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Ultras at FC Twente - SC Heerenveen in 2002

Hooliganism is unruly and destructive behaviour, usually by gangs of young people. It is now frequently linked in the public mind with the game and support of football (soccer) clubs. The term has however been widely used since (at least) the 1980s to describe various street gangs of youths behaving indecently. Hooligans have also attached themselves to other sports, such as rugby and even cricket. Image File history File links Spalding FootLoose(tm) Soccer Ball. ... Hooliganism at FC Twente - SC Heerenveen in 2002. ... Hooliganism at FC Twente - SC Heerenveen in 2002. ... AS Roma Ultras on the Curva Sud, Stadio Olympico, Rome The Ultras movement, or simply Ultras, is the name given to organized supporters groups for sports teams, mostly European supporters of football (soccer) teams. ... FC Twente is a football club from Enschede, Overijssel, thus located in the Eastern part of The Netherlands. ... S.C. Heerenveen is a Dutch football club currently playing in the Eredivisie, the Dutch Premier Division. ... 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Football is a ball game played between two teams of eleven players, each attempting to win by scoring more goals than their opponent. ... // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 60s and 70s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... A gang is a group of individuals who share a common identity and, in current usage, engage in illegal activities. ... Rugby football, as a catch-all term, may refer to two related but separate team sports: rugby league and rugby union. ... Cricket is a team sport played between two groups of eleven players each. ...

Origin of name

The origin of the name is uncertain, but it is known that it appeared in an 1898 London police report. One theory has the name coming from an Irish hoodlum from London named Patrick Hooligan; another has it coming from a street gang in Islington named "Hooley", a third lists "Hooley" as an Irish word which means a wild, spirited party. 1898 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... St. ... Islington Town Hall. ...

History

Violence in sports is probably as old as civilization. In the 6th century, rivalry between supporters of the Blue and Green chariot-racing teams in Constantinople, led to 30,000 deaths in the week of the Nika riots in 532. Violence in sports involves intentional aggressive violence. ... (5th century — 6th century — 7th century — other centuries) Events The first academy of the east the Academy of Gundeshapur founded in Persia by the Persian Shah Khosrau I. Irish colonists and invaders, the Scots, began migrating to Caledonia (later known as Scotland) Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland founded by St. ... Chariot racing was one of the most popular ancient Greek and Roman sports. ... Map of Constantinople. ... The Nika riots (Greek:Στάση του Νίκα), or Nika revolt, took place over the course of a week in Constantinople in 532. ... Events January 11 - Nika riots in Constantinople; the cathedral is destroyed. ...

The game of football (soccer in the United States) has been associated with violence since its beginnings in 13th century England. Medieval football matches involved hundreds of players, and were essentially pitched battles between the young men of rival villages. Only two periods in British history have been relatively free of football-related violence: the inter-war years and the decade following the Second World War. (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Ethnicity...

The behaviour now known as "football hooliganism" began in England in the early 1950s. In other European countries, similar patterns of behaviour emerged about fifteen or twenty years later, in the early 1970s. Italian fans created a particularly fanatical brand of football support known as Ultras, who are now a major force in the Italian game and are prevalent in a few other European countries. // Events and trends The 1950s in Western society was marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years and return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the height of the baby-boom from returning... This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1970s. ... AS Roma Ultras on the Curva Sud, Stadio Olympico, Rome The Ultras movement, or simply Ultras, is the name given to organized supporters groups for sports teams, mostly European supporters of football (soccer) teams. ...

Hooliganism in Scotland

Scotland does not have a very strong hooligan element, and any trouble tends to be domestic, rather than exported as with followers of the England team. In fact, the national team's traveling supporters, the Tartan Army, are world-renowned for their friendliness. First International Scotland 0 - 0 England (Partick, Scotland; 30 November 1872) Largest win Ireland 0 - 13 England (Belfast, Northern Ireland; 18 February 1882) Worst defeat Hungary 7 - 1 England (Budapest, Hungary; 23 May 1954) World Cup Appearances 11 (First in 1950) Best result Winners, 1966 European Championship Appearances 7 (First... First International Scotland 0 - 0 England (Partick, Scotland; 30 November 1872) Largest win Scotland 9 - 0 Wales (Glasgow, Scotland; 23 March 1878) Worst defeat Uruguay 7 - 0 Scotland (Basel, Switzerland; 19 June 1954) World Cup Appearances 8 (First in 1954) Best result Round 1, all European Championship Appearances 2 (First... The Tartan Army are travelling supporters of the Scottish national football team. ...

Hooliganism in Scandinavia

Hooliganism in Scandinavia became a growing problem in the 1980s, but pitch invasions and violence on, or in direct connection to the football grounds lessened in the later years of the 1990s, instead, organized football firms took on the role as the troublemakers in Scandinavian football, moving the problem relatively far away from the grounds and the regular supporters. // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 60s and 70s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... // Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but otherwise retaining the same mindset. ... A football firm is an organized gang of people – mostly (but not exclusively) supporting a football club – that engage in fights with firms supporting other clubs. ...

Hooliganism is said to have made the entrance in Sweden when supporters of IFK Göteborg invaded the pitch, destroyed the goals and fought the police in the end of the football match in 1970 that destined the club to be relegated from the highest league. In the end of the 1970s, inspired by the English football culture, many unruly supporter groups were created, including AIK's Black Army and Hammarby IF's Bajen Fans. The word huliganism was established in the Swedish language as a description of violence in connection with sport events, mainly football, in the early 1980s. This article is about the football section, for other sections of IFK Göteborg, see IFK Göteborg (disambiguation). ... 1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. ... This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1970s. ... AIK is a Swedish sports club based in Solna, north of Stockholm. ... Black Army can refer to several different groups and affiliations: Black Guards Matthias Corvinus Black Army Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine a term used for several anarchist fractions of the Russian Civil War the supporter club of the Swedish sports association Allmänna idrottsklubben (AIK) This is a disambiguation page... This article is about the football section. ... Swedish (   svenska?) is a North Germanic language (also called Scandinavian languages) spoken predominantly in Sweden, in part of Finland, and on the autonomous Ã…land islands, by more than nine million people. ... // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 60s and 70s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ...

Hooliganism in Denmark is almost exclusively a domestic affair; the traveling supporters of the national team, known as Roligans, are as renowned as the Scottish supporters (the Tartan Army) for their peaceful nature. However, there are a few hooligan groups, of which some occasionally engage in violence abroad, mainly in the Swedish part of the Oresund Region. First International Denmark 2 - 1 England (Copenhagen, Denmark; 5 May 1910) Largest win Denmark 17 - 1 France (London, England; 19 October 1908) Worst defeat Germany 8 - 0 Denmark (Breslau, Germany; 16 May 1937) World Cup Appearances 3 (First in 1986) Best result Quarterfinals, 1998 European Championship Appearances 7 (First in... The Tartan Army are travelling supporters of the Scottish national football team. ... The Oresund Region (Øresundsregionen in Danish or Öresundsregionen in Swedish) is a transnational region in southern Scandinavia located by the shores of the Oresund strait. ...

Hooliganism in the Soviet Union and Russia

In the Soviet Union "hooliganism" (хулиганиство, khuliganstvo) was made a criminal offence under the penal codes of the Soviet republics. In the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR), article 216 of the penal code defined "hooliganism" as "any deliberate behaviour which violates public order and expresses explicit disrespect towards the society." This article was used to cover a wide range of behaviours such as vagrancy, stalking, foul language, etc. This law was often used by Soviet authorities against political dissidents involved to public protest. State motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Workers of the world, unite!) Official language None (Russian in practice) Capital Moscow Chairman of the Supreme Council Boris Yeltsin Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 1st in former Soviet Union 17,075,200 km² 0,5% Population  - Total (1989)  - Density Ranked 1st in the former... A vagrant is a person, almost always poor, without a home or regular work. ... Stalking is repeated harassing or otherwise intruding upon a persons privacy in a manner that causes fear, commonly exemplified by acts such as following or observing a person persistently and surreptitiously. ... Profanity is a word choice or usage which many consider to be offensive. ...

Hooliganism is still covered under the criminal and administrative codes of the Russian Federation and applicable to persons at least 16 years (the age of full responsibility, by Soviet and Russian laws). Hooliganism is graded into "Grave hooliganism" (злостное хулиганство, zlostnoye khuliganstvo), (simply) hooliganism, and "Petty hooliganism" (мелкое хулиганиство, melkoye khuliganstvo).

"Petty hooliganism" is "subject to administrative proceedings" ("привлекаться к административной ответственности" (roughly equivalent to application of the civil law) and classified as "административный проступок" (administrativny prostupok), which is roughly equivalent to infraction). It is applied to deal with minor street disorders, fighting, and disorderly behaviour generally, mainly by urban youth. The two remaining grades are criminal offenses. "Grave hoologanism" is hooliganism committed "with extraordinary cynicism, with resistance to law enforcement, with usage of arms or attempt thereof, or committed by a recidivist." Civil law has at least three meanings. ... An infraction (minor offense, minor violation, petty offense) is a petty crime, considered to be less serious than a misdemeanor. ... Common stereotype of a criminal A crime in a broad sense is an act that violates a political or moral law. ... Recidivism is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been treated or trained to extinguish that behavior. ...

See also

• Football firm
• Ultras
• Skinhead
• Hughligans
• List of riots

A football firm is an organized gang of people – mostly (but not exclusively) supporting a football club – that engage in fights with firms supporting other clubs. ... AS Roma Ultras on the Curva Sud, Stadio Olympico, Rome The Ultras movement, or simply Ultras, is the name given to organized supporters groups for sports teams, mostly European supporters of football (soccer) teams. ... Skinheads, named after their shaven heads, are members of a subculture that originated in Britain in the 1960s, where they were closely tied to the Rude boy of the West Indies and the Mods of the UK. English Skinhead on cutdown circa 1991 // Categories There are a number of different... The Hughligans were a faction of the British Conservative Party in the early 20th century. ... This is a chronological list of historical riots: // 18th century and earlier 121 BC - Roman Election Riot of 121 BC 113 BC - Roman Election Riot of 113 BC 532 - Nika riots, (Constantinople) 1182 - Venetians and other Latins are massacred during a riot in Constantinople 1229 - University of Paris strike of...

Media

Books

• Among the Thugs
• Red Army General: Leading Britains Biggest Hooligan Gang
• Scally: Confessions Of A Category C Football Hooligan
• The Football Factory
• Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score (Explorations in Anthropology S.)
• The Family Game: The Untold Story of Hooliganism in Rugby League
• Fighting Fans: Football Hooliganism as a World Phenomenon
• Hooliganism: Crime, Culture and Power in St.Petersburg, 1900-14
• Football Hooliganism: The Wider Context
• Barmy Army: The Changing Face of Football Violence
• The Roots of Football Hooliganism
• Understanding Soccer Hooliganism
• Bloody Casuals: Diary of a Football Hooligan
• Naughty: The Story of a Football Hooligan Gang
• The Frontline
• City Psychos: From the Monte Carlo Mob to the Silver Cod Squad
• Rolling with the 6.57 Crew: The True Story of Pompey's Legendary Football Fans
• Hooligan Wars: Causes and Effects of Football Violence
• Terrace Legends
• Congratulations, You have just met the I.C.F.

Documentaries and films Promotional poster for The Football Factory The Football Factory is a 2004 British film, directed by Nick Love, and is based on the popular novel of the same name by John King. ...

• Green Street Hooligans, 2005 starring Elijah Wood and Charlie Hunnam
• The Football Factory
• Trouble On The Terraces
• Hooligan
• Ultra, a 1991 Italian language film that follws a group of AS Roma fans
• Proč?

Other Promotional poster for The Football Factory The Football Factory is a 2004 British film, directed by Nick Love, and is based on the popular novel of the same name by John King. ...

• Hooligans: Storm Over Europe (PC Video Game)
• Scottish Soccer Hooligan Weekly (SNL Sketch)

SNL could mean: Saturday Night Live Scots National League This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

External links

www.greenstreethooligans.com

• What is Football Hooliganism? (Source: The football Industry group)