For other uses, see Endorphin (disambiguation).

Endorphins are endogenous opioid biochemical compounds. They are peptides produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus in vertebrates, and they resemble the opiates in their abilities to produce analgesia and a sense of well-being. In other words, they work as "natural pain killers".

The term "endorphin" is used generally to refer to all of the endogenous opioid compounds and implies a pharmacological activity (analogous to the activity of the corticosteroid category of biochemicals) as opposed to a specific chemical formulation.

History

These opioid neuropeptides were first discovered by 1975 John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz in the brain of a pig. They called their endorphins "enkephalins" (from the Greek egkephalos, "in the head"). Several other types of endorphins were discovered later. The word endorphin itself is abbreviated from "endogenous morphine", which means a morphine produced naturally in the body.

Molecular biology

The best-known endorphins are α-, β- and γ-endorphin, of which β-endorphin appears to be most implicated in pain relief.

The amino acid residue sequence (primary structure) of β-endorphin is: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-GluOH (Fries, 2002).

Mechanism of action

How endorphins work is not fully understood. What is sure is that endorphins bind to the opioid receptors in the brain. They disinhibit the dopamine pathways, causing more dopamine to be released into the synapses.

Activity

Endorphins regulate feelings of pain and hunger and are connected to the production of sex hormones.

Oddly enough, they are also generated in response to certain spices such as chilli peppers. Chili peppers have thus been used as a treatment for certain types of chronic pain.

According to some reports, laughter also releases endorphins in the brain. So besides widening the blood vessels, suppressing the production of stress hormones and raising antibody levels in the blood, laughing would thus also have an analgesic effect.

Another widely publicised situation of endorphin production is the so-called "runner's high", which is said to occur when strenuous exercise takes a person over a threshold that activates endorphin production. However, some research questions the mechanisms at work believing the high comes from completing a challenge rather than just through the exertion.

One theory of why some people find BDSM activities pleasurable is that these activities stimulate endorphins in a controlled way.

Ultraviolet light may also stimulate the release of endorphins.

Reference

• Goldberg, Jeff (1988). Anatomy of a Scientific Discovery. Bantam Books, 1988. ISBN 0553346318; ISBN 0553176161 (British edition); ISBN 0553052616 (hardcover).
• Fries, DS (2002). Opioid Analgesics. In Williams DA, Lemke TL. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (5 ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-30737-1.