russian Government Republic  - President Alexander Lukashenko  - Prime Minister Sergey Sidorsky Independence from the Soviet Union   - Declared July 27, 1990   - Established August 25, 1991   - Completed December 25, 1991  Area... The renaming of Burma into Myanmar in the English language, decided by the Burmese military regime in 1989, has led to controversy. ...

Confusion with renaming

Exonyms and endonyms must not be confused with the results of geographical renaming as in the case of Saint Petersburg, which became Petrograd in 1914, Leningrad in 1924, and Saint Petersburg again in 1991. In this case, although St Petersburg has a German etymology, this was never a German exonym for the city between 1914 and 1991, just as Nieuw Amsterdam, the Dutch name of New York City until 1664, is not its Dutch exonym. Geographical renaming is the act of changing the name of a geographical feature or area. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... New Amsterdam (Dutch: Nieuw Amsterdam) was the name of the 17th century town which grew outside of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island in the New Netherland territory (1614–1674) which was situated between 38 and 42 degrees latitude as a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic since 1624. ... Nickname: Big Apple, Gotham, NYC, City That Never Sleeps, The Concrete Jungle, The City So Nice They Named It Twice Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1676 Government  - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area...

The old place names outdated after renaming are afterwards often used as historicisms. Consequently, even today one would talk about the Siege of Leningrad, not the Siege of St. Petersburg, because at that time (1941-1944) the city was called Leningrad. Likewise, one would say that Immanuel Kant was born in Königsberg in 1724, not in Kaliningrad, as it has been called since 1946. Combatants Germany Spanish Blue Division Soviet Union Commanders Wilhem von Leeb Georg von Küchler Kliment Voroshilov Georgiy Zhukov Strength 725,000 930,000 Casualties Unknown 300,000 military, 16,470 civilians from bombings and an estimated 1 million civilians from starvation The Siege of Leningrad (Russian: блокада Ленинграда (transliteration: blokada Leningrada... Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804), was a German philosopher from Königsberg in East Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). ... Government Russia District Subdivision Russia Northwestern Federal District Kaliningrad Oblast Mayor Yuri Savenko (2005) Geographical characteristics Area  - City 215. ...

The name Madras, now Chennai, may be a special case. When the city was first settled by Englishmen, in the early 1600s, both names were in use. Possibly they referred to different villages which were fused into the new settlement. In any case, Madras became the exonym, while more recently, Chennai became the endonym. Madras refers to: the Indian city of Chennai, formerly known as Madras, the former Indian state, now known as Tamil Nadu (Plural of Madra): Ancient people of Iranian affinites, who lived in northwest Panjab in the Uttarapatha division of ancient India. ... “Madras” redirects here. ...

Likewise, Istanbul is still called Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολη) in Greek, despite the name having been changed in Turkish (and other languages) from 1923 to 1930. Istanbul (Turkish: Ä°stanbul, Greek: , historically known in English as Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ...

List of endonyms for peoples

List of English exonyms for German toponyms Motto: En unión y libertad(Spanish) In Union and Freedom Anthem: Himno Nacional Argentino Capital (and largest city)  Buenos Aires Official languages Spanish Government Federal republic  - President Néstor Kirchner  - Vice President Daniel Scioli Independence from Spain   - May Revolution 25 May 1810   - Declared 9 July 1816   - Recognized 1821 (by... The Berbers (also called Amazigh people or Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group autochtonous to Northwest Africa and speak various Berber languages. ... Languages Basque - few monoglots Spanish - 1,525,000 monoglots French - 150,000 monoglots Basque-Spanish - 600,000 speakers Basque-French - 76,000 speakers [4] other native languages Religions Traditionally Roman Catholic The Basques (Basque: Euskaldunak) are an indigenous people[] who inhabit parts of both Spain and France. ... The Catalans are an ethnic group or nation concentrated within Spains autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as other adjacent and nearby Mediterranean areas including Andorra, Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and Catalunya Nord in France. ... Capital Barcelona Official languages Spanish and Catalan In Val dAran, also Aranese. ... For other uses, see Cherokee (disambiguation). ... Cheyenne lodges with buffalo meat drying, 1870 For other uses, see Cheyenne (disambiguation). ... The Cornish people are a British ethnic group originating in Cornwall. ... Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Egyptian Arabic (MarÄ«, مصري) is part of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, descended mainly from a medieval dialect of Arabic. ... Distribution of Inuit language variants across the Arctic. ... For other uses, see Inuit (disambiguation). ... The Yupik or, in the Central Alaskan language, Yupik, are indigenous or aboriginal peoples who live along the coast of western Alaska, especially on the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta and along the Kuskokwim River (Central Alaskan Yupik), in southern Alaska (the Alutiiq) and in the Russian Far East and St. ... The area covered by the Etruscan civilzation. ... Rasenna (or rasna) is the word in the Etruscan language that is used to describe the Northern Italian people commonly known as the Etruscans. ... For other uses, see Franks (disambiguation). ... Volk is a German (and Dutch) word meaning people or folk. It is commonly used as prefix in words such as Volksentscheid (plebiscite) or Völkerbund (League of Nations), or the car manufacturer Volkswagen (literally, peoples car). A number of völkisch movements were set up in Germany after... Note: Hellen was not the same person as Helen of Troy or Helenus, son of King Priam of Troy. ... Note: Hellen was not the same person as Helen of Troy or Helenus, son of King Priam of Troy. ... Tzigane redirects here; for the composition by Maurice Ravel, see Tzigane (Ravel). ... Sinti or Sinte (Singular masc. ... Native Hawaiians (in Hawaiian, kānaka ʻōiwi or kānaka maoli) are the Polynesian peoples of the Hawaiian Islands who trace their ancestry back to Marquesan and possibly Tahitian settlers (starting circa AD 400), before the arrival of British explorer Captain James Cook in 1778. ... Hittite can refer to either: The ancient Anatolian people called the Hittites; or The Hittite language, an ancient Indo-European language they spoke. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee, also known as the League of Peace and Power, Five Nations, or Six Nations) is a group of First Nations/Native Americans. ... The Japanese (日本人, Nihon-jin) are the Yamato, Ainu, Ryukyuans, Uilta and Nivkhs of the Japanese Archipelago. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Sami people (also Sámi, Saami, Lapps and Laplanders) are the indigenous people of Sápmi, which encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. ... Mohawk is: A tribe of American Indians: see Mohawk nation The Mohawk language spoken by the Mohawk people. ... Quechua Quechua (Runa Simi; Kichwa in Ecuador) is a Native American language of South America. ... The Seris are an indigenous group of the Mexican state of Sonora. ... Wahktageli (Gallant Warrior), a Yankton Sioux chief (Karl Bodmer) Funeral scaffold of a Sioux chief (Karl Bodmer) Horse racing of the Sioux Indians (Karl Bodmer) The Sioux (IPA ) are a Native American people. ... Look up Dakota in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Eddie Plenty Holes, a Sioux Indian photographed about 1899. ... Sumeria may refer to: A back-formation from the adjective Sumerian, often used to mean the ancient civilisation more properly known as Sumer Sumeria, a disco artist best known for the 1978 hit Golden Tears 1970 Sumeria, an asteroid discovered in 1954 by Miguel Itzigsohn Donna Sumeria, a song on... Vlachs (also called Wlachs, Wallachs, Olahs) are the Romanized population in Central and Eastern Europe, including Romanians, Aromanians, Istro-Romanians and Megleno-Romanians, but since the creation of the Romanian state, this term was mostly used for the Vlachs living south of the Danube river. ... Aromanians (also called: Arumanians or Macedo-Romanians; in Aromanian they call themselves Arumâni, Armâni, Rămăni, Rumâni or Aromâni) are a people living throughout the southern Balkans, especially in northern Greece, Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria, and as an emigrant community in Romania... Map of Istro-Romanian-speaking villages, made by PuÅŸcariu in 1926. ... The Welsh (Cymry) are an ethnic group or nation associated with Wales and the Welsh language, which is a Celtic language. ... This list is a compilation of German toponyms (i. ...

List of creators of exonyms

Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Montesquieu can refer to: Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu Several communes of France: Montesquieu, in the Hérault département Montesquieu, in the Lot-et-Garonne département Montesquieu, in the Tarn-et-Garonne département This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages... Sumer (or Å umer) was one of the early civilizations of the Ancient Near East, located in the southern part of Mesopotamia (southeastern Iraq) from the time of the earliest records in the mid 4th millennium BC until the rise of Babylonia in the late 3rd millennium BC. The term Sumerian... Akkad (or Agade) was a city and its region of northern Iraq) between Assyria to the northwest and Sumer to the south. ...

List of country endonyms

Statue of Haik in Yerevan Haik (Also spelled Hayk or Haig) is the legendary patriarch and establisher of the first Armenian nation. ... Motto: Armenian: Õ„Õ¥Õ¯ Ô±Õ¦Õ£ , Õ„Õ¥Õ¯ Õ„Õ·Õ¡Õ¯Õ¸Ö‚ÕµÕ© Transliteration: Mek Azg, Mek Mshakowyt One Nation, One Culture Anthem: Mer Hayrenik (Our Fatherland) Capital (and largest city)  Yerevan1 Official languages Armenian Government Unitary republic  - President Robert Kocharian  - Prime Minister Andranik Margaryan Independence from the USSR   - Declared August 23, 1990   - Recognised September 21, 1991   - Finalised December 25, 1991... The Aztecs were a Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people of central Mexico in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries who built an extensive empire in the late Postclassic period of Mesoamerican chronology. ... Dzongkha is the national language of the Kingdom of Bhutan. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... Motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, c. ... The different usages and names of China in world languages are generally consistent with how knowledge of Chinas existence first reached each culture, by two distinct routes: the northern land-route through Central Asia to East Asia The land of the Seres became known in the Europe as the... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Egyptian Arabic (MarÄ«, مصري) is part of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, descended mainly from a medieval dialect of Arabic. ... Motto: (Georgian) Strength is in Unity Anthem: (Freedom) Capital (and largest city)  Tbilisi Official languages Georgian (also Abkhaz within the Abkhazian Autonomous Republic) Government Unitary republic  - President Mikheil Saakashvili  - Prime Minister Zurab Noghaideli Consolidation    - Establishment of first Georgian Kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia c. ... Because of Germanys geographic position in the centre of Europe and its long history as a disunited region of distinct tribes and states, there are many widely-varying names for Germany in different languages, perhaps more than for any other European nation: for example, in German the country is... Capital Cusco 1197-1533 Vilcabamba 1533-1572 Language(s) Quechua, Aymara, Jaqi family, Mochic and scores of smaller languages. ... Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी or हिंदी; IPA: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in northern and central India, is one of the official languages of the Union government of India [1][2]. It is part of a dialect continuum of the Indic family, bounded on the northwest and west by Punjabi, Sindhi, Urdu... India is a historic country with three main names. ... Irish (), or sometimes Irish Gaelic (Gaeilge na hÉireann), is a Goidelic language spoken in Ireland. ... The English word Japan is not the name used for their country by the Japanese themselves, in other words it is an exonym. ... Korea (Korean: 한국 or ì¡°ì„ , see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... Joseon or Chosun (Korean: ì¡°ì„ ; Hanja: 朝鮮; Revised: Joseon; McCune-Reischauer: Chosŏn; Chinese: CháoxiÇŽn; Japanese: Chōsen) is a name for Korea, as used in the following cases: As part of the name of several ancient kingdoms (including Gojoseon, Gija Joseon, and Wiman Joseon); During most of the Joseon... This article examines the varying names of Korean states (modern and historical) as well as the Korean people and geographical region. ... Dhivehi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 300,000 people in the Republic of Maldives where it is the official language of the country and in the island of Minicoy (Maliku) in neighbouring India where it is known as Mahl. ... // Historical setting Maldives is a nation consisting of 26 natural atolls comprising of 1192 islands. ... Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro Oh, the bright dawn of May Montenegro() on the European continent()  —  [] Capital (and largest city)  Podgorica Official languages Serbian (Ijekavian dialect)1 Government Republic  - President Filip Vujanović  - Prime Minister Željko Å turanović Independence from Serbia and Montenegro   - Declared June 3, 2006   - Recognised June 8, 2006  Area... Serbian (српски језик; srpski jezik) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs everywhere. ... The history of Montenegro begins in the early Middle Ages, after the arrival of the Slavs into that part of the former Roman province of Dalmatia that forms present-day Montenegro. ... Maghrib is an Arabic term for of the setting (sun); from the root ghuroob (to set; to be hidden). It is also used in a manner similar to the metaphorical use of to be eclipsed, which is used in the English language. ... The Algerian bay (view from the west). ... Norwegian is a Germanic language spoken in Norway. ... Nynorsk (Neonorwegian) is one of the two officially sanctioned written standards of the Norwegian language. ... Tagalog (pronunciation: ) is one of the major languages of the Republic of the Philippines. ... Motto: (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity(English) Wha daur meddle wi me? (Scots)[1] Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic, Scots[2] Government  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification    - by Kenneth I... Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Generales or National Assembly. ... Galician (Galician: galego, IPA: ) is a language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia, an autonomous community with the constitutional status of historic nationality, located in northwestern Spain and small bordering zones in neighbouring autonomous communities of Asturias and Castilla y León. ... Catalan IPA: (català IPA: or []) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra and one of several co-official languages in the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Valencia (under the name Valencian). ... This page deals with language. ... Basque (native name: Euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France. ... Aranese (Aranés in Gascon/Aranese and in Spanish; Aranès in Catalan; Aranais in French) is a dialect of Gascon (which is part of the Occitan language group of the Romance languages), spoken in Val dAran, in Spain, where it is an official language. ... Sumer (or Å umer) was one of the early civilizations of the Ancient Near East, located in the southern part of Mesopotamia (southeastern Iraq) from the time of the earliest records in the mid 4th millennium BC until the rise of Babylonia in the late 3rd millennium BC. The term Sumerian... Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is any of the various Rhaetian languages spoken in Switzerland. ... Helvetia on a 25 centime Swiss postage stamp, 1881 Helvetia is the Roman name for an ancient region of central Europe occupying a plateau between the Alps and the Jura Mountains. ... Tibet (older spelling Thibet; Tibetan: བོད་; Wylie: Bod; Lhasa dialect IPA: [; Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 西藏, Hanyu Pinyin: XÄ«zàng; also referred to as 藏区 (Simplified Chinese), 藏區 (Traditional Chinese), ZàngqÅ« (Hanyu Pinyin), having the two names different connotations; see Name section below) is a plateau region in Central Asia and the... This article is about the country. ...

List of geographical region exonyms

A view of the Xiamen University campus Xiamen (Simplified Chinese: 厦门; Traditional Chinese: 廈門; Hanyu Pinyin: ) is a coastal sub-provincial city in southeastern Fujian province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... Motto: Andalucía por sí, para España y la humanidad (Andalusia by herself, for Spain, and for humankind) Capital Seville Official language(s) Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 2nd  87,268 km²  17. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century and created a state in North Africa, centered on the city of Carthage. ... Roman province of Hispania Baetica, 120 CE In Hispania, which in Greek is called Iberia, there were three Imperial Roman provinces, Hispania Baetica in the south, Lusitania, corresponding to modern Portugal, in the west, and Hispania Tarraconensis in the north and northeast. ... The Wat Phra Kaew temple complex Bangkok, known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (IPA: ,  ) or Krung Thep ( ) for short, is the capital of and largest city in Thailand, with an official year 2000 census population of 6,355,144, but actually numbering at least twice that. ... For the traditional overall Basque domain, see Basque Country (historical territory). ... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... There are multiple Cantons in China Canton City : Guangzhou Canton Province : Guangdong This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Yale romanizations are four systems created during World War II for use by United States military personnel. ... It has been suggested that Pinyin method be merged into this article or section. ... A former kingdom in modern-day Spain, Castile (Spanish: Castilla; usually pronounced Cast-EEL in English) now compromises the regions of Old Castile in the north-west, and New Castile in the center of the country. ... Anthem: Els Segadors Capital Barcelona Official language(s) Catalan, Spanish and Aranese Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 6th  32,114 km²  6. ... Lusatia (German Lausitz, Upper Sorbian Łužica, Lower Sorbian Łužyca, Polish Łużyce, Czech Lužice) is a historical region between the Bóbr and Kwisa rivers and the Elbe river in the eastern German states of Saxony and Brandenburg, south-western Poland (Lower Silesian Voivodeship) and the northern... Upper Sorbian (hornjoserbsce) is a minority language of Germany spoken in the historical province of Upper Lusatia, today part of Saxony. ... Lower Sorbian (dolnoserbšćina) is a Slavic minority language spoken in eastern Germany in the historical province of Lower Lusatia, today part of Brandenburg. ... Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) in 1993. ... The name Macau (Portuguese pronunciation IPA: //) is thought to be derived from the Templo de A-Má (Temple of A-Ma or Ma Kok Temple) (媽閣廟, Cantonese Jyutping: Maa1 Gok3 Miu6, local pronunciation: Maa5 Gok3 Miu6 or Maa5 Gok3 Miu5), a still-existing landmark built in 1448 dedicated to the goddess... Flag of Moravia Moravia (Czech and Slovak: Morava; German: ; Hungarian: ; Polish: ) is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic. ... Capital Pamplona (Basque: Iruña) Official language(s) Spanish; Basque co-official in the north of community. ... Silesia (Czech: ; German: ; Latin: ; Polish: ; Silesian: Åšlónsk) is a historical region in central Europe. ... This article is about the West Slavic language / Polish dialect. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ...

See also

Look up exonym in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Look up endonym in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• German exonyms
• German names for Central European towns
• List of English exonyms for German toponyms
• -onym
• List of adjectival forms of place names
• Names of European cities in different languages
• List of European exonyms
• Names of Asian cities in different languages
• List of cities in the Americas with alternative names
• List of countries and capitals in native languages
• List of alternative country names
• List of country names in various languages
• List of Latin place names in Europe
• List of European regions with alternative names
• List of European rivers with alternative names
• List of traditional Greek place names
• Place names in Irish

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... It has been suggested that French Wiktionary be merged into this article or section. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... It has been suggested that French Wiktionary be merged into this article or section. ... Below is list of German language exonyms for places in non-German-speaking areas of Europe : // Links to more extensive lists Belgium List of German exonyms for places in Belgium Czech Republic List of German exonyms for places in the Czech Republic Crostia List of German exonyms for places in... This article deals with the German language names of towns and cities in Central Europe. ... This list is a compilation of German toponyms (i. ... Words in English with the suffix -onym (from the Greek onoma which means name) refer to words with a particular property. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Below is a list with links to further Wikipedia-pages containing lists of Exonyms of various European languages for villages, towns and cities in Europe. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... The following chart lists the countries of the world (as defined here), along with their capital cities, in English as well as in the countrys native language (when different). ... Most countries of the world have alternative names. ... Most countries of the world have different names in different languages. ... This list includes continental European countries and regions that were part of the Roman Empire, or that were given Latin place names in historical references. ... Most regions and provinces of Europe have alternative names in different languages. ... Many rivers in Europe have alternative names in different languages. ... This is a list of traditional Greek place names. ... Many place names in Ireland in the English language are either anglicisations of those in the Irish language, or completely different, such as the name for the capital of the Republic of Ireland, which in English is Dublin, but in Irish is Baile Átha Cliath. ...

External links

• UN document discussing exonyms (PDF)
• [1] 2006 UN document discussing exonyms (PDF)]
• Jacek Wesołowski's Place Names in Europe, featuring endonyms and exonyms for many cities
• "Does Juliet's Rose, by Any Other Name, Smell as Sweet?" by Verónica Albin.
• Looking up in exonym database