NationMaster - Encyclopedia: English Interregnum

The English Interregnum was the period of parliamentary and military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the English Civil War. It began with the regicide of Charles I in 1649 and ended with the restoration of Charles II in 1660. An interregnum is a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, emperors of Holy Roman Empire, polish kings (elective monarchy) or between consuls of the Roman Republic. ... A parliamentarian is a specialist in parliamentary procedure. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq... Motto: (Welsh for Wales for ever) Anthem: Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Capital Cardiff Largest city Cardiff Official language(s) English, Welsh Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP - First Minister Rhodri Morgan AM Unification - by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn 1056 Area - Total 20,779 kmÂ² (3rd... The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. ... The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a king, or the person responsible for it. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 â€“ 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... King Charles II, the first monarch to rule after the English Restoration. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 â€“ 6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ... // Events January 1 - Colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. ...

Motto: PAX, QUÃ†RITUR, BELLO (English: Peace is obtained by war)1 Capital London Head of State none Parliament Rump Parliament (1649-53), Barebones Parliament (1653) The Commonwealth was the republican government which ruled first England and then the whole of Ireland, the colonies and other Crown possessions during the... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Events February 2 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated. ... The Protectorate in English history refers specifically to the English government of 1653 to 1659 under the direct control of Oliver Cromwell, who assumed the title of Lord Protector of the newly declared Commonwealth of England (later the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland) after the English Civil War. ... Oliver Cromwell (April 25, 1599 â€“ September 3, 1658) was an English military and political leader, considered by some critics to be a dictator, best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England. ... Events February 2 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated. ... Events January 13 - Edward Sexby, who had plotted against Oliver Cromwell, dies in Tower of London February 6 - Swedish troops of Charles X Gustav of Sweden cross The Great Belt (StorebÃ¦lt) in Denmark over frozen sea May 1 - Publication of Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial and The Garden of Cyrus by... Richard Cromwell (October 4, 1626- July 12, 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for little over eight months, from September 3, 1658 until May 25, 1659. ... Events January 13 - Edward Sexby, who had plotted against Oliver Cromwell, dies in Tower of London February 6 - Swedish troops of Charles X Gustav of Sweden cross The Great Belt (StorebÃ¦lt) in Denmark over frozen sea May 1 - Publication of Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial and The Garden of Cyrus by... // Events May 25 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth. ... Motto: PAX, QUÃ†RITUR, BELLO (English: Peace is obtained by war)1 Capital London Head of State none Parliament Rump Parliament (1649-53), Barebones Parliament (1653) The Commonwealth was the republican government which ruled first England and then the whole of Ireland, the colonies and other Crown possessions during the... // Events May 25 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth. ... // Events January 1 - Colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. ...

Life during the Interregnum

Oliver Cromwell was a fifth monarchist and during the Interregnum, he imposed a very strict form of Christianity upon the country. Although a main cause of the English Civil War was oppression under Charles I, England during the Interregnum became oppressive in its own fashion. Cromwell granted religious freedom otherwise previously unknown in England, but other forms of expression were suddenly limited (for instance, theater, which had thrived under the Stuart kings and Elizabeth I, was banned). Cromwell also made certain that his own personal vision of Christianity was enforced upon the masses, with feasts on days of fast disallowed and work on Sundays subject to fine. Many of Cromwell's actions upon gaining power were decried by some commentators as "harsh, unwise, and tyrannical". Oliver Cromwell (April 25, 1599 â€“ September 3, 1658) was an English military and political leader, considered by some critics to be a dictator, best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 â€“ 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... Freedom of religion is the individuals right or freedom to hold whatever religious beliefs he or she wishes, or none at all. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq... The Coat of Arms of King James I, the first British monarch of the House of Stuart The House of Stuart or Stewart was a royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later of the Kingdom of England, and finally of the Kingdom of Great Britain. ... Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 â€“ 24 March 1603) was Queen of England, Queen of France (in name only), and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. ...

His son and successor, Richard Cromwell gave up his position as Lord Protector with little hesitation, resigning or "abdicating" after a demand by the Rump Parliament. This was the beginning of a short period of restoration of the Commonwealth of England. Richard Cromwell (October 4, 1626- July 12, 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for little over eight months, from September 3, 1658 until May 25, 1659. ... The Rump Parliament was the remnant of the Long Parliament, following Prides Purge on 6 December 1648. ... Motto: PAX, QUÃ†RITUR, BELLO (English: Peace is obtained by war)1 Capital London Head of State none Parliament Rump Parliament (1649-53), Barebones Parliament (1653) The Commonwealth was the republican government which ruled first England and then the whole of Ireland, the colonies and other Crown possessions during the...

Jews in England

See also: Resettlement of the Jews in England Resettlement of the Jews in England (This page is part of the History of the Jews in England) // Cromwell wants the Jews back The commercial policy which led to the Navigation Act in Oct. ...

Rabbi Menasseh ben Israel met Oliver Cromwell concerning the admission of Jews into England in 1655 [1]. Cromwell didn't agree to all the rights that ben Israel requested, but the opening of Jewish synagogues and burial grounds was tolerated under Cromwell's Protectorate. The practice of the Jewish faith in England was still not done openly, since Cromwell's move had been controversial and many in England were still hostile toward the Jews. Life for the Jews in England improved in that they could no longer be prosecuted if caught worshipping, but discrimination continued. Rabbi (Classical Hebrew ×¨Ö´×‘Ö´Ö¼×™ ribbÄ«;; modern Ashkenazi and Israeli ×¨Ö·×‘Ö´Ö¼×™ rabbÄ«) in Judaism, means teacher, or more literally great one. The word Rabbi is derived from the Hebrew root-word RaV, which in biblical Hebrew means great or distinguished, (in knowledge). In the ancient Judean schools (and among Sefaradim today) the sages... Menasseh Ben Israel (1604-1657), Jewish rabbi, scholar, writer, diplomat, printer and publisher, founder of the first Hebrew printing press in Amsterdam in 1626. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... A synagogue (from Greek synagoge place of assembly literally meeting, assembly,) is a Jewish house of prayer and study. ... Graves at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York A cemetery is a place (usually an enclosed area of land) in which dead bodies are buried. ... Criminal law (also known as penal law) is the body of law that regulates governmental sanctions (such as imprisonment and/or fines) as retaliation for crimes against the social order. ... The word discrimination comes from the Latin discriminare, which means to distinguish between. To discriminate socially is to make a distinction between people on the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit. ...

Ireland

See main article Cromwellian conquest of Ireland Oliver Cromwell landed in Ireland with his New Model Army on behalf of the English Parliament in 1649. ...

Life for both Irish and English Catholics in Ireland became increasingly difficult under Cromwell's rule, and Cromwell remains a despised figure in Ireland to this day.

Cromwell's sweeping campaign in Ireland began in August 1649. He left in May 1650, but the campaign ground on until 1653. Its effects devastated Ireland's Catholic population, roughly one third of whom were killed or exiled by the war. Famine and plague were the biggest killers, produced in large part from the scorched earth tactics used by Parliamentary forces. Some Irish prisoners of war were sold as indentured labours in the West Indies. The Catholic landowning class was dispossessed en masse. Thousands of New Model Army soldiers and the Parliament's creditors were settled on confiscated Irish lands. Those Catholic landowners deemed innocent of rebellion against the Parliament but who had not shown "constant good affection" still had their land confiscated and were forced to re-locate to Connacht, where the soil was poorer. See also Plantations of Ireland and Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652. An Indentured servant is an unfree labourer under contract to work (for a specified amount of time) for another person, often without any pay, but in exchange for accommodation, food, other essentials and/or free passage to a new country. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... The New Model Army became the best known of the various Parliamentarian armies in the English Civil War. ... Connaught redirects here. ... Plantations in 16th and 17th century Ireland involved the seizure of land owned by the native Irish and granting of it to colonists (planters) from Britain. ... The Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1662 was passed by the Long Parliament, who had taken power in England after the English Civil War, after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, itself in response to the Irish Rebellion of 1641. ...

The practice of Catholicism was banned and many of the soldier/settlers set up "dissenting" religious communities, such as Quakers or Baptists under the protection of the Parliamentary forces. The Scottish Presbyterian community was also disadvantaged by the Interregnum regime as most of them had taken the Solemn League and Covenant and had fought with the Scots against the Parliament in the Third English Civil War (1649-50). Charles Fleetwood the parliamentary commander in Ireland from 1652-1655 was viewed as being hostile to Catholics, Presbyterians and the pre-war English Protestant settlers at the expense of the radical new settlers. Henry Cromwell, who replaced Fleetwood in 1655 was seen as a more conservative influence, conciliating the "Old Protestant" landed class and letting the harshest legislation against Catholics (for instance that banning them living in towns) to lapse. Towards the end of the Interregnum, Parliamentarian generals, Charles Coote and Richard Boyle (who were also pre-war English settlers) seized the strong points in Ireland in preparation for the Restoration of the monarchy. The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, or Friends, is a religious community founded in England in the 17th century. ... Baptist churches are part of a Christian movement often regarded as an Evangelical, Protestant denomination. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... The Solemn League and Covenant was an agreement between the Scottish Covenanters and the leaders of the English Parliamentarians. ... The Third English Civil War (1649â€“1651) was the third of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652 and include the First English Civil War... Charles Fleetwood (died 4 October 1692), English Parliamentary soldier and politician, third son of Sir Miles Fleetwood of Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, and of Anne, daughter of Nicholas Luke of Woodend, Bedfordshire, was admitted into Grays Inn on 30 November 1638. ... Henry Cromwell (1628-1674) was the fourth son of Oliver Cromwell. ... Richard Boyle may be: Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork Richard Boyle, 4th Earl of Cork Richard Boyle, 5th Earl of Cork This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Historical Analysis

The Puritan movement had evolved in rebellion to a real or perceived catholicization of the Church of England. With the Church of England quickly disestablished by the Commonwealth Government, the question about which type of church to establish became a hotly debated subject. In the end, it was impossible to make all the different political factions happy. During the Interregnum, Oliver Cromwell lost much of the support he'd earned prior to ruling the country. Edward Sexby, previously a supporter of Cromwell's, felt disenfranchised by Cromwell's failure to abolish the Aristocracy. In 1657, Col. Silius Titus called for Cromwell's assassination in a co-authored pamphlet "Killing No Murder" under the psuedonym of William Allen. Sexby was captured when he returned to England and attempted to carry out the assassination in Colonel Titus' book. Cromwell coerced Sexby into confessing authorship of the pamphlet and them imprissoned him in the Tower where Sexby was driven to insanity and died less than a year later. The Puritans were originally members of a group of English Protestants seeking purity â€” further reforms from the established church â€” during the Protestant Reformation, though many later sought separation from the church. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... In English history, the Established Church is the Church of England, the church which is established by the Government, supported by it, and of which the monarch is the titular head; until 1920 it also held the same position in Wales. ... Edward Sexby (1616 - January 13, 1658) was an English Puritan soldier and Leveller in the army of Oliver Cromwell. ... -1... Photo of the French edition of Killing No Murder Killing No Murder is a pamphlet published in 1657 during The Protectorate period of the English Interregnum era of English history. ...

High taxes resulted from the large standing army kept due to the constant threats of Scottish and/or Irish rebellion, adding to the resentment of Cromwell. An army composed of full time professional soldiers form a standing army. ...

Contents

Jews in England

Ireland

Historical Analysis

See also