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Brazil is the 10th largest energy consumer in the world and the largest in South America. At the same time it's important oil and gas producer in the region and the world second ethanol producer. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
The responsible governmental agencies for energy policy are the Ministry of Mines and Energy (Ministério de Minas e Energia), the National Council for Energy Policy (CNPE), the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis - ANP), and the National Agency of Electricity (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica - ANEEL).[1][2][3]
Reforms of the energy sector
At the end of 1990s and beginning of 2000s Brazil's energy sector underwent market liberalization. In 1997, the Petroleum Investment Law was adopted establishing legal and regulatory framework, and liberalizing the oil production. The key objectives of the law were creation of the CNPE and the ANP, increased use of natural gas, increased competition in the energy market, and investments in power generation. As of result, the state monopoly of oil and gas exploration was ended, and energy subsidies were reduced. However, the government retained monopoly control of key energy complex and administrated prices prices of certain energy products.[4]
Current government policies concentrate mainly to the improvement of energy efficiency both in residential and industrial sectors, as also to increase of renewable energy. The further restructuring of energy sector will be one of the key issues for ensuring sufficient energy investments to meet the rising need of for fuel and electricity.[4]
Primary energy sources
Oil Brazil is the world's 15th largest oil producer. Up to 1997, the oil monopoly belonged to Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobras). As of today, more than 50 oil companies are engaged in the oil exploration.[1] The only global oil produceris Petrobras, with output of more than 2 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, as well as a major distributor of oil products. The company also owns oil refineries and oil tankers.[5] Petrobras, short for Petróleo Brasileiro S.A., is a government-owned Brazilian oil company headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. ...
In 2006, Brazil had 11.2 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, second-largest in South America after Venezuela. The vast majority of proven reserves are located at Campos and Santos offshore basins on the southeast coast of Brazil.[5] Campos Basin is a petroleum system located offshore of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ...
Transpetro, a wholly owned subsidiary of Petrobras, operates crude oil transport network. The system consists of 4,000 miles of crude oil pipelines, coastal import terminals, and inland storage facilities.[5]
Natural gas At the end of 2005, the proven reserves of Brazil's natural gas accounted 306 bcm, while possible reserves expected to be 15 times higher. Until recently natural gas was produced as by-product of oil industry. Main used reserves are located at Campos and Santos Basins. Other natural gas basins include Foz do Amazonas, Ceara e Potiguar, Pernambuco e Paraíba, Sergipe/Alagoos, Espírito Santo and Amazonas (onshore).[2] Petrobras controls over 90 percent of Brazil’s natural gas reserves.[5] Flag of EspÃrito Santo See other Brazilian States Capital Vitória Largest City Vila Velha Area 46,184 km² Population - Total - Density 3 097 232 58. ...
Brazil's inland gas pipeline systems are operated by Petrobras subsidiary Transpetro. In 2005, construction began on the Gas Unificacao (Gasun pipeline) which will link Mato Grosso do Sul in southwest Brazil, to Maranhao in the northeast. China’s Sinopec is a contractor for the Gasene pipeline, which will link the northeast and southeast networks. Petrobras is constructing also the Urucu-Manaus pipeline, which will link Urucu gas reserves to power plants in the state of Amazonas.[5] 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Flag of Mato Grosso do Sul See other Brazilian States Capital Campo Grande Largest City Campo Grande Area 358,158. ...
Maranhão is one of the states of Brazil in the north-eastern region. ...
Sinopec, the China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation (Chinese: ä¸å›½çŸ³åŒ–, HKEX: 386; NYSE: SNP; LSE: SNP), is one of the major petroleum companies in China. ...
The Urucu-Manaus pipeline will be 670 kilometers long natural gas pipeline in Brazil. ...
Flag of Amazonas See other Brazilian States Capital Manaus Largest City Manaus Area 1 570 947 km² Population - Total - Density 3,332,330 inh. ...
In 2005, the gas production accounted 18.7 bcm, which is less than natural gas consumption in Brazil.[1] Main gas import comes from Bolivia's Rio Grande bassin through Bolivia-Brazil gas pipeline (Gasbol pipeline), from Argentina through the Transportadora de Gas de Mercosur pipeline (Paraná-Uruguayana pipeline), and from LNG import. Brazil has held talks with Venezuela and Argentina to build a new pipeline system Gran Gasoducto del Sur linking the three countries, however the plan has not moved beyond the planning stages.[5] Paraná is the capital city of the Argentine province of Entre RÃos, located on the eastern shore of the Paraná River, opposite the city of Santa Fe, capital of the neighbouring Santa Fe Province. ...
Coal Brazil has coal reserves about 30 billion tonnes, but the deposits vary by the quality and quantity. In 2004 Brazil produced 5.4 million tonnes of coal, while coal consumption reached 21.9 million tonnes.[1]
Oil shale -
Brazil has the world's second largest known oil shale (the Irati shale and lacustrine deposits) resources and has second largest shale oil production after Estonia. Oil shale resources lay in São Mateus do Sul, Paraná, and in Vale do Paraíba. Brazil has developed the world’s largest surface oil shale pyrolysis retort Petrosix, operated by Petrobras. Production in 1999 was about 200,000 tonnes.[6][7] Petrosix is currently the world’s largest surface oil shale pyrolysis reactor with 11-m diameter vertical shaft kiln, operational since 1992. ...
Flag of Paraná See other Brazilian States Capital Curitiba Largest City Curitiba Area 199,544 km² Population - Total - Density 9,150,000 48 inh. ...
3. ...
Petrosix is currently the world’s largest surface oil shale pyrolysis reactor with 11-m diameter vertical shaft kiln, operational since 1992. ...
Electricity Power sector reforms were launched in the mid of 1990s and new regulatroy framework applyed in 2004. In 2004 Brazil had 86.5 GW of installed generating capacity and it produced 387 Twh of electricity.[1] As of today 66% of distribution and 28% of power generation is owned by the private companies.[1] In 2004, 59 companies operated in power generation and 64 in electricity distribution.[3]
The major power company is Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras (Eletrobrás), which together with its subsidiaries generates and transmits approximately 60% of Brazil's electric supply. The largest private-owned power company is Tractebel Energia.[5] An independent system operator (Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico - ONS), responsible for the technical coordination of electricity dispatching and for the management of transmission services, and a wholesale market was created in 1998.[3] Eletrobrás is a major Brazilian power utility. ...
Tractebel Energia S.A. is a major Brazilian utility company. ...
Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ...
During the electricity crisis in 2001 the government launched a program to build 55 gas-fired power stations with total capacity of 22 GW, but only 19 power stations were built with total capacity of 4,012 MW.[4]
Hydropower Brazil is the third largest hydroelectricity producer in the world after China and Canada. In 2004 hydropower accounted 83% of Brazil power production.[1] Download high resolution version (1024x768, 451 KB)Itaipu power plant. ...
Download high resolution version (1024x768, 451 KB)Itaipu power plant. ...
Brazil co-owns Itaipu hydroelectric power plant on the Paraná River located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay, which is the world largest operational hydroelectric power plant with the installed generation capacity of 14 GW by 20 generating units of 700 MW each.[8] The first new hydroelectric power station after more than twenty years will be the Belo Monte Dam.[1] Itaipu Dam close-up Itaipu (Guarani: Itaipu, Portuguese: Itaipu, Spanish: Itaipú; pronounced ) is a hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay. ...
The sun rising over the Paraná River, from the north-east of Rosario, Argentina. ...
Hydroelectric dam diagram The waters of Llyn Stwlan, the upper reservoir of the Ffestiniog Pumped-Storage Scheme in north Wales, can just be glimpsed on the right. ...
A power station (also power plant) is a facility for the generation of electric power. ...
The watt (symbol: W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one joule per second. ...
The watt (symbol: W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one joule per second. ...
The Belo Monte Dam is a proposed hydroelectric dam on the Xingu River in the state of Pará, Brazil. ...
Due the Brazil's reliance in hydroelectric power, the drought weather conditions in 2000-2001 resulted with recurring blackouts, and in June 2001 the government was forced to ration electricity usage, which was ended in late 2001. However, the country still remains vulnerabe to power outages.[4]
Nuclear energy Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of the Brazil's electricity.[9] The nuclear power generation monoply is owned by Eletronuclear (Eletrobrás Termonuclear S/A), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eletrobrás. Nuclear energy produced by two reactors at Angra, which is Brazil's sole nuclear power plant. It is located at the Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto (CNAAA) on the Praia de Itaorna in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It consists of two Pressurized water reactors, Angra I, with capacity of 657 MW, connected to the power grid in 1982, and Angra II, with capacity of 1,350 MW, connected in 2000. A third reactor, Angra III, with a projected output of 1,350 MW, is planned to be finished by 2010, but work has been paralyzed due to environmental concerns and lack of funds. By 2025 Brazil plans to build seven more reactors.[10] Eletrobrás is a major Brazilian power utility. ...
List of nuclear reactors is a comprehensive annotated list of all the nuclear reactors of the world, sorted by country. ...
Angra Nuclear Power Plant is Brazils sole nuclear power plant. ...
The port of Angra dos Reis from the bay. ...
Flag of Rio de Janeiro See other Brazilian States Capital Rio de Janeiro Largest City Rio de Janeiro Area 43,696. ...
Pressurized water reactors (PWRs) (also VVER if of Russian design) are generation II nuclear power reactors that use ordinary water under high pressure as coolant and neutron moderator. ...
Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ...
2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Brazil has the 6th uranium reserves in the world.[11]
Biofuels -
Due its ethanol fuelproduction Brazil has described sometimes even as a bio-energy superpower. [12] Ethanol fuel is produced from sugar cane. Brazil has the largest sugar cane crop in the world, and is the largest exporter of ethanol in the world. With the 1973 oil crisis the Brazilian government initiated in 1975 the Pró-Álcool program. The Pró-Álcool or Programa Nacional do Álcool (National Alcohol Program) was a nation-wide program financed by the government to phase out all automobile fuels derived from fossil fuels in favour of ethanol. The program successfully reduced by 10 million the number of cars running on gasoline in Brazil, thereby reducing the country's dependence on oil imports. Gasoline on the left, alcohol on the right at a filling station in Brazil In Brazil, ethanol fuel is produced from sugar cane which is a more efficient source of fermentable carbohydrates than corn as well as much easier to grow and process. ...
For other forms of alternative energy, see energy development. ...
Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ...
The 1973 oil crisis began in earnest on October 17, 1973, when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab members of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria) announced, as a result of the ongoing Yom Kippur War, that they would no longer ship petroleum...
Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon-containing natural resources such as coal, petroleum and natural gas. ...
Also the production and consumption of biodiesel expected to reach to 2% of diesel fuel in 2008 and 5% in 2013.[1] Joseph pursell made love to 3 little pigs then bottomed and small chinese kid named gavin Bold text This article is about transesterified plant and animal oils. ...
2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
References - ^ a b c d e f g h i OECD/IEA. World Energy Outlook 2006. ISBN 92-64-10989-7
- ^ a b Project Closing Report. Natural Gas Centre of Excellence Project. Narrative (PDF) (March 20, 2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-12.
- ^ a b c OECD Economic Survey of Brazil 2005: Regulation of the electricity sector. Retrieved on May 12, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Critical issues in Brazil's energy sector (PDF). Baker Institute (June 2004). Retrieved on 2007-05-19.
- ^ a b c d e f g Country Analysis Brief. Brazil, US Energy Information Agency, August 2006
- ^ Review on oil shale data, by Jean Laherrere, September 2005
- ^ Oil Shales in the world and Turkey; reservs, current situation and future prospects: a review, by N. E. Altun, C. Hiçyilmaz, J.-Y. Hwang, A. Suat Bağci, M. V. Kök. Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal, 2006, Vol. 23, No. 3 pp.211-227. ISSN 0208-189X
- ^ Power: World's biggest hydroelectric facility. USGS. Retrieved on May 18, 2006.
- ^ Nuclear Power in Brazil. Briefing Paper # 95. Uranium Information Centre (May 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-19.
- ^ Brazil plans to build seven nuclear reactors. Mecropress (23 October 2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-19.
- ^ Ronaldo C. Fabrício (March 20, 2005). Outlook of Nuclear Power in Brazil (PDF). Eletronuclear. Retrieved on 2007-05-12.
- ^ Brazil - A Bio-Energy Superpower, by Mario Osava, Tierramérica
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