Mercantilism The term economics was coined around 1870 and popularized by Alfred Marshall, as a substitute for the earlier term political economy which has been used through the 18th-19th centuries, with Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx as its main thinkers and which today is frequently referred to as... A painting of a French seaport from 1638, at the height of mercantilism. ...

 Gerard de Malynes •  Edward Misselden •  Thomas Mun •  Jean Bodin •  Jean Baptiste Colbert •  Josiah Child •  William Petty •  John Locke •  Charles Davenant •  Dudley North •  Ferdinando Galiani •  James Denham-Steuart Gerard Joling (1586-1641) was a dependent merchant in foreign trade, an English commissioner in homo, a government advisor on trade matters, assay master of the mint, and commissioner of mint affairs. ... Edward Misselden (1608-54) was a leading member of the writers in the Mercantilist group of economic thought. ... Thomas Mun (1571 - 1641) was an English writer on economics who has been called the last of the early mercantilists. ... Jean Bodin (1530-1596) was a French jurist, member of the Parliament of Paris and professor of Law in Toulouse. ... Jean-Baptiste Colbert Jean-Baptiste Colbert (August 29, 1619 - September 6, 1683) served as the French minister of finance, for 22 years, under King Louis XIV. He is notable for his work at improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy; although... Sir Josiah Child (1630 - June 22, 1699), English merchant, economist and governor of the East India Company, was born in London, the second son of Richard Child, a London merchant of old family. ... William Petty Sir William Petty (May 27, 1623-December 16, 1687) was a scientist and philosopher. ... John Locke (August 29, 1632 – October 28, 1704) was an influential English philosopher. ... Charles Davenant (1656-1714), English economist, eldest son of Sir William Davenant, the poet, was born in London. ... Sir Dudley North (May 10, 1641 - December 31, 1691), English economist, was 4th son of Dudley, 4th Lord North, who published, besides other things, Passages relating to the Long Parliament, of which he had himself been a member. ... Ferdinando Galiani (December 2, 1728 - October 30, 1787) was an Italian economist. ...

Physiocrats The Physiocrats were a group of economists who believed that the wealth of nations was derived solely from agriculture. ...

 Anne Robert Jacques Turgot •  François Quesnay •  John Law •  Pierre le Pesant de Boisguilbert •  Richard Cantillon Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune, often referred to as Turgot (May 10, 1727 ? March 18, 1781), was a French statesman and economist. ... François Quesnay. ... Jean Law John Law (bap. ... Richard Cantillon (1680-1734) was an important figure in the Physiocrat school of economics, and was influential for the development of the classical economists. ...

Classical Political Economy Classical economics is widely regarded as the first modern school of economic thought. ...

 Francis Hutcheson •  Bernard de Mandeville •  David Hume •  Adam Smith •  Jean-Baptiste Say •  Thomas Malthus •  James Mill •  Francis Place •  David Ricardo •  Henry Thornton •  John Ramsay McCulloch •  James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale •  Jeremy Bentham •  Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi •  John Stuart Mill •  Henry Charles Carey •  Nassau William Senior •  Edward Gibbon Wakefield •  John Rae •  Frédéric Bastiat •  Thomas Tooke •  Robert Torrens Francis Hutcheson (August 8, 1694–August 8, 1746) was an Irish philosopher and one of the founding fathers of the Scottish Enlightenment. ... Bernard de Mandeville (1670 – 1733), was a philosopher, political economist and satirist. ... David Hume (April 26, 1711 – August 25, 1776)[1] was a Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian. ... Adam Smith, FRSE, (baptized and probably born June 5, 1723 O.S. (June 16 N.S.) – July 17, 1790) was a Scottish political economist and moral philosopher. ... Jean-Baptiste Say (January 5, 1767 – November 15, 1832) was a French economist and businessman. ... Rev. ... James Mill James Mill (April 6, 1773 - June 23, 1836), Scottish historian, economist and philosopher, was born at Northwater Bridge, in the parish of Logie-Pert, Angus, Scotland, the son of James Mill, a shoemaker. ... Francis Place (3rd November, 1771 - 1st January, 1854) was an early supporter of contraceptives, and a radical of the early nineteenth century who befriended and supported many important figures, including Joseph Hume, Sir Francis Burdett, and Jeremy Bentham. ... David Ricardo (April 18, 1772 – September 11, 1823), a political economist, is often credited with systematising economics, and was one of the most influential of the classical economists, along with Thomas Malthus, and Adam Smith. ... Henry Thornton (1760 - 1815), economist, banker, philanthropist and MP for Southwark was one of the founders of the Clapham Sect and campaigner for the abolition of the slave trade. ... John Ramsey McCulloch (1 March 1789 - 11 November 1864) was widely regarded as the leader of the Ricardian school of economists after the death of David Ricardo in 1823. ... James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale (1759-1839), was a British politician and writer. ... Jeremy Bentham (IPA: or ) (February 15, 1748 O.S. (February 26, 1749 N.S.) – June 6, 1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. ... now. ... John Stuart Mill (May 20, 1806 – May 8, 1873), an English philosopher and political economist, was an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century. ... Henry Charles Carey (December 15, 1793 - October 13, 1879), American economist, was born in Philadelphia. ... Nassau William Senior (September 26, 1790 - June 4, 1864), English economist, was born at Compton, Berkshire, the eldest son of the Rev. ... Edward Gibbon Wakefield Edward Gibbon Wakefield (20 March 1796 – May 16, 1862) was the driving force behind much of the early colonization of South Australia, and later New Zealand. ... Frédéric Bastiat Claude Frédéric Bastiat (June 30, 1801–December 24, 1850) was a French classical liberal theorist, political economist, and member of the French assembly. ... Thomas Tooke (February 29, 1774 - February 26, 1858) English economist known for writing on money and his work on economic statistics. ... Colonel Robert Torrens (1780 – 1864) was a British army officer and owner of the influential Globe newspaper. ...

German Historical School The Historical school of economics was a mainly German school of economic thought which held that a study of history was the key source of knowledge about human actions and economic matters, since economics would be culture-specific and not generalizable over space and time. ...

 Friedrich List •  Wilhelm Roscher •  Gustav von Schmoller •  Werner Sombart •  Max Weber •  Joseph Schumpeter Friedrich List (August 6, 1789 - November 30, 1846) was a leading 19th Century German economist who believed in the National System. // He was born at Reutlingen, Württemberg. ... Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher (October 21, 1817 - June 4, 1894), German economist, was born at Hanover. ... Gustav von Schmoller (June 24, 1838 - June 27, 1917) was the leader of the younger German historical school of economics and probably the most distiguished Continental (European) economist of the time around 1900. ... Werner Sombart Werner Sombart (January 19, 1863-May 18, 1941) was a German economist and sociologist, the head of the Youngest Historical School and one of the leading Continental European social scientists during the first quarter of the 20th century. ... Maximilian Weber (IPA: ) (April 21, 1864 – June 14, 1920) was a German political economist and sociologist who is considered one of the founders of the modern study of sociology and public administration. ... Joseph Schumpeter Joseph Alois Schumpeter (February 8, 1883 – January 8, 1950) was an economist from Austria and an influential political scientist. ...

English Historical School

 Edmund Burke •  Richard Jones •  Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie •  Walter Bagehot •  Thorold Rogers •  William J. Ashley Edmund Burke (January 12, 1729 – July 9, 1797) was an Anglo-Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher, who served for many years in the British House of Commons as a member of the Whig party. ... Richard Jones (1790 - 26 January 1855) was an English economist. ... Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie (1827 - January 27, 1882), English economist, was born in the county of Wexford in (as is believed) the year 1827. ... Walter Bagehot (3 February 1826 – 24 March 1877), IPA (see [[1]]), was a nineteenth century British economist. ... James Edwin Thorold Rogers (1823-1890), English economist, was born at West Meon, Hampshire. ... Sir William Ashley, by Bassano 11 May 1923 Sir William James Ashley (1860-1927), was an influential economic historian, operating in the latter part of the 19th century and the early 20th century. ...

Socialism Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ...

 Marquis de Condorcet •  William Godwin •  Robert Owen •  Charles Fourier •  Johann Karl Rodbertus •  Frederick Maurice •  Pierre-Joseph Proudhon •  Louis Blanc •  Henri de Saint-Simon •  Henry George •  Thomas Hodgskin •  Felicite de Lamennais •  Auguste Blanqui •  Ferdinand Lassalle •  William Morris •  Charles Kingsley •  Fabian Society •  Mikhail Bakunin •  Karl Marx Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet (September 17, 1743 - March 28, 1794) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist who devised the concept of a Condorcet method. ... William Godwin William Godwin (3 March 1756 – 7 April 1836) was an English political and miscellaneous writer, considered one of the important precursors of both utilitarian and liberal anarchist thought. ... Robert Owen (May 14, 1771 – November 17, 1858) was a Welsh socialist and social reformer. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Karl Rodbertus-Jagetzow (1805-1875), was a German economist and socialist. ... John Frederick Denison Maurice (August 29, 1805 - April 1, 1872) was an English theologian. ... Pierre Joseph Proudhon. ... Louis Jean Joseph Charles Blanc (October 29, 1811 - December 6, 1882), was a French politician and historian. ... Henri de Saint-Simon Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon, often referred to as Henri de Saint-Simon (October 17, 1760 – May 19, 1825), the founder of French socialism, was born in Paris. ... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Thomas Hodgskin (b. ... Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais (June 19, 1782 - February 27, 1854), was a French priest, and philosophical and political writer. ... Louis Auguste Blanqui Louis Auguste Blanqui (February 8, 1805 - January 1, 1881) was a French political activist. ... Ferdinand Lassalle Ferdinand Lassalle (born April 11, 1825 in WrocÅ‚aw, died August 31, 1864), was a German socialist politician. ... William Morris, socialist and innovator in the Arts and Crafts movement William Morris, publisher Davids Charge to Solomon (1882), a stained-glass window by Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris in Trinity Church, Boston, Massachusetts. ... Charles Kingsley A statue of Charles Kingsley at Bideford, Devon (UK) Charles Kingsley (June 12, 1819 – January 23, 1875) was an English novelist, particularly associated with the West Country. ... The Fabian Society is a British socialist intellectual movement, whose purpose is to advance the socialist cause by reformist, rather than revolutionary, means. ... Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Russian — Михаил Александрович Бакунин, Michel Bakunin — on the grave in Bern), (May 18 (30 N.S.), 1814–June 19 (July 1 N.S.), 1876) was a well-known Russian revolutionary, and often considered one of the “fathers of modern anarchism. // In the spring of 1814, Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin was born... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818, Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883, London) was a German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ...

American Institutionalism Institutional economics focuses on understanding the role of human-made institutions in shaping economic behavior. ...

 Thorstein Veblen •  John Rogers Commons •  Wesley Clair Mitchell •  Clarence Edwin Ayres •  John Kenneth Galbraith Norwegian-American economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen Thorstein Bunde Veblen (July 30, 1857 – August 3, 1929) was a Norwegian-American economist and sociologist. ... John Rogers Commons (1862–1945) was a well-known institutional economist at the University of Wisconsin. ... Wesley Clair Mitchell (August 5, 1874 – October 29, 1948) was an American economist known for his empirical work on business cycles and for guiding the National Bureau of Economic Research in its first decades. ... Clarence Edwin Ayres was the principal thinker in the Texas school of Institutional Economics, during the middle of the 20th century. ... John Kenneth Galbraith John Kenneth Galbraith (October 15, 1908–April 29, 2006) was an influential Canadian-American economist. ...

Neoclassical economics Neoclassical economics refers to a general approach (a metatheory) to economics based on supply and demand which depends on individuals (or any economic agent) operating rationally, each seeking to maximize their individual utility or profit by making choices based on available information. ...

 William Stanley Jevons •  Francis Ysidro Edgeworth •  Alfred Marshall •  John Bates Clark •  Irving Fisher [William Stanley Jevons] William Stanley Jevons (September 1, 1835 - August 13, 1882), English economist and logician, was born in Liverpool. ... Edgeworth // Brief biography Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (February 8, 1845 - February 13, 1926) was an Irish polymath who studied at Trinity College, Dublin before obtaining a scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford where he subsequently became a professor. ... Alfred Marshall Alfred Marshall (July 26, 1842–July 13, 1924), born in Bermondsey, London, England, became one of the most influential economists of his time. ... John Bates Clark John Bates Clark (26 January 1847 – 21 March 1938) was an American neo-classical economist. ... Irving Fisher (February 27, 1867 Saugerties, New York — April 29, 1947, New York) was an American economist, health campaigner, and eugenicist. ...

Lausanne School --Duk 06:58, 18 August 2005 (UTC) Categories: Possible copyright violations ...

 Léon Walras •  Vilfredo Pareto Marie-Ésprit-Léon Walras (December 16, 1834 in Évreux, France - January 5, 1910 in Clarens, near Montreux, Switzerland) was a French economist, considered by Joseph Schumpeter as the greatest of all economists. He was a mathematical economist associated with the creation of the general equilibrium theory. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

Austrian School The Austrian School, also known as “the Vienna School” and as “the Psychological School”, is a school of economic thought that advocates the adherence to strict methodological individualism. ...

 Carl Menger •  Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk •  Friedrich von Wieser •  Ludwig von Mises •  Friedrich Hayek •  Murray Rothbard Austrian School economist Carl Menger Carl Menger Carl Menger (February 28, 1840 – February 26, 1921) was the founder of the Austrian School of economics. ... Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk (February 12, 1851 – August 27, 1914) made important contributions to the development of Austrian economics. ... Friedrich von Wieser Friedrich von Wieser (July 10, 1851 - July 22, 1926) was an early member of the Austrian School of economics. ... Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (September 29, 1881 – October 10, 1973) was a notable economist and a major influence on the modern libertarian movement. ... Friedrich August von Hayek, CH (May 8, 1899 in Vienna – March 23, 1992 in Freiburg) was an Austrian-born British economist and political philosopher known for his defense of liberal democracy and free-market capitalism against socialist and collectivist thought in the mid-20th century. ... Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was a highly influential American economist, historian and natural law theorist belonging to the Austrian School of Economics who helped define modern libertarianism and anarcho-capitalism. ...

Stockholm School The Stockholm School, or Stockholmsskolan, is a school of economic thought. ...

 Knut Wicksell •  Gunnar Myrdal •  Bertil Ohlin Knut Wicksell, Swedish economist Johan Gustaf Knut Wicksell, (December 20, 1851-May 3, 1926) was a Swedish economist. ... Gunnar Myrdal (December 6, 1898 – May 17, 1987) was a Swedish economist and politician. ... Bertil Ohlin (April 23, 1899 – August 3, 1979), was a Swedish economist and winner of the 1977 Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. ...

Keynesian economics Keynesian economics (pronounced ), also called Keynesianism, or Keynesian Theory, is an economic theory based on the ideas of 20th century British economist John Maynard Keynes. ...

 John Maynard Keynes •  Joan Robinson John Maynard Keynes (right) and Harry Dexter White at the Bretton Woods Conference John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, CB (pronounced canes, IPA ) (5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946) was a British economist whose ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well... Joan Violet Robinson (1903 in Surrey - 1983) was a Keynesian economist who was well known for her knowledge of monetary economics and wide-ranging contributions to economic theory. ...