Variations on an Original Theme for orchestra, Op. 36 ("Enigma"), commonly referred to as the "Enigma" Variations, is a set of a theme and its fourteen variations written for orchestra by Edward Elgar in 1898–99. It is Elgar's best-known large-scale composition, for both the music itself and the enigmas behind it. Elgar dedicated the piece to "my friends pictured within", each variation being an affectionate portrayal of one of his circle of close acquaintances. In music, variation is a formal technique where material is altered during repetition; reiteration with changes. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet, OM, GCVO (2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was an English Romantic composer. ... Year 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

History

One account of the piece's genesis is that after a tiring day of teaching in 1898, Elgar was daydreaming at the piano. A melody he played caught the attention of his wife, who liked it and asked him to repeat it for her. So, to entertain his wife, he began to improvise variations on this melody, each one either a musical portrait of one of their friends, or in the musical style they might have used. Elgar eventually expanded and orchestrated these improvisations into the "Enigma" variations. A short grand piano, with the top up. ... Look up melody in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In music, variation is a formal technique where material is altered during repetition; reiteration with changes. ... Orchestration is the study or practice of writing music for orchestra (or, more loosely, for any musical ensemble) or of adapting for orchestra music composed for another medium. ...

The piece was premiered at the St. James Hall in London on 19 June 1899, conducted by Hans Richter. Critics were at first irritated by the layer of mystification, but most praised the substance, structure, and orchestration of the work. It has been popular ever since. This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... A conductor conducting a band at a ceremony A conductors score and batons Conducting is the act of directing a musical performance by way of visible gestures. ... Hans Richter (1843–1916), Austrian conductor (born in what is now Hungary), studied at the Vienna Conservatory (showing a special interest in the horn) and developed his conducting career at several opera-houses in the Austro-Hungarian empire. ...

Music

Orchestration

The work is scored for 2 flutes (one doubling piccolo), 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in B flat, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in F, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, side drum, triangle, bass drum, cymbal, organ (ad lib) and strings (violin, viola, violoncello and double bass). The flute is a musical instrument of the woodwind family. ... The piccolo is a small flute. ... The oboe is a double reed musical instrument of the woodwind family. ... Two soprano clarinets: a Bâ™­ clarinet (left, with capped mouthpiece) and an A clarinet (right, with no mouthpiece). ... The bassoon is a woodwind instrument in the double reed family that typically plays music written in the bass and tenor registers and occasionally even higher. ... This is a contrabassoon. ... The horn (popularly known also as the French horn) is a brass instrument decended from the natural horn that consists of tubing wrapped into a coiled form. ... The trumpet is the highest brass instrument in register, above the French horn, trombone, baritone, euphonium, and tuba. ... The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. ... The tuba is the largest and lowest pitched of brass instruments. ... This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... The snare drum or side drum is a tubular drum made of wood or metal with skins, or heads, stretched over the top and bottom openings. ... An old-fashioned triangle, with wand (beater) Angelika Kauffmann: LAllegra, 1779 The triangle is an idiophone type of musical instrument in the percussion family. ... A bass drum is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. ... For the Japanese rock band, see Cymbals (band). ... Organ in Katharinenkirche, Frankfurt am Main, Germany The organ is a keyboard instrument played using one or more manuals and a pedalboard. ... See AdLib for the computer sound card manufacturer. ... The violin is a bowed string instrument with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. ... The viola (French, alto; German Bratsche) is a bowed string instrument. ... Alternate meaning: Cello web browser A cropped image to show the relative size of a cello to a human (Uncropped Version) The cello (also violoncello or cello) is a stringed instrument and part of the violin family. ... Side and front views of a modern double bass with a French bow. ...

Structure

The work consists of the theme, followed by 14 variations. The variations spring from the theme's melodic, harmonic and (especially) rhythmic elements, and the 14th extended variation forms a grand finale. Look up Melody in Wiktionary, the free dictionary In music, a melody is a series of linear events or a succession, not a simultaneity as in a chord. ... Harmony is the use and study of pitch simultaneity, and therefore chords, actual or implied, in music. ... Rhythm (Greek = flow, or in Modern Greek, style) is the variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or other events. ...

Elgar dedicated the piece to "my friends pictured within" and in the score each variation is prefaced with either a nickname or initials, a clue to the identity of the friend depicted. The sections of the piece are as follows. Sheet music is written representation of music. ...

Theme (Andante)

The theme consists of two contrasting melodic fragments, with the first one being the main theme:

The main theme is played by the first violins at the beginning. It is played for a second time, with a slightly different accompaniment, after the second melody has been introduced by the woodwinds. Both fragments are going to be further developed in the following variations.

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2043x305, 63 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...

Variation 1 (L'istesso tempo) "C.A.E."

Caroline Alice Elgar, Edward's wife. The variation contains repetitions of a four-note melodic fragment which Elgar reportedly whistled whenever arriving home to his wife; with a little imagination, something like "Dar-ling, I'm home"...

Variation 2 (Allegro) "H.D.S-P."

Hew David Steuart-Powell, a pianist friend with whom Elgar and Basil Nevinson (of Variation 12) often played chamber music.

A pianist is a person who plays the piano. ... Chamber music is a form of classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber. ...

Variation 3 (Allegretto) "R.B.T."

Richard Baxter Townsend, an amateur actor and mimic, capable of extreme changes in the pitch of his voice, a characteristic which the music imitates.

Actors in period costume sharing a joke whilst waiting between takes during location filming. ...

Variation 4 (Allegro di molto) "W.M.B."

William Meath Baker, squire of Hasfield, Gloucestershire and builder of Fenton, Stoke-on-Trent, who 'expressed himself somewhat energetically'.

Gloucestershire (pronounced ; GLOSS-ter-sher) is a county in South West England. ... Fenton is one of the Six Towns of the Stoke-on-Trent conurbation which were federated in 1910. ... This page is about Stoke-on-Trent in England. ...

Variation 5 (Moderato) "R.P.A."

Richard Penrose Arnold, the son of the poet Matthew Arnold, and himself an amateur pianist.

The poor poet A poet is a person who writes poetry. ... Matthew Arnold Caricature from Punch, 1881: Admit that Homer sometimes nods, That poets do write trash, Our Bard has written Balder Dead, And also Balder-dash Family tree Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic, who worked as an inspector of schools. ...

Variation 6 (Andantino) "Ysobel"

Isabel Fitton, a viola pupil of Elgar. The melody of this variation is played by the viola.

The viola (French, alto; German Bratsche) is a bowed string instrument. ...

Variation 7 (Presto) "Troyte"

Arthur Troyte Griffiths, an architect, who attempted to play the piano, but was apparently not very good. The variation mimics his enthusiastic incompetence.

An architect at his drawing board, 1893 An architect is a person who is involved in the planning, designing and oversight of a buildings construction. ...

Variation 8 (Allegretto) "W.N."

Winifred Norbury, a friend Elgar regarded as particularly easygoing, hence the relatively relaxed atmosphere. At the end of this variation, a single violin note is held over into the next variation, the most celebrated of the set.

Variation 9 (Adagio) "Nimrod"

Augustus J. Jaeger, Elgar's best friend. It is said that this variation, as well as an attempt to capture what Elgar saw as Jaeger's noble character, depicts a night-time walk the two of them had, during which they discussed the slow movements of Ludwig van Beethoven. The first eight bars resemble, and have been said to represent, the beginning of the second movement of Beethoven's Eighth Piano Sonata (Pathetique). The name of the variation punningly refers to an Old Testament patriarch described as a mighty hunter, the name Jaeger being German for hunter.

This variation has become popular in its own right and is sometimes used at funerals, memorial services, and other solemn occasions. It is always played at the Cenotaph in London on Remembrance Sunday (the Sunday nearest to 11th November).

In the Bible and in legend, Nimrod (Standard Hebrew נִמְרוֹד Nimrod, Tiberian Hebrew נִמְרֹד Nimrōḏ), son of Cush, grandson of Ham, great-grandson of Noah, was a Mesopotamian monarch and a mighty hunter before Yahweh. He is mentioned in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10), in the First Book of Chronicles, and... A portrait by Joseph Karl Stieler, 1820 Ludwig van Beethoven (IPA: ), (baptized December 17, 1770[1] – March 26, 1827) was a composer and one of the pillars of European classical music. ... Ludwig van Beethovens Piano Sonata No. ... A pun (also known as paronomasia) is a figure of speech, or word play which consists of a deliberate confusion of similar words within a phrase or phrases for rhetorical effect, whether humorous or serious. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh to refer to its canon, which corresponds to the Protestant Old Testament. ... For other senses, see Patriarch (disambiguation). ... The Cenotaph, London A ceremony at the Cenotaph, London, on Sunday 12th June 2005, remembering Irish war dead Memorial Cenotaph, Hiroshima, Japan A cenotaph is a tomb or a monument erected in honor of a person or group of persons whose remains are elsewhere. ... In the United Kingdom Remembrance Sunday is the Sunday nearest to 11 November - Remembrance Day, which is the anniversary of when hostilities in the First World War ended at 11 a. ...

Variation 10 (Intermezzo: Allegretto) "Dorabella"

Dora Penny, a friend whose stutter (or laugh, depending on the source) is depicted by the woodwinds. Dora was the stepdaughter of the sister of William Meath Baker, inspiration for the fourth variation, and sister-in-law of Richard Baxter Townsend, inspiration for the third. She was also the recipient of another of Elgar's enigmas, the so-called Dorabella Cipher.

A woodwind instrument is a musical instrument in which sound is produced by blowing through a mouthpiece against an edge or by a vibrating reed, and in which the pitch is varied by opening or closing holes in the body of the instrument. ... The Dorabella Cipher is an enciphered letter written and enciphered by Edward Elgar to Miss Dora Penny (the letter was accompanied by another dated July 14, 1897). ...

Variation 11 (Allegro di molto) "G.R.S."

George Robertson Sinclair, the energetic organist of Hereford Cathedral. More specifically, the variation also depicts Sinclair's bulldog Dan, and a walk by the River Wye with Sinclair and Elgar when Dan fell into the river.

Organ in Katharinenkirche, Frankfurt am Main, Germany The organ is a keyboard instrument played using one or more manuals and a pedalboard. ... The current Hereford Cathedral, located at Hereford in England, United Kingdom, dates from 1079. ... A Bulldog, which is also known colloquially as the English Bulldog or British Bulldog, is a medium-size breed of dog that originated in England. ... River Wye and Lancat and Ban y Gore Nature Reserve The Wye at Hay-on-Wye The Wye at Tintern This article is about the river that flows along the Anglo-Welsh border. ...

Variation 12 (Andante) "B.G.N."

Basil G. Nevinson, a well known cellist, who gets a cello melody for his variation. Later, Nevinson inspired Elgar to write his Cello Concerto.

The violoncello, usually abbreviated to cello, or cello (the c is pronounced as in the ch of check), is a bowed stringed instrument, the lowest-sounding member of the violin family. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Variation 13 (Romanza: Moderato) "* * *"

Because of the lack of initials, the identity of this person is unclear and remains an enigma within the Enigma. However, the music includes a quotation from Felix Mendelssohn's concert overture Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage (Meeresstille und glückliche Fahrt), which leads to speculation that it depicts either Lady Mary Lygon, local noblewoman on a voyage to Australia at the time, or Helen Weaver, who was Elgar's fiancée before she emigrated to New Zealand in 1884.

Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and known generally as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3, 1809 – November 4, 1847) was a German composer and conductor of the early Romantic period. ... Overture (French ouverture, meaning opening) in music is the instrumental introduction to a dramatic, choral or, occasionally, instrumental composition. ... Year 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Variation 14 (Finale: Allegro Presto) "E.D.U."

Elgar himself, Edu being his wife's nickname for him. The themes from the first and ninth variations are echoed. The original Variation 14 is 100 bars shorter than the version now usually listened to. In July 1899, one month after the original version was finished, Elgar's friend Alfred Jaeger, the person depicted in Variation 9, urged Elgar to make the variation a little longer. Elgar eventually agreed, and for good measure added an organ part.

(Note: on some recordings, the Theme and the 1st variation are conflated into a single track.)

As was common with painted portraits of the time, Elgar's musical portraits depict their subjects at two levels. Each movement conveys a general impression of its subject's personality; in addition, most of them contain a musical reference to a specific characteristic or event, such as Dorabella's stutter, Winifred Norbury's laugh, or the walk in the woods with Jaeger. Roman-Egyptian funeral portrait of a young boy A portrait is a painting (portrait painting), photograph (portrait photography), or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. ...

The enigma

The "Enigma" of the title refers to two puzzles. The first puzzle is to determine which of Elgar's friends each variation represents, and this has been solved with some certainty as outlined above. Elgar himself eventually provided brief notes on the subjects to accompany a piano roll version of the Variations. However, there also is a second, hidden theme, upon which all variations are based, which is never heard. In a note he wrote for the first performance, Elgar declared: It has been suggested that Music roll be merged into this article or section. ...

The enigma I will not explain - its 'dark saying' must be left unguessed, and I warn you that the apparent connection between the Variations and the Theme is often of the slightest texture; further, through and over the whole set another and larger theme 'goes', but is not played.... So the principal Theme never appears, even as in some late dramas ... the chief character is never on stage.

Elgar did write about the theme in a set of notes issued with pianola rolls published in 1929. He said:

The alternation of the two quavers and two crotchets in the first bar and their reversal in the second bar will be noticed; references to this grouping are almost continuous (either melodically or in the accompanying figures - in Variation XIII, beginning at bar 11 [503], for example). The drop of a seventh in the Theme (bars 3 and 4) should be observed. At bar 7 (G major) appears the rising and falling passage in thirds which is much used later, e.g. Variation III, bars 10.16. [106, 112] - E.E.

Others, however, have thought that the hidden theme was itself a variation on some well known tune. Many have guessed at what this might be.

Some have proposed the tune of the British national anthem, "God Save the Queen" as the enigma theme's inspiration; others prefer "Auld Lang Syne" transposed to a minor key, which suits the subject of "old acquaintance". Some music scholars believe the theme may be based on part of Mozart's "Prague" Symphony, which was on the program at the "Enigma" Variations' premiere in 1899. Also proposed has been the traditional Renaissance theme La Folia, whose chords roughly fit the theme, although Elgar's use of accented seventh notes would have been a decidedly nineteenth-century adaptation. A currently popular theory is that the theme is related to the "never, never, never" section of "Rule Britannia"; in particular, the phrase is clearly audible in the first five notes of the work, and there are several other possible hints in Elgar's own statements, in particular "So the principal Theme never appears, even as in some late dramas ... the chief character is never on stage." However, the word "never" can be related as well to the second line of Auld Lang Syne "And never brought to mind", which fits (also musically) with the theory postulated by Eric Sams in 1970. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogizing the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nations government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... Publication of an early version in The Gentlemans Magazine, 15 October 1745. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... “Mozart” redirects here. ... Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed his Symphony No. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... La Folia is one of the oldest European musical themes. ... “Rule Britannia” is a patriotic British national song, originating from the poem Rule Britannia by James Thomson, and set to music by Thomas Arne in 1740. ... Eric Sams (1926—Sept. ...

Others believe that the unheard theme is actually a countermelody to some other tune — in other words it would fit in with it, but does not necessarily contain any of its characteristics other than the most general harmonic or structural outline. In music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and rhythm, and interdependent in harmony. ... Harmony is the use and study of pitch simultaneity, and therefore chords, actual or implied, in music. ...

It is usually assumed that the unheard theme is a melody, but it should be noted that Elgar did not explicitly state that this was so.

Another theory, postulated by Professor Ian Parrott, former vice-president of the Elgar Society, in his book on Elgar ("Master Musicians", 1971) was that the "dark saying", and possibly the whole of the Enigma was related to the Vulgate version of 1 Corinthians 13:12 which reads: "videmus nunc per speculum in enigmate tunc autem facie ad faciem nunc cognosco ex parte tunc autem cognoscam sicut et cognitus sum" which reads according to the Authorised Version: "For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face: now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known.". This verse is from St. Paul's essay on love. The Enigmatic Theme that 'goes', but is not played" "through and over the whole set" is the great and central theme of Christian scripture - love. Professor Ian Parrott (born 1916), who retired from the Gregynog Chair of Music at Aberystwyth in 1983, is a prolific Anglo-Welsh composer and writer on music. ... The Vulgate Bible is an early 5th century version in Latin, partly revised and partly translated by Jerome on the orders of Pope Damasus I in 382. ... This page is about the version of the Bible; for the Harvey Danger album, see King James Version (album). ...

References in other music

Elgar himself quoted many of his own works, including Nimrod (Variation 9), in his choral piece of 1912, The Music Makers. The Music Makers, op. ...

In 1995, Rob Dougan's hit song Clubbed To Death featured a piano part reminiscent of the Theme and variations 1 and 12, that could be seen either as a new 15th variation, or his attempt at recreating the enigmatic hidden theme. (An MP3 file with only the Elgar-influenced piano parts is available in the links for Furious Angels.) This song, and thus the Theme, was played on soundtrack to the 1999 movie The Matrix, during the "The Lady in the Red Dress" scene. Rob Dougan in 2003 for the promotion of his debut album Furious Angels Rob Dougan, who started as Rob D, is a genre-blending music composer. ... Furious Angels is the first album by Rob Dougan, released in mid-2002 in the UK and in mid-2003 in the US and Europe. ... Furious Angels is the first album by Rob Dougan, released in mid-2002 in the UK and in mid-2003 in the US and Europe. ... The Matrix is a 1999 science fiction action film written and directed by Larry and Andy Wachowski and starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Joe Pantoliano and Hugo Weaving. ...

David Ives wrote a play that took its name from the Variations. Steve Spiegl included a jazz version of Variation #9 in his album Enigma. The theme of the Enigma Variations was also used by On Thorns I Lay, a Greek rock band, in the song A Blue Dream, which appears in the Orama album (1997). David Ives (b. ... On Thorns I Lay is a metal band founded in 1992 in Athens, Greece, under the name of Phlebotomy. At their beginning, they had a style that was close to doom metal, but, little by little, it evolved towards gothic metal, emphasizing melancolic themes or alternately, in the way of...

Mentioned in the song "Horseradish Road" by The Mountain Goats on the album The Coroners Gambit The Mountain Goats is the name of prolific American singer-songwriter John Darnielles long-running musical project. ...

The "Nimrod" variation appears with a female vocal addition in the 1999 movie "Elizabeth", starring Cate Blanchett and directed by Shekar Kapur.

Notable recordings

• Edward Elgar conducting the Royal Albert Hall, EMI, recorded 1926
• Adrian Boult conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, EMI, recorded 1970
• Yehudi Menuhin conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, EMI, recorded 1932
• Vernon Handley conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra, EMI, recorded 1983
• Sir Georg Solti conducting the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Decca, recorded 1973. Later 1996 re-recording with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra
• Sir Andrew Davis conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra, Teldec, recorded 1991
• Leonard Bernstein conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra, Deutsche Grammophon, recorded 1982
• Pierre Monteux conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, Decca, recorded 1962

Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet, OM, GCVO (2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was an English Romantic composer. ... “Albert Hall” redirects here. ... The EMI Group (LSE: EMI) is a British music company comprising of the major record company EMI Music which operates several labels, based in Kensington in London, England, and EMI Music Publishing, based in New York. ... Sir Adrian Cedric Boult CH (April 8, 1889 – February 22, 1983) was an English conductor. ... The London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) is one of the major orchestras of the United Kingdom. ... The EMI Group (LSE: EMI) is a British music company comprising of the major record company EMI Music which operates several labels, based in Kensington in London, England, and EMI Music Publishing, based in New York. ... Yehudi Menuhin album cover Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin, OM, KBE (April 22, 1916 – March 12, 1999) was a Jewish-born, American violinist and conductor who spent most of his performing career in the United Kingdom and eventually became a British citizen. ... The London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) is one of the major orchestras of the United Kingdom. ... The EMI Group (LSE: EMI) is a British music company comprising of the major record company EMI Music which operates several labels, based in Kensington in London, England, and EMI Music Publishing, based in New York. ... Vernon Handley (November 11, 1930 –) is a Welsh conductor. ... The London Philharmonic Orchestra (frequently abbreviated to LPO), based in London, is one of the major orchestras of the United Kingdom. ... The EMI Group (LSE: EMI) is a British music company comprising of the major record company EMI Music which operates several labels, based in Kensington in London, England, and EMI Music Publishing, based in New York. ... Sir Georg Solti (October 21, 1912 - September 5, 1997) was a well-known orchestral and operatic conductor, who was still actively engaged in performing right up until his death. ... The Chicago Symphony Orchestra, based in Chicago, Illinois, is one of the leading orchestras in the world. ... It has been suggested that Decca Music Group be merged into this article or section. ... The Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra (in German: Wiener Philharmoniker) an orchestra in Austria, regularly considered as one of the finest in the world. ... Andrew Frank Davis (born February 2, 1944) is a British conductor. ... The BBC Symphony Orchestra is the principal orchestra of the British Broadcasting Corporation and one of the leading orchestras in Britain. ... Leonard Bernstein in 1971 Leonard Bernstein (IPA pronunciation: )[1] (August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American conductor, composer, and pianist. ... The BBC Symphony Orchestra is the principal orchestra of the British Broadcasting Corporation and one of the leading orchestras in Britain. ... Logo Deutsche Grammophon is a German record label. ... Pierre Monteux (April 4, 1875 – July 1, 1964) was an orchestra conductor. ... The London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) is one of the major orchestras of the United Kingdom. ... It has been suggested that Decca Music Group be merged into this article or section. ...

References

• Nice, David (1996). Edward Elgar: an essential guide to his life and works. London: Pavillion. ISBN 1-85793-977-8.
• Reed, W H: Elgar, London, J M Dent & Sons, 1939.

External links

• Piano adaptation of Enigma Variations in MIDI file (104KB) The theme and its 14 variations are located at ca. [00:00, 00:55, 02:05, 02:55, 04:20, 04:50, 06:25, 07:30, 08:28, 09:50, 12:22, 14:55, 15:53, 17:38, 19:13] in this 24-min track.
• Enigma Variations: Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project.
• Julia Trevelyan Oman Archive University of Bristol Theatre Collection, University of Bristol