The plugboard, keyboard, lamps, and finger-wheels of the rotors emerging from the inner lid of a three-rotor German military Enigma machine

v • d • e The Enigma cipher machine

Enigma machine Enigma rotor details Cryptanalysis of the Enigma Cipher Bureau Perforated sheets Bomba Polish Enigma doubles Cyclometer Bletchley Park Banburismus Herivel tip Bombe Hut 6 Hut 8 PC Bruno Ultra

The Enigma machine was a cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. More precisely, Enigma was a family of related electro-mechanical rotor machines, comprising a variety of different models. Ultra (sometimes capitalized ULTRA) was the name used by the British for intelligence resulting from decryption of German communications in World War II. The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources. ... Enigma This is a screenshot of a copyrighted computer game or video game. ... Enigma This is a screenshot of a copyrighted computer game or video game. ... Enigma Logo, http://www. ... This article contains technical details about the rotors of the Enigma machine. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... The Biuro Szyfrów ( (?), Polish for Cipher Bureau) was the Polish agency concerned with cryptology between World Wars I and II. The Bureau enjoyed notable successes against Soviet cryptography during the Polish-Soviet War, helping to preserve Polands independence. ... The method of perforated sheets was a codebreaking technique used against the Enigma machine (see Cryptanalysis of the Enigma). ... Cryptologic bomb. ... Diagram of cyclometer, from Marian Rejewski’s papers The cyclometer was a cryptologic device designed by the Polish Cipher Bureau (BS-4) to help decrypt the German Enigma machine during the 1930s. ... During World War II, codebreakers at Bletchley Park decrypted and interpreted messages from a large number of Axis code and cipher systems, including the German Enigma machine. ... Banburismus was a process invented by Alan Turing at Bletchley Park during the Second World War. ... John W. Herivel (born 1918/1919) is a British science historian and former World War II codebreaker at Bletchley Park. ... The Bombe replicated the action of several Enigma machines wired together. ... Hut 6 at Bletchley Park in 2004 Hut 6 was a wartime section of Bletchley Park tasked with the solution of German Army and Air Force Enigma machine ciphers. ... Hut 8 was one of the units at Bletchley Park, the secret British military intelligence operation that opened just before World War II. Led by Alan Turing, Hut 8 was assigned to break the German naval Enigma code. ... PC Bruno was the code name for the intelligence station operated at a farmhouse in the west of France to which French cryptanalysts retired after Paris was captured by the Germans in 1940. ... Ultra (sometimes capitalized ULTRA) was the name used by the British for intelligence resulting from decryption of German communications in World War II. The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources. ... This article is about algorithms for encryption and decryption. ... This article is about devices that perform tasks. ... Encrypt redirects here. ... A series of three rotors from an Enigma machine, used by Germany during World War II In cryptography, a rotor machine is an electro-mechanical device used for encrypting and decrypting secret messages. ...

The Enigma was used commercially from the early 1920s on, and was also adopted by the military and governmental services of a number of nations—most famously by Nazi Germany before and during World War II.^[1] Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

The German military model, the Wehrmacht Enigma, is the version most commonly discussed. The machine has gained notoriety because Allied cryptologists were able to decrypt a large number of messages that had been enciphered on the machine. Decryption was made possible in 1932 by Polish cryptographers Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski from Cipher Bureau. In mid-1939 reconstruction and decryption methods were delivered from Poland to Britain and France. The intelligence gained through this source, codenamed ULTRA, was a significant aid to the Allied war effort. The exact influence of ULTRA is debated, but a typical assessment is that the end of the European war was hastened by two years because of the decryption of German ciphers.^[2][3] The straight-armed Balkenkreuz, a stylized version of the Iron Cross, the emblem of the Wehrmacht. ... This article is about the independent states that comprised the Allies. ... See also: Category:Cryptographers for an exhaustive list. ... Close-up of the rotors in a Fialka cipher machine Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, hidden, and analýein, to loosen or to untie) is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. ... Marian Rejewski (probably 1932, the year he first solved the Enigma machine). ... Jerzy Różycki, about 1928. ... Henryk Zygalski, about 1930. ... The Biuro Szyfrów ( (?), Polish for Cipher Bureau) was the Polish agency concerned with cryptology between World Wars I and II. The Bureau enjoyed notable successes against Soviet cryptography during the Polish-Soviet War, helping to preserve Polands independence. ... Military intelligence (abbreviated MI, int. ... Ultra (sometimes capitalized ULTRA) was the name used by the British for intelligence resulting from decryption of German communications in World War II. The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources. ... Churchill waves to crowds in Whitehall on the day he broadcast to the nation that the war with Germany had been won, 8 May 1945. ...

Although the Enigma cipher has cryptographic weaknesses, in practice it was only in combination with other significant factors (mistakes by operators, procedural flaws, an occasional captured machine or codebook) that Allied codebreakers were able to decipher messages.^[4] Categories: Cryptography stubs | Cryptography ...

Description

Enigma wiring diagram showing current flow. The "A" key is encoded to the "D" lamp. D yields A, but A never yields A.

The scrambling action of the Enigma rotors shown for two consecutive letters—current is passed into set of rotors, around the reflector, and back out through the rotors again. The greyed-out lines represent other possible circuits within each rotor, which are hard-wired to contacts on each rotor. Letter A encrypts differently with consecutive key presses, first to G, and then to C. This is because the right hand rotor has stepped, sending the signal on a completely different route.

Like other rotor machines, the Enigma machine is a combination of mechanical and electrical systems. The mechanical mechanism consists of a keyboard; a set of rotating disks called rotors arranged adjacently along a spindle; and a stepping mechanism to turn one or more of the rotors with each key press. The exact mechanism varies, but the most common form is for the right-hand rotor to step once with every key stroke, and occasionally the motion of neighbouring rotors is triggered. The continual movement of the rotors results in a different cryptographic transformation after each key press. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. ...

The mechanical parts act in such a way as to form a varying electrical circuit—the actual encipherment of a letter is performed electrically. When a key is pressed, the circuit is completed; current flows through the various components and ultimately lights one of many different lamps, indicating the output letter. For example, when encrypting a message starting ANX..., the operator would first press the A key, and the Z lamp might light; Z would be the first letter of the ciphertext. The operator would then proceed to encipher N in the same fashion, and so on. A simple electric circuit made up of a voltage source and a resistor. ... For devices such as table lamps and reading lamps, see Light fixture. ...

To explain the Enigma, we use the wiring diagram on the left. To simplify the example, only four components of each are shown. In reality, there are 26 lamps, keys, plugs and wirings inside the rotors. The current flows from the battery (1) through the depressed bi-directional letter-switch (2) to the plugboard (3). The plugboard allows rewiring the connections between keyboard (2) and fixed entry wheel (4). Next, the current proceeds through the—unused, so closed—plug (3) via the entry wheel (4) through the wirings of the three (Wehrmacht Enigma) or four (Kriegsmarine M4 or Abwehr variant) rotors (5) and enters the reflector (6). The reflector returns the current, via a different path, back through the rotors (5) and entry wheel (4), and proceeds through plug 'S' connected with a cable (8) to plug 'D', and another bi-directional switch (9) to light-up the lamp.

The continual changing of electrical paths through the unit because of the rotation of the rotors (which cause the pin contacts to change with each letter typed) implements the polyalphabetic encryption which provided Enigma's high security. A polyalphabetic cipher is any cipher based on substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. ...

Rotors

The Enigma rotor assembly. The three movable rotors are sandwiched between two fixed wheels: the entry wheel on the right and the reflector (here marked "B") on the left.

Main article: Enigma rotor details

The rotors (alternatively wheels or drums—Walzen in German) form the heart of an Enigma machine. Approximately 10 cm in diameter, each rotor is a disc made of hard rubber or bakelite with a series of brass spring-loaded pins on one face arranged in a circle; on the other side are a corresponding number of circular electrical contacts. The pins and contacts represent the alphabet—typically the 26 letters A–Z (this will be assumed for the rest of the description). When placed side-by-side, the pins of one rotor rest against the contacts of the neighbouring rotor, forming an electrical connection. Inside the body of the rotor, a set of 26 wires connects each pin on one side to a contact on the other in a complex pattern. The wiring differs for every rotor. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x750, 71 KB)The stack of rotors inside an Enigma machine, consisting of three rotors and Umkehrwalze-B (the reflector). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x750, 71 KB)The stack of rotors inside an Enigma machine, consisting of three rotors and Umkehrwalze-B (the reflector). ... This article contains technical details about the rotors of the Enigma machine. ... In geometry, a disk is the region in a plane contained inside of a circle. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Bakelite is a material based on the thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride developed in 1907–1909 by Belgian-American Dr. Leo Baekeland. ... Brazen redirects here. ... ABCs redirects here. ...

Three Enigma rotors and the shaft on which they are placed when in use.

By itself, a rotor performs only a very simple type of encryption—a simple substitution cipher. For example, the pin corresponding to the letter E might be wired to the contact for letter T on the opposite face. The complexity comes from the use of several rotors in series—usually three or four—and the regular movement of the rotors; this provides a much stronger type of encryption. From NSA pamphlet: [1] File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... From NSA pamphlet: [1] File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Encrypt redirects here. ... In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encryption by which units of plaintext are substituted with ciphertext according to a regular system; the units may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. ...

When placed in the machine, a rotor can be set to one of 26 positions. It can be turned by hand using a grooved finger-wheel which protrudes from the internal cover when closed, as shown in Figure 2. So that the operator knows the position, each rotor has an alphabet tyre (or letter ring) attached around the outside of the disk, with 26 letters or numbers; one of these can be seen through a window, indicating the position of the rotor to the operator. In early Enigma models, the alphabet ring is fixed; a complication introduced in later versions is the facility to adjust the alphabet ring relative to the core wiring. The position of the ring is known as the Ringstellung ("ring setting").

The rotors each contain a notch (sometimes multiple notches), used to control the stepping of the rotors. In the military versions the notches are located on the alphabet ring.

The Army and Air Force Enigmas came equipped with several rotors; when first issued there were only three. On 15 December 1938 this changed to five, from which three were chosen for insertion in the machine. These were marked with Roman numerals to distinguish them: I, II, III, IV and V, all with single notches located at different points on the alphabet ring. This must have been intended as a security measure, but ultimately allowed the Polish Clock Method and British Banburismus attacks. is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Roman numerals are a numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. ... The clock, in cryptology, was a method devised by Polish mathematician-cryptologist Jerzy Różycki, at the Polish General Staffs Cipher Bureau, to facilitate decrypting German Enigma messages. ... Banburismus was a process invented by Alan Turing at Bletchley Park during the Second World War. ...

The Naval version of the Wehrmacht Enigma had always been issued with more rotors than the other services: at first, six, then seven and finally eight. The additional rotors were named VI, VII and VIII, all with different wiring, and had two notches cut into them at N and A, resulting in a more frequent turnover. The straight-armed Balkenkreuz, a stylized version of the Iron Cross, the emblem of the Wehrmacht. ...

The four-rotor Naval Enigma (M4) machine accommodated an extra rotor in the same space as the three-rotor version. This was accomplished by replacing the original reflector with a thinner reflector and adding a special fourth rotor. The fourth rotor can be one of two types, "Beta" or "Gamma", and never steps, but it can be manually placed in any of the 26 positions.

Stepping motion

Stepping motion of the Enigma.

To avoid merely implementing a simple (and easily breakable) substitution cipher, some rotors turned with consecutive presses of a key. This ensured the cryptographic substitution would be different at each position, producing a formidable polyalphabetic substitution cipher. Image File history File links Illustration of the ratchet mechanism of an Enigma machine rotor. ... Image File history File links Illustration of the ratchet mechanism of an Enigma machine rotor. ... A polyalphabetic cipher is any cipher based on substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. ...

The most common arrangement used a ratchet and pawl mechanism. Each rotor had a ratchet with 26 teeth; a group of pawls engage the teeth of the ratchet. The pawls pushed forward in unison with each keypress on the machine. If a pawl engaged the teeth of a ratchet, that rotor advanced by one step. A ratchet lever hoist. ... A ratchet lever hoist. ...

In the Wehrmacht Enigma, each rotor had an adjustable notched ring. The five basic rotors (I–V) had one notch each, while the additional naval rotors VI, VII and VIII had two notches. At a certain point, a rotor's notch eventually aligned with the pawl, allowing it to engage the ratchet of the next rotor with the subsequent key press. When a pawl was not aligned with the notch, it simply slid over the surface of the ring without engaging the ratchet. In a single-notch rotor system, the second rotor advanced one position every 26 advances of the first rotor. Similarly, the third rotor advanced one position for every 26 advances of the second rotor. The second rotor also advanced at the same time as the third rotor, meaning the second rotor can step twice on subsequent key presses—"double stepping"—resulting in a reduced period.^[5]

This double stepping caused the rotors to deviate from a normal odometer. A double step occurred as follows: the first rotor stepped, and took the second rotor one step further. If the second rotor moved by this step into its own notch-position, the third pawl drops down. On the next step this pawl would push the ratchet of the third rotor and advance it, but pushed into the second rotor's notch, advancing the second rotor a second time in a row. A modern non-digital odometer A Smiths speedometer from the 1920s showing odometer and trip meter An odometer is a device used for indicating distance traveled by an automobile or other vehicle. ...

With three wheels and only single notches in the first and second wheels, the machine had a period of 26 × 25 × 26 = 16,900 (not 26 × 26 × 26 because of the double stepping of the second rotor.^[5]) Historically, messages were limited to a couple of hundred letters, and so there was very little risk of repeating any position within a single message.

To make room for the naval fourth rotors "Beta" and "Gamma", introduced in 1942, the reflector was changed, by making it much thinner and the special thin fourth rotor was placed against it. No changes were made to rest of the mechanism. Since there were only three pawls, the fourth rotor never stepped, but could be manually set into one of its 26 positions.

When pressing a key, the rotors stepped before the electrical circuit is connected.

Entry wheel

The entry wheel (Eintrittswalze in German), or entry stator, connects the plugboard, if present, or otherwise the keyboard and lampboard, to the rotor assembly. While the exact wiring used is of comparatively little importance to the security, it proved an obstacle in the progress of Polish cryptanalyst Marian Rejewski during his deduction of the rotor wirings. The commercial Enigma connects the keys in the order of their sequence on the keyboard: QA, WB, EC and so on. However, the military Enigma connects them in straight alphabetical order: AA, BB, CC etc. It took an inspired piece of guesswork for Rejewski to realise the modification, and he was then able to solve his even more inspired equations. The stator is the fixed part of a rotating machine. ... In cryptography, a plugboard (sometimes stecker or comutator) was a component of certain rotor machines, including some Enigma models, that exchanged letters of the alphabet. ... Marian Rejewski (probably 1932, the year he first solved the Enigma machine). ... An equation is a mathematical statement, in symbols, that two things are the same (or equivalent). ...

Reflector

With the exception of the early models A and B, the last rotor came before a reflector (German: Umkehrwalze, meaning "reversal rotor"), a patented feature distinctive of the Enigma family amongst the various rotor machines designed in the period. The reflector connected outputs of the last rotor in pairs, redirecting current back through the rotors by a different route. The reflector ensured that Enigma is self-reciprocal: conveniently, encryption was the same as decryption. However, the reflector also gave Enigma the property that no letter ever encrypted to itself. This was a severe conceptual flaw and a cryptological mistake subsequently exploited by codebreakers. In mathematics, an involution is a function that is its own inverse, so that f(f(x)) = x for all x in the domain of f. ...

In the commercial Enigma model C, the reflector could be inserted in one of two different positions. In Model D the reflector could be set in 26 possible positions, although it did not move during encryption. In the Abwehr Enigma, the reflector stepped during encryption in a manner like the other wheels.

In the German Army and Air Force Enigma, the reflector was fixed and did not rotate; there were four versions. The original version was marked A, and was replaced by Umkehrwalze B on 1 November 1937. A third version, Umkehrwalze C was used briefly in 1940, possibly by mistake, and was solved by Hut 6.^[6] The fourth version, first observed on 2 January 1944 had a rewireable reflector, called Umkehrwalze D, allowing the Enigma operator to alter the connections as part of the key settings.
is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Hut 6 at Bletchley Park in 2004 Hut 6 was a wartime section of Bletchley Park tasked with the solution of German Army and Air Force Enigma machine ciphers. ... is the 2nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Plugboard

The plugboard (Steckerbrett) was positioned at the front of the machine, below the keys. When in use, there were up to 13 connections. In the above photograph, two pairs of letters have been swapped (S-O and J-A).

The plugboard (Steckerbrett in German) permitted variable wiring that could be reconfigured by the operator (visible on the front panel of Figure 1; some of the patch cords can be seen in the lid). It was introduced on German Army versions in 1930 and was soon adopted by the Navy as well. The plugboard contributed a great deal to the strength of the machine's encryption: more than an extra rotor would have done. Enigma without a plugboard—"unsteckered" Enigma—can be solved relatively straightforwardly using hand methods; these techniques are generally defeated by the addition of a plugboard, and Allied cryptanalysts resorted to special machines to solve it. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x750, 80 KB)The plugboard of an Enigma machine, showing two pairs of letters swapped: S-O and J-A. Photograph courtesy Bob Lord. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x750, 80 KB)The plugboard of an Enigma machine, showing two pairs of letters swapped: S-O and J-A. Photograph courtesy Bob Lord. ...

A cable placed onto the plugboard connected letters up in pairs, for example, E and Q might be a "steckered" pair. The effect was to swap those letters before and after the main rotor scrambling unit. For example, when an operator presses E, the signal was diverted to Q before entering the rotors. Several such steckered pairs, up to 13, might be used at one time.

Current flowed from the keyboard through the plugboard, and proceeded to the entry-rotor or Eintrittswalze. Each letter on the plugboard had two jacks. Inserting a plug disconnected the upper jack (from the keyboard) and the lower jack (to the entry-rotor) of that letter. The plug at the other end of the crosswired cable was inserted into another letter's jacks, thus switching the connections of the two letters.

The "Schreibmax" was a printing unit which could be attached to the Enigma, removing the need for laboriously writing down the letters indicated on the light panel.

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1239 KB)One of two Enigma machines recovered from U-505. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1239 KB)One of two Enigma machines recovered from U-505. ...

Accessories

The Enigma Uhr attachment

A feature that was used on the M4 Enigma was the "Schreibmax", a little printer which could print the 26 letters on a small paper ribbon. This did away with the need for a second operator to read the lamps and write the letters down. The Schreibmax was placed on top of the Enigma machine and was connected to the lamp panel. To install the printer, the lamp cover and all lightbulbs had to be removed. Besides its convenience, it could improve operational security; the printer could be installed remotely such that the signal officer operating the machine no longer had to see the decrypted plaintext information. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (711x1098, 184 KB) Summary An Uhr box attachment for the Enigma machine on display at the National Cryptologic Museum in 2005. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (711x1098, 184 KB) Summary An Uhr box attachment for the Enigma machine on display at the National Cryptologic Museum in 2005. ... A computer printer, or more commonly a printer, produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies. ... This article is about cryptography. ...

Another accessory was the remote lamp panel. If the machine was equipped with an extra panel, the wooden case of the Enigma was wider and could store the extra panel. There was a lamp panel version that could be connected afterwards, but that required, just as with the Schreibmax, that the lamp panel and lightbulbs be removed. The remote panel made it possible for a person to read the decrypted plaintext without the operator seeing it.

In 1944 the Luftwaffe introduced an extra plugboard switch, called the Uhr (clock). There was a little box, containing a switch with 40 positions. It replaced the default plugs. After connecting the plugs, as determined in the daily key sheet, the operator turned the switch into one of the 40 positions, each position producing a different combination of plug wiring. Most of these plug connections were, unlike the default plugs, not pair-wise. In one switch position, the Uhr did nothing simply emulating the 9 stecker wires with plugs.

Mathematical description

The Enigma transformation for each letter can be specified mathematically as a product of permutations. Assuming a three-rotor German Army/Air Force Enigma, let P denote the plugboard transformation, U denote the reflector, and L,M,R denote the actions of the left, middle and right rotors. Then the encryption E can be expressed as Permutation is the rearrangement of objects or symbols into distinguishable sequences. ...

E = PRMLUL ^{− 1}M ^{− 1}R ^{− 1}P ^{− 1}

After each key press the rotors turn, changing the transformation. For example, if the right hand rotor R is rotated i positions, the transformation becomes ρⁱRρ ^{− i}, where ρ is the cyclic permutation mapping A to B, B to C, and so forth. Similarly, the middle and left-hand rotors can be represented as j and k rotations of M and L. The encryption function can then be described as: A cyclic permutation is a permutation that shifts all elements of given ordered set by a fixed offset, with the elements shifted off the end inserted back at the beginning in the same order, i. ...

E = P(ρⁱRρ ^{− i})(ρ^jMρ ^{− j})(ρ^kLρ ^{− k})U(ρ^kL ^{− 1}ρ ^{− k})(ρ^jM ^{− 1}ρ ^{− j})(ρⁱR ^{− 1}ρ ^{− i})P ^{− 1}

Procedures for using the Enigma

In use, the Enigma required a list of daily key settings as well as a number of auxiliary documents. The procedures for German Naval Enigma were more elaborate, and secure, than the procedures used in other services. The Navy codebooks were also printed in red, water-soluble ink on pink paper so that they could easily be destroyed if they were at risk of being seized by the enemy. The above codebook was taken from captured U-boat U-505.

In German military usage, communications were divided up into a number of different networks, all using different settings for their Enigma machines. These communication nets were termed keys at Bletchley Park, and were assigned codenames, such as Red, Chaffinch and Shark. Each unit operating on a network was assigned a settings list for its Enigma for a period of time. For a message to be correctly encrypted and decrypted, both sender and receiver had to set up their Enigma in the same way; the rotor selection and order, the starting position and the plugboard connections must be identical. All these settings (together the key in modern terms) must have been established beforehand, and were distributed in codebooks. Download high resolution version (1676x1071, 188 KB)An Enigma codebook recovered from the captured U-505. ... Download high resolution version (1676x1071, 188 KB)An Enigma codebook recovered from the captured U-505. ... Categories: Cryptography stubs | Cryptography ... U-boat is also a nickname for some diesel locomotives built by GE; see List of GE locomotives October 1939. ... Unterseeboot 505 is a Type IXC U-boat of the Kriegsmarine, notable for its capture by the United States Navy in 1944, and presently a museum ship at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago. ... During World War II, codebreakers at Bletchley Park decrypted and interpreted messages from a large number of Axis code and cipher systems, including the German Enigma machine. ... A code name or cryptonym is a word or name used clandestinely to refer to another name or word. ... A key is a piece of information that controls the operation of a cryptography algorithm. ... Categories: Cryptography stubs | Cryptography ...

An Enigma machine's initial state, the cryptographic key, has several aspects: A key is a piece of information that controls the operation of a cryptography algorithm. ...

• Wheel order (Walzenlage)—the choice of rotors and the order in which they are fitted.
• Initial position of the rotors—chosen by the operator, different for each message.
• Ring settings (Ringstellung)—the position of the alphabet ring relative to the rotor wiring.
• Plug settings (Steckerverbindungen)—the connections of the plugs in the plugboard.
• In very late versions, the wiring of the reconfigurable reflector.

Enigma was designed to be secure even if the rotor wiring was known to an opponent, although in practice there was considerable effort to keep the wiring secret. If the wiring is secret, the total number of possible configurations has been calculated to be around 10¹¹⁴ (approximately 380 bits); with known wiring and other operational constraints, this is reduced to around 10²³ (76 bits).^[3] Users of Enigma were confident of its security because of the large number of possibilities; it was not then feasible for an adversary to even begin to try every possible configuration in a brute force attack. The EFFs US$250,000 DES cracking machine contained over 1,800 custom chips and could brute force a DES key in a matter of days — the photograph shows a DES Cracker circuit board fitted with several Deep Crack chips. ...

Indicators

Most of the keys were kept constant for a set time period, typically a day. However, a different initial rotor position was chosen for each message, a concept similar to an initialisation vector in modern cryptography, because if a number of messages are sent encrypted with identical or near-identical settings a cryptanalyst, with several messages "in depth", might be able to attack the messages using frequency analysis. The starting position was transmitted just before the ciphertext. The exact method used was termed the "indicator procedure"—weak indicator procedures allowed the initial breaks into Enigma. In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) is a block of bits that is required to allow a stream cipher or a block cipher executed in any of several streaming modes of operation to produce a unique stream independent from other streams produced by the same encryption key, without having to... A typical distribution of letters in English language text. ...

Figure 2. With the inner lid down, the Enigma was ready for use. The finger wheels of the rotors protruded through the lid, allowing the operator to set the rotors, and their current position—here RDKP—was visible to the operator through a set of windows.

One of the earliest indicator procedures was used by Polish cryptanalysts to make the initial breaks into the Enigma. The procedure was for the operator to set up his machine in accordance with his settings list, which included a global initial position for the rotors (Grundstellung—"ground setting"), AOH, perhaps. The operator turned his rotors until AOH was visible through the rotor windows. At that point, the operator chose his own, arbitrary, starting position for that particular message. An operator might select EIN, and this became the message settings for that encryption session. The operator then typed EIN into the machine, twice, to allow for detection of transmission errors. The results were an encrypted indicator—the EIN typed twice might turn into XHTLOA, which would be transmitted along with the message. Finally, the operator then spun the rotors to his message settings, EIN in this example, and typed the plaintext of the message. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2266x1682, 636 KB)Close-up of the rotor windows of a four-rotor Naval Enigma machine (M4). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2266x1682, 636 KB)Close-up of the rotor windows of a four-rotor Naval Enigma machine (M4). ...

At the receiving end, the operation was reversed. The operator set the machine to the initial settings and typed in the first six letters of the message (XHTLOA). In this example, EINEIN emerged on the lamps. By moving his rotors to EIN, the receiving operator then typed in the rest of the ciphertext, deciphering the message.

The weakness in this indicator scheme came from two factors. First, use of a global ground setting—this was later changed so the operator selected his initial position to encrypt the indicator, and sent the initial position in the clear. The second problem was the repetition of the indicator, which was a serious security flaw. The message setting was encoded twice, resulting in a relation between first and fourth, second and fifth, and third and sixth character. This security problem enabled the Polish Cipher Bureau to break into the pre-war Enigma system as early as 1932. However, from 1940 on, the Germans changed the procedures to increase the security.

During World War II codebooks were used only to set up the rotors and ring settings. For each message, the operator selected a random start position, let's say WZA, and random message key, perhaps SXT. He moved the rotors to the WZA start position and encoded the message key SXT. Assume the result was UHL. He then set up the message key SXT as the start position and encrypted the message. Next, he transmitted the start position WZA, the encoded message key UHL and then the ciphertext. The receiver set up the start position according the first trigram, WZA and decoded the second trigram, UHL, to obtain the SXT message setting. Next, he used this SXT message setting as the start position to decrypt the message. This way, each ground setting was different and the new procedure avoided the security flaw of double encoded message settings.

This procedure was used by Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe only. The Kriegsmarine procedures on sending messages with the Enigma were far more complex and elaborate. Prior to encryption with the Enigma, the message was encoded using the Kurzsignalheft code book. The Kurzsignalheft contained tables to convert sentences into four-letter groups. A great many choices were included, e.g. logistic matters such as refueling and rendezvous with supply ships, positions and grid lists, harbor names, countries, weapons, weather conditions, enemy positions and ships, date and time tables. Another codebook contained the Kenngruppen and Spruchschlüssel: the key identification and message key. More details on Kurzsignale on German U-Boats

Abbreviations and guidelines

The Army Enigma machine used only the 26 alphabet characters. Signs were replaced by rare character combinations. A space was omitted or replaced by an X. The X was generally used as point or full stop. Some signs were different in other parts of the armed forces. The Wehrmacht replaced a comma by ZZ and the question sign by FRAGE or FRAQ. The Kriegsmarine however, replaced the comma by Y and the question sign by UD. The combination CH, as in "Acht" (eight) or "Richtung" (direction) were replaced by Q (AQT, RIQTUNG). Two, three and four zeros were replaced by CENTA, MILLE and MYRIA.

The Wehrmacht and the Luftwaffe transmitted messages in groups of five characters. The Kriegsmarine, using the four rotor Enigma, had four-character groups. Frequently used names or words were to be varied as much as possible. Words like Minensuchboot (minesweeper) could be written as MINENSUCHBOOT, MINBOOT, MMMBOOT or MMM354. To make cryptanalysis harder, more than 250 characters in one message were forbidden. Longer messages were divided in several parts, each using its own message key. For more details see Tony Sale's translations of "General Procedure"^[7] and "Officer and Staff procedure".^[8]

History and development of the machine

Far from being a single design, there are numerous models and variants of the Enigma family. The earliest Enigma machines were commercial models dating from the early 1920s. Starting in the mid-1920s, the various branches of the German military began to use Enigma, making a number of changes in order to increase its security. In addition, a number of other nations either adopted or adapted the Enigma design for their own cipher machines.

A selection of seven Enigma machines and paraphernalia exhibited at the USA's National Cryptologic Museum. From left to right, the models are: 1) Commercial Enigma; 2) Enigma T; 3) Enigma G; 4) Unidentified; 5) Luftwaffe (Air Force) Enigma; 6) Heer (Army) Enigma; 7) Kriegsmarine (Naval) Enigma—M4.

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1676x746, 301 KB)Enigma machines at the National Cryptologic Museum. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1676x746, 301 KB)Enigma machines at the National Cryptologic Museum. ... The United States National Cryptologic Museum is museum of cryptography history, affiliated with the National Security Agency (NSA). ...

Commercial Enigma

Scherbius's Enigma patent—U.S. Patent 1,657,411 , granted in 1928.

On 23 February 1918 German engineer Arthur Scherbius applied for a patent for a cipher machine using rotors, and, with E. Richard Ritter, founded the firm of Scherbius & Ritter. They approached the German Navy and Foreign Office with their design, but neither was interested. They then assigned the patent rights to Gewerkschaft Securitas, who founded the Chiffriermaschinen Aktien-Gesellschaft (Cipher Machines Stock Corporation) on 9 July 1923; Scherbius and Ritter were on the board of directors. Image from 1928 US patent 1,657,411 (Enigma machine) by Arthur Scherbius (died 1929). ... Image from 1928 US patent 1,657,411 (Enigma machine) by Arthur Scherbius (died 1929). ... is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Arthur Scherbius (20 October 1878–13 May 1929) was a German electrical engineer who patented an invention for a mechanical cipher machine, later sold as the Enigma machine. ... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Chiffriermaschinen AG began advertising a rotor machine—Enigma model A—which was exhibited at the Congress of the International Postal Union in 1923 and 1924. The machine was heavy and bulky, incorporating a typewriter. It measured 65×45×35 cm and weighed about 50 kg. A model B was introduced, and was of a similar construction.^[9] While bearing the Enigma name, both models A and B were quite unlike later versions: they differed in physical size and shape, but also cryptographically, in that they lacked the reflector. The Universal Postal Union (UPU, French: Union postale universelle) is an international organization that coordinates postal policies between member nations, and hence the world-wide postal system. ... Mechanical desktop typewriters, such as this Underwood Five, were long time standards of government agencies, newsrooms, and sales offices. ...

The reflector—an idea suggested by Scherbius's colleague Willi Korn—was first introduced in the Enigma C (1926) model. The reflector is a key feature of the Enigma machines.

A rare 8-rotor printing Enigma.

Model C was smaller and more portable than its predecessors. It lacked a typewriter, relying instead on the operator reading the lamps; hence the alternative name of "glowlamp Enigma" to distinguish from models A and B. The Enigma C quickly became extinct, giving way to the Enigma D (1927). This version was widely used, with examples going to Sweden, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, Spain, United States, and Poland. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (852x1280, 192 KB) Summary An 8-rotor Enigma machine located in a war museum in Budapest. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (852x1280, 192 KB) Summary An 8-rotor Enigma machine located in a war museum in Budapest. ...

Military Enigma

The Navy was the first branch of the German military to adopt Enigma. This version, named Funkschlüssel C (Radio cipher C), had been put into production by 1925 and was introduced into service in 1926.^[10] The keyboard and lampboard contained 29 letters—A-Z, Ä, Ö and Ü—which were arranged alphabetically, as opposed to the QWERTZU ordering.^[11] The rotors had 28 contacts, with the letter X wired to bypass the rotors unencrypted.^[12] Three rotors were chosen from a set of five^[13] and the reflector could be inserted in one of four different positions, denoted α, β, γ and δ.^[14] The machine was revised slightly in July 1933.^[15]

By 15 July 1928,^[16] the German Army (Reichswehr) had introduced their own version of the Enigma—the Enigma G, revised to the Enigma I by June 1930.^[17] Enigma I is also known as the Wehrmacht, or Services Enigma, and was used extensively by the German military services and other government organisations (such as the railways^[18]), both before and during World War II. The major difference between Enigma I and commercial Enigma models was the addition of a plugboard to swap pairs of letters, greatly increasing the cryptographic strength of the machine. Other differences included the use of a fixed reflector, and the relocation of the stepping notches from the rotor body to the movable letter rings.^[17] The machine measured 28×34×15 cm (11"×13.5"×6") and weighed around 12 kg (26 lbs).^[12] is the 196th day of the year (197th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Reichswehr flag (1921-1935). ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

An Enigma model T (Tirpitz)—a modified commercial Enigma K manufactured for use by the Japanese.

By 1930, the Army had suggested that the Navy adopt their machine, citing the benefits of increased security (with the plugboard) and easier interservice communications.^[19] The Navy eventually agreed and in 1934^[20] brought into service the Navy version of the Army Enigma, designated Funkschlüssel M or M3. While the Army used only three rotors at that time, for greater security the Navy specified a choice of three from a possible five.^[21] A four rotor enigma machine from Greg Goebels http://www. ... A four rotor enigma machine from Greg Goebels http://www. ...

In December 1938, the Army issued two extra rotors so that the three rotors were chosen from a set of five.^[17] In 1938, the Navy added two more rotors, and then another in 1939 to allow a choice of three rotors from a set of eight.^[21] In August 1935, the Air Force also introduced the Wehrmacht Enigma for their communications.^[17] A four-rotor Enigma was introduced by the Navy for U-boat traffic on 1 February 1942, called M4 (the network was known as Triton, or Shark to the Allies). The extra rotor was fitted in the same space by splitting the reflector into a combination of a thin reflector and a thin fourth rotor. is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

There was also a large, eight-rotor printing model, the Enigma II. During 1933, Polish codebreakers detected that it was in use for high-level military communications, but that it was soon withdrawn from use after it was found to be unreliable and jam frequently.^[22]

Enigma G, used by the Abwehr, had four rotors, no plugboard, and multiple notches on the rotors.

The Abwehr used the Enigma G (the Abwehr Enigma). This Enigma variant was a four-wheel unsteckered machine with multiple notches on the rotors. This model was equipped with a counter which incremented upon each key press, and so is also known as the counter machine or the Zählwerk Enigma. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (828x1206, 238 KB) Summary A Enigma G machine on display at the National Cryptologic Museum in 2005. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (828x1206, 238 KB) Summary A Enigma G machine on display at the National Cryptologic Museum in 2005. ... The Abwehr was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944. ... The Abwehr was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944. ...

The four-wheel Swiss Enigma K, made in Germany, used re-wired rotors.

Other countries also used Enigma machines. The Italian Navy adopted the commercial Enigma as "Navy Cipher D"; the Spanish also used commercial Enigma during their Civil War. British codebreakers succeeded in breaking these machines, which lacked a plugboard. The Swiss used a version of Enigma called model K or Swiss K for military and diplomatic use, which was very similar to the commercial Enigma D. The machine was broken by a number of parties, including Poland, France, Britain and the United States (the latter codenamed it INDIGO). An Enigma T model (codenamed Tirpitz) was manufactured for use by the Japanese. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2396x2140, 749 KB) The four wheel Swiss Enigma A/27. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2396x2140, 749 KB) The four wheel Swiss Enigma A/27. ... Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ...

The Enigma wasn't perfect, especially after the Allies got hold of it, thus allowing the Allies to decode the German messages, which proved vital in the Battle of the Atlantic.

It has been estimated that 100,000 Enigma machines were constructed.^[23] After the end of the Second World War, the Allies sold captured Enigma machines, still widely considered secure, to a number of developing countries.^[23]

Surviving Enigma machines

U.S. Enigma replica on display at the National Cryptologic Museum in Fort Meade, Maryland, USA.

The effort to break the Enigma was not disclosed until the 1970s. Since then, interest in the Enigma machine has grown considerably and a number of Enigmas are on public display in museums in the U.S. and Europe. The Deutsches Museum in Munich has both the three and four-wheel German military variants, as well as several older civilian versions. A functional Enigma is on display in the NSA's National Cryptologic Museum at Fort Meade, Maryland, where visitors can try their hand at encrypting messages and deciphering code. The Armémuseum in Stockholm in Sweden currently has an Enigma on display. There are also examples at the Computer History Museum in the United States, at Bletchley Park in the United Kingdom, at the Australian War Memorial, and in foyer of the Defence Signals Directorate, both located at Canberra in Australia, as well as a number of other locations in Germany, the U.S., the UK and elsewhere. The now-defunct San Diego Computer Museum had an Enigma in its collection, which has since been given to the San Diego State University Library. A number are also in private hands. Occasionally, Enigma machines are sold at auction; prices of US$20,000 are not unusual.^[24][25] For other uses, see Museum (disambiguation). ... Deutsches Museum The Deutsches Museum (German Museum) in Munich, Germany, is the worlds largest museum of technology and science, with approximately 1. ... For other uses, see Munich (disambiguation). ... NSA redirects here. ... The United States National Cryptologic Museum is museum of cryptography history, affiliated with the National Security Agency (NSA). ... NSA headquarters in Fort Meade, Maryland Fort George G. Meade, 5 miles (8 km) northeast of the town of Laurel, Maryland, is an active US Army installation. ... The Swedish Army Museum (Swedish: ) is a museum of military history located in the district of Östermalm in Stockholm. ... For other uses, see Stockholm (disambiguation). ... The Computer History Museum in Mountain View. ... During World War II, codebreakers at Bletchley Park decrypted and interpreted messages from a large number of Axis code and cipher systems, including the German Enigma machine. ... The Australian War Memorial is Australias national memorial to the members of all its armed forces and supporting organisations who have died or participated in the wars of the Commonwealth of Australia. ... The Defence Signals Directorate (DSD) is Australias signals intelligence (SIGINT) collection agency. ... For other uses, see Canberra (disambiguation). ... San Diego State University (SDSU), founded in 1897 as San Diego Normal School, is the largest and oldest higher education facility in the greater San Diego area (generally the City and County of San Diego), and is part of the California State University system. ...

Replicas of the machine are available in various forms, including an exact reconstructed copy of the Naval M4 model, an Enigma implemented in electronics (Enigma-E), various computer software simulators and paper-and-scissors analogues.

A rare Abwehr Enigma machine, designated G312, was stolen from the Bletchley Park museum on 1 April 2000. In September, a man identifying himself as "The Master" sent a note demanding £25,000 and threatened to destroy the machine if the ransom was not paid. In early October 2000, Bletchley Park officials announced that they would pay the ransom but the stated deadline passed with no word from the blackmailer. Shortly afterwards the machine was sent anonymously to BBC journalist Jeremy Paxman, but three rotors were missing. In November 2000, an antiques dealer named Dennis Yates was arrested after telephoning The Sunday Times to arrange the return of the missing parts. The Enigma machine was returned to Bletchley Park after the incident. In October 2001, Yates was sentenced to ten months in prison after admitting handling the stolen machine and demanding ransom for its return, although he maintained that he was acting as an intermediary for a third party.[1] Yates was released from prison after serving three months. is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Jeremy Dickson Paxman (born 11 May 1950) is an English BBC journalist, news presenter and author. ... For other uses, see The Sunday Times (disambiguation). ...

Enigma derivatives

A Japanese Enigma clone, codenamed GREEN by American cryptographers.

Tatjana van Vark's Enigma-inspired rotor machine.

The Enigma was influential in the field of cipher machine design, and a number of other rotor machines are derived from it. The British Typex was originally derived from the Enigma patents; Typex even includes features from the patent descriptions that were omitted from the actual Enigma machine. Owing to the need for secrecy about its cipher systems, no royalties were paid for the use of the patents by the British government. A Japanese Enigma clone was codenamed GREEN by American cryptographers. Little used, it contained four rotors mounted vertically. In the U.S., cryptologist William Friedman designed the M-325, a machine similar to Enigma in logical operation, although not in construction. Image File history File links Japanese copy of the German Enigma machine, on display at the National Cryptologic Museum. ... Image File history File links Japanese copy of the German Enigma machine, on display at the National Cryptologic Museum. ... Tatjana van Varks [1] Enigma-inspired rotor machine, constructed in 2002. ... Tatjana van Varks [1] Enigma-inspired rotor machine, constructed in 2002. ... Typex was based on the commercial Enigma machine, but incorporated a number of additional features to improve the security. ... William Friedman. ... Friedman patented the design of the M-325 in US patent #2,877,565. ...

A unique rotor machine was constructed in 2002 by Netherlands-based Tatjana van Vark. This unusual device was inspired by Enigma but makes use of 40-point rotors, allowing letters, numbers and some punctuation to be used; each rotor contains 509 parts.^[26]

Fiction

The play, Breaking the Code, by Hugh Whitemore is about the life and death of Alan Turing, who was the central force in breaking the Enigma in Britain during World War II. Turing was played by Derek Jacobi, who also played Turing in a 1996 television adaptation of the play. The television adaptation is generally available (though currently only on VHS). Although it is a drama and thus takes artistic license, it is nonetheless a fundamentally accurate account. It contains a two-minute, stutteringly-nervous speech by Jacobi that comes very close to encapsulating the entire Enigma codebreaking effort. Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, logician, and cryptographer. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Sir Derek George Jacobi, CBE (IPA: ) (born 22 October 1938) is an English actor and director, knighted in 1994 for his services to the theatre. ...

Robert Harris' 1996 novel Enigma is set against the backdrop of World War II Bletchley Park and cryptologists working to read Naval Enigma in Hut 8. The book, with significant changes in the story, was made into the 2001 film, Enigma, directed by Michael Apted and starring Kate Winslet and Dougray Scott; the film has been criticized for many historical inaccuracies and neglecting the role of Biuro Szyfrów in breaking the Enigma code. An earlier Polish film dealing with the Polish aspects of the subject was the 1979 Sekret Enigmy (The Enigma Secret).^[27] Robert Harris is an English TV reporter and author, born in 1957 in the city of Nottingham. ... During World War II, codebreakers at Bletchley Park decrypted and interpreted messages from a large number of Axis code and cipher systems, including the German Enigma machine. ... Hut 8 was one of the units at Bletchley Park, the secret British military intelligence operation that opened just before World War II. Led by Alan Turing, Hut 8 was assigned to break the German naval Enigma code. ... Enigma is a 2001 film set in World War II. It stars Dougray Scott and Kate Winslet and is based on a novel of the same title by Robert Harris. ... Michael Apted (born 10 February 1941;) is an English director, producer, writer and actor. ... Kate Elizabeth Winslet (born October 5, 1975) is a five time Academy Award-nominated Emmy Award-nominated BAFTA, Grammy and Screen Actors Guild Award winning English actress. ... Dougray Scott (born Stephen Scott on November 25, 1965) is a Scottish television and film actor best known in America for playing Ian Hainsworth in Desperate Housewives. ... The Biuro Szyfrów ( (?), Polish for Cipher Bureau) was the Polish agency concerned with cryptology between World Wars I and II. The Bureau enjoyed notable successes against Soviet cryptography during the Polish-Soviet War, helping to preserve Polands independence. ...

Neal Stephenson's novel Cryptonomicon also features World War II military cryptography, including the Enigma and Bletchley Park. It takes considerable historical liberties. Neal Town Stephenson (born October 31, 1959) is an American writer, known primarily for his science fiction works in the postcyberpunk genre with a penchant for explorations of society, mathematics, currency, and the history of science. ... Cryptonomicon is a 1999 novel by Neal Stephenson. ...

The 1989 Doctor Who story The Curse of Fenric features British cryptographers, including a character based on Alan Turing, using a similar device called ULTIMA that is ultimately used to decrypt ancient Viking runes and unleash a plague of vampires. This article is about the television series. ... The Curse of Fenric is a serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in four weekly parts from October 25 to November 15, 1989. ... Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, logician, and cryptographer. ...

An interactive fiction game Jigsaw by Graham Nelson contains a puzzle in which the player must decrypt a message with a simplified version of the Enigma. The puzzle is generally accepted as the most annoying in the game, which is perhaps some measure of how hard it was to decrypt messages produced by the original machine(s). Zork I is one of the first interactive fiction games, as well as being one of the first commercially sold. ... Jigsaw is an interactive fiction (IF) game, written by Graham Nelson in 1995. ... Graham Nelson (born 1968) is the creator of the Inform design system for creating interactive fiction (IF) games. ...

Jonathan Mostow's 2000 film U-571 describes a fictional patrol by American submariners who have hijacked a German submarine to obtain an Enigma machine. The machine used in the film was an authentic Enigma obtained from a collector. The historical liberties taken are large, for the Polish breaks into Enigma (beginning in December 1932) did not require a captured machine, the Royal Navy captured several Enigmas or parts before the U.S. entered the war, and the U.S. capture of a U-boat occurred only days before D-Day in 1944. The film caused considerable protests when it was released in Britain, since it effectively transferred the exploits of the real life HMS Bulldog to a fictional American boat. Jonathan Mostow (born November 28, 1961, Woodbridge, CT) is an American film director, writer and producer. ... U-571 is a 2000 movie directed by Jonathan Mostow, and starring Matthew McConaughey, Bill Paxton, Harvey Keitel, Jon Bon Jovi, Jack Noseworthy, Will Estes, and Tom Guiry. ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American... Land on Normandy In military parlance, D-Day is a term often used to denote the day on which a combat attack or operation is to be initiated. ... For other ships of the same name, see HMS Bulldog. ...

Friedrich Kittler's 1986 (trans. 1999) Gramophone, Film, Typewriter examines the use of the Enigma and similar devices in relation to the Symbolic order of Jacques Lacan. Friedrich A. Kittler (born 1943 in Rochlitz, Saxony) is a literary scientist and a media theorist. ... Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan (French pronounced ) (April 13, 1901 – September 9, 1981) was a French psychoanalyst, psychiatrist, and doctor, who made prominent contributions to the psychoanalytic movement. ...

Wolfgang Petersen's 1981 film Das Boot includes an Enigma machine which is evidently a four-rotor Kriegsmarine variant. It appears in many scenes which probably capture well the flavour of day-to-day Enigma use aboard a World War II U-Boat. Wolfgang Petersen Wolfgang Petersen (born March 14, 1941 in Emden, Lower Saxony, Germany) is a German film director. ... For the song Das Boot, see U96. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

The Beast, the online puzzle-solving alternate reality game (ARG) created by a team at Microsoft to promote the Steven Spielberg film A.I.: Artificial Intelligence, required players to use an online Enigma simulator to solve one of the puzzles. The Beast is the name given by fans to the alternate reality game created to promote the release of the movie A.I.. The game concerned itself primarily with the discovery of the reasons behind the murder of Evan Chan, one of its characters. ... Alternate Reality, see Alternate Reality (computer game). ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... Steven Allan Spielberg KBE (born December 18, 1946)[1] is an American film director, producer and screenwriter. ...

Stefan Ruzowitzky's 2001 film All the Queen's Men dispenses a mismatched team of British Special Services agents led by an American (Matt LeBlanc) must infiltrate, in disguise, a female-run Enigma factory in Berlin and bring back the decoding device that will end the war. All the Queens Men is a 2001 comedy war film. ... Matthew Steven LeBlanc (July 25, 1967 - May 25, 2007) is an Emmy and Golden Globe nominated American actor, best known for his role as Joey Tribbiani on the TV sitcom Friends (1994-2004). ...

See also

Cryptography Portal

• Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
• Geheimschreiber
• Lorenz cipher
• Siemens and Halske T52
• SIGABA
• Typex
• Ultra

Image File history File links Crypto_key. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Fish (sometimes FISH) was the Allied codename for any of several German teleprinter stream ciphers used during World War II. While a large number of links were monitored, at least three different encryption systems were distinguished: Tunny — the Lorenz SZ 40/42 from Lorenz Electric. ... For the fish, see Tuna. ... STURGEON exhibit at the National Cryptologic Museum. ... SIGABA In the history of cryptography, the ECM Mark II was a rotor machine used by the United States from World War II (WWII) until the 1950s. ... Typex was based on the commercial Enigma machine, but incorporated a number of additional features to improve the security. ... Ultra (sometimes capitalized ULTRA) was the name used by the British for intelligence resulting from decryption of German communications in World War II. The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources. ...

Notes

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the in-memory database management system, see In-memory database. ...

References

Further reading

• Cave Brown, Anthony. Bodyguard of Lies, 1977. One of the first important books on Enigma codebreaking and its effect on the war's outcome.
• Garlinski, J. Intercept. Dent, 1979.
• Large, Christine. Hijacking Enigma, 2003, ISBN 0-470-86347-1.
• Marks, Philip. "Umkehrwalze D: Enigma's Rewirable Reflector — Part I", Cryptologia 25(2), April 2001, pp. 101–141.
• Marks, Philip. "Umkehrwalze D: Enigma's Rewirable Reflector — Part II", Cryptologia 25(3), July 2001, pp. 177–212.
• Marks, Philip. "Umkehrwalze D: Enigma's Rewirable Reflector — Part III", Cryptologia 25(4), October 2001, pp. 296–310.
• Perera, Tom. The Story of the ENIGMA: History, Technology and Deciphering, 2nd Edition, CD-ROM, 2004, Artifax Books, ISBN 1-890024-06-6 sample pages
• Rejewski, Marian. "How Polish Mathematicians Deciphered the Enigma," Annals of the History of Computing 3, 1981. This article is regarded by Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing's biographer, as "the definitive account" (see Hodges' Alan Turing: The Enigma, Walker and Company, 2000 paperback edition, p. 548, footnote 4.5).
• Quirantes, Arturo. "Model Z: A Numbers-Only Enigma Version", Cryptologia 28(2), April 2004.
• Ulbricht, Heinz. Enigma Uhr, Cryptologia, 23(3), April 1999, pp. 194–205.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Enigma machine

• Andy Carlson, About Enigma and Its Decryption
• Several images of Enigma
• Detailed photos of various Enigma models and parts
• Pictures of a four-rotor naval enigma, including Flash (SWF) views of the machine
• The Enigma cipher machine, by Tony Sale
• Enigma — a very famous story of cryptology by Martin Oberzalek
• The origins of the Enigma/ULTRA by Dr. Wladyslaw Kozaczuk
• Wiring of the Enigma rotors:
  • http://www.ellsbury.com/ultraenigmawirings.htm.
  • http://www.cripto.es/museo/rotor.htm.
• Enigma Displays Register — a list of places to see an Enigma machine on display
• Archives of all German military manuals — also for secret manuals of Enigma and Cryptography
• Enigma Cipher Challenge and School Project — competition to deciphering 10 messages
• Intercepts and decrypts of Enigma messages
• Enigma Pictures and Demonstration by NSA Employee at RSA

Enigma simulators

• The world's first electronic Enigma machine (YouTube video)
• Enigma Simulator v6.4
• Enigma Simulator (Mac OS X)
• Enigma simulator (Macromedia Flash)
• Paper Enigma (paper cut-out)
• Enigma simulator (Swing (Java) application .JAR (file format)) -- Service, Service - M4, A6008, Abwehr, Commercial D, Model T (a.k.a Tirpitz), Norenigma, Railway, SNA, Swiss K
• Enigma simulator (Java applet)
• Enigma simulator (Java applet)
• Extended Enigma simulator (Java applet)
• Enigma Simulator (zip file)
• Enigma Crypter (homepage)
• KEnigma (Replica written in Ruby for KDE)

The German Lorenz cipher machine, used in World War II for encryption of very high-level general staff messages Cryptography (or cryptology; derived from Greek κρυπτός kryptós hidden, and the verb γράφω gráfo write or λεγειν legein to speak) is the study of message secrecy. ... The history of cryptography begins thousands of years ago. ... Close-up of the rotors in a Fialka cipher machine Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, hidden, and analýein, to loosen or to untie) is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. ... This article is intended to be an analytic glossary, or alternatively, an organized collection of annotated pointers. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Encryption Decryption In cryptography, a block cipher is a symmetric key cipher which operates on fixed-length groups of bits, termed blocks, with an unvarying transformation. ... The operation of the keystream generator in A5/1, a LFSR-based stream cipher used to encrypt mobile phone conversations. ... A big random number is used to make a public-key/private-key pair. ... In cryptography, a cryptographic hash function is a hash function with certain additional security properties to make it suitable for use as a primitive in various information security applications, such as authentication and message integrity. ... A cryptographic message authentication code (MAC) is a short piece of information used to authenticate a message. ... A cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator (CSPRNG) is a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) with properties that make it suitable for use in cryptography. ... This article is about hidden messages. ...