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The Enneagram is a nine-pointed geometric figure. The term derives from two Greek words - ennea (nine) and grammos (something written or drawn). Image File history File links Enneagram. ...
Image File history File links Enneagram. ...
It is believed that the Enneagram figure is of ancient origin, possibly from within Sufism, while its introduction in modern times is credited to G.I. Gurdjieff. Gurdjieff used the figure in his teachings as a symbol that represents fundamental universal cosmic laws. Gurdjieff never disclosed where the figure originally came from besides claiming that it was the emblem of secret societies. Sufism is a mystic tradition that found a home in Islam and encompasses a diverse range of beliefs and practices dedicated to Allah, divine love and the cultivation of the heart. ...
Georges Ivanovich Gurdjieff Georges Ivanovich Gurdjieff (January 13, 1872 - October 29, 1949), the Greek-Armenian mystic and teacher of dancing born in Alexandropol, Armenia (then of the Russian Empire, now Gyumri, Armenia), traveled to many parts of the world (i. ...
The figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teaching systems. In more recent years the figure has mostly come into prominence because of its use with what is often called the Enneagram of Personality.
Geometry
 Enneagrams shown as sequential stellations In geometry an enneagram is a regular nine-sided star polygon, using the same points as the regular enneagon but connected in fixed steps. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (709x761, 111 KB) Stellation I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (709x761, 111 KB) Stellation I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Table of Geometry, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...
In geometry, a star polygon is a complex, equilateral equiangular polygon, so named for its starlike appearance, created by connecting one vertex of a simple, regular, n-sided polygon to another, non-adjacent vertex and continuing the process until the original vertex is reached again. ...
A regular enneagon. ...
It has two forms: {9/2} and {9/4} connecting every 2nd and every 4th points respectively. There is also a star figure, {9/3}, made from the regular enneagon points but connected as a compound of three equilateral triangles.
 Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (736x714, 28 KB) star polygon {9/2} I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (721x730, 34 KB) star polygon {9/4} I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (805x796, 29 KB) Star figure {9/3}, colored as 3 triangles in red/green/blue. ...
Gurdjieff & Ouspensky The modern use of the Enneagram figure is generally credited to G.I. Gurdjieff and his Fourth Way teaching tradition. Georges Ivanovich Gurdjieff Georges Ivanovich Gurdjieff (January 13, 1872 - October 29, 1949), the Greek-Armenian mystic and teacher of dancing born in Alexandropol, Armenia (then of the Russian Empire, now Gyumri, Armenia), traveled to many parts of the world (i. ...
The Fourth Way is the title of the posthumously published 1957 book by P. D. Ouspensky that describes the teachings of G. I. Gurdjieff. ...
According to Gurdjieff the Enneagram figure is the symbol which represents the "law of seven" and the "law of three" (the two fundamental universal laws), and therefore the figure can be used to describe any natural whole phenomenon, cosmos, process in life or any other piece of knowledge. Basic use of the Enneagram is to explain why nothing in nature and in life constantly occurs in a straight line, that is to say that there are always ups and downs in life which occur lawfully. Easier examples of this can be noticed in athletic performances, where a high ranked athlete always has periodic downfalls, as well as in nearly all graphs that plot topics that occur over time, such as the economic graphs, population graphs, death-rate graphs, and so on... all show parabolic periods that keep rising and falling. Gurdjieff claimed that since these periods occur lawfully based on the enneagram that it is possible to keep a process in a straight line if the necessary shocks were introduced at the right time.
The Enneagram figure is a circle with nine points. Within the circle is a triangle connecting points 9, 3, and 6. The inscribed figure resembling a web connects the other six points in a cyclic figure 1-4-2-8-5-7. The Enneagram's construction is based on the laws of octaves.
 The Enneagram with notes attached to it The Enneagram's construction is also constructed lawfully on the same laws as the decimal system. If the enneagram is used to represent a whole octave of notes and the number 1, then by dividing 1 into seven different notes... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
- 1/7=.142857...
- 2/7=.285714...
- 3/7=.428571...
- 4/7=.571428...
- 5/7=.714285...
- 6/7=.857142...
- 7/7=.999999...
...it can be noticed that all of these fractions, except in the case of the last one, are made up of the same numbers running in a definite sequence, and by joining those numbers on the figure the given web-like shape is obtain. Also, if the web is used in an explanation, by knowing the initial number of the period it is possible to immediately re-establish the whole period in full.
Most processes on the Enneagram are represented through octaves where the points serve as the notes; a concept which is derived from Gurdjieff’s idea of the law of seven. In an octave the developing process comes to a critical point (one of the triangle points) at which help from outside is needed for it to rightly continue. This concept is best illustrated on the keys of the piano where every white key would represent an enneagram web point. The adjacent white keys which are missing a black key (half note) in between represent the enneagram web points which have a triangle point in between. In order that this point would pass onto the next, an external push is required.
 Enneagram representing the evolution of food In the Enneagram a process is depicted as going right around the circle beginning at point 9 (the ending point of a previous process). The process can continue until it reaches point 3. At this point an external aid is needed in order that the process continues. If it doesn't receive the ‘help’ the process will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved. The process continues until point 6 and later 9, where a similar "push" is needed. If the process passes point 9 the initial process will end while giving birth to a new one. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
A good example of this use of the Enneagram is the illustration of Gurdjieff's concept of the evolution of the three types of ‘food’ necessary for a man: ordinary food, air and impressions (see picture to the right). Each point on the Enneagram (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do) represents a stage and the possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.
As ordinary food enters the body, it starts to evolve and it evolves until a certain stage (which is represented in the picture as the black note Mi). Here food can't evolve on its own any further, and it needs an external "push". This "push" in the given case is Air, as it enters the body. Air aids the evolution of the food to the next stage (black Fa), while it itself begins to assimilate and evolve as a separate process. Air similarly can only reach Mi on its own, while it aided the evolution of food to the stage Sol. Here an external push is required for both of them in order that they should continue evolving. Impressions in this case enters the body and it aides the further evolution of food and air, while similarly it begins its own process.
The line of development associated with the Fourth Way developed from the writings of Gurdjieff's students - principally P.D. Ouspensky, Maurice Nicoll, J.G. Bennett and Rodney Collin. They developed Gurdjieff's ideas and left their own accounts. There is an extensive bibliography devoted to the Gurdjieff-Ouspensky tradition. P.D. Ouspensky Peter D. Ouspensky (March 5, 1878, Moscow - October 2, 1947, Lyne Place, Surrey, England), (Pyotr Demianovich Ouspenskii, also Uspenskii or Uspensky) was a Russian philosopher with an analytic and mystical bent who combined geometry and psychology in his discussion of higher dimensions of existence. ...
Maurice Nicoll (July 19, 1884 - August 30, 1953). ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Rodney Collin (died May 3, 1956) was a British writer in the area of spiritual development. ...
Enneagram of Personality The Enneagram of Personality as generally understood has principally developed from the teachings of Oscar Ichazo, the Bolivian-born founder of the Arica School which he established in 1968. Whilst some modern Enneagram authors have claimed that Ichazo's work was derived from Gurdjieff's Fourth Way work, no evidence supports that claim and Ichazo has written specifically on this in a "Letter to the Transpersonal Community"(http://www.arica.org/articles/trletter.cfm). In U.S. Court 970 F.2d 1067, 1075. 2nd Circuit, 1992 Arica vs Palmer, copyright was denied to Ichazo on the basis that factual descriptions are not copyrightable. The Arica School (also known as the Arica Institute, which is its incorporated educational organization, or simply as Arica) is a human potential movement group founded in 1968 by Bolivian-born philosopher Oscar Ichazo (born in 1931). ...
Ichazo claims that sometime in the 1950s he received insight into how certain mechanistic and repetitive thought and behavior patterns can be understood in connection with the Enneagram figure, classical philosophy and with what he called Trialectic logic. The purpose of Ichazo's teachings was to help people transcend their identification with - and the suffering caused by - their own mechanistic thought and behavior patterns.
Ichazo's theory of Fixations is founded on the premise that all life seeks to continue and perpetuate itself and the human psyche must follow the same common laws of reality as such. From this, Ichazo defined three basic human instincts for survival (Conservation - digestive system, Relations - circulatory system and Adaptation - central nervous system) and two poles of attraction to self-perpetuation (Sexual - sexual organs and Spiritual - spinal column). With a baseline of a psyche in a state of unity as a prototypical model, the Fixations were defined as aberrations from this baseline, much as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is an observation-based method for diagnosing personality disorders. The primary difference between modern psychology and Ichazo's work is that Ichazo has proposed a model of the components of a human psyche whilst modern psychology has instead preferred to agree only upon observed behavior rather than attempt to define an essential model from which aberrations arise due to psychological traumas. Ichazo has related the Fixations with the major categories of the DSM to indicate that Fixations are the precursor to mental illness. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association The poopDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the handbook used most often in diagnosing mental disorders in the United States. ...
The Fixations are diagnosed from the particular experience of psychological trauma a child suffers when expectations are not met in each respective Instinct. Since a small child is completely self-centered in its expectations it will experience disappointment of expectation viewed by the child as a matter of one of the three fundamental attitudes (attracted, unattracted or disinterested are the only possible attitudes), and thus experience trauma and begin to form mechanistic thought and behavior patterns in an attempt to protect itself from experiencing a recurrence of the trauma.
This basic understanding of three fundamental Instincts and three possible attitudes along with the understanding that a human being can be in a state of unity, analyzed with Trialectic logic forms a solid foundation upon which the theory of Fixations is based. As such, the theory of ego Fixations has a particular foundation which can be tested.
By understanding one's Fixations and through self observation, the hold on the mind and suffering caused by the Fixations is reduced and even transcended. There was never an intention or purpose in Ichazo's original work to use this knowledge to reinforce or manipulate what is essentially a source of human suffering. Therefore almost all later interpretations of the Enneagram of Personality are viewed by Ichazo as unfounded and therefore misguided and psychologically harmful as well as spiritually harmful (in the sense of coming to see one's process as such) in light of his original intentions. The modern Enneagram movement, therefore, is considered by Ichazo, in most cases, to actually promote the strengthening of the basis for personality disorders.
From the 1970s Ichazo's partial Enneagram teachings were adapted and developed by a number of others, first by the Chilean-born psychiatrist, Claudio Naranjo. For some months in 1969 Naranjo was a member of a training program presented by Ichazo in Arica, Chile. Naranjo did not complete Ichazo's program. Naranjo then began to teach his own understanding of the Enneagram of Personality to a number of his American students, including some Jesuit priests who then taught it to seminarians. Claudio Naranjo is a Chilean-born anthropologist and psychiatrist who is noted for his inter-disciplinary work with mind-altering substances, as well as the Enneagram and Gestalt psychotherapy. ...
It is believed by Enneagram theorists that the points of the Enneagram figure indicate a number of ways in which nine principal ego-archetypal forms or types of human personality (also often called "Enneatypes") are psychologically connected. These nine types are often given names that indicate some of their more distinctively typical characteristics. Such names are insufficient to capture the complexities and nuances of the types which require study and observation to understand in depth.
Some brief descriptions of the Enneatypes are as follows:
 One: Reformer, Critic, Perfectionist - This type focuses on integrity. Ones can be wise, discerning and inspiring in their quest for the truth. They also tend to dissociate themselves from their flaws or what they believe are flaws (such as negative emotions) and can become hypocritical and hyper-critical of others, seeking the illusion of virtue to hide their own vices. The One's greatest fear is to be flawed and their ultimate goal is perfection. The corresponding "deadly sin" Ones is Anger and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Perfection. Under stress Ones express qualities of Fours and when relaxed qualities of Sevens. Image File history File links PerfectionistENNEAGR.jpg‎ Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Enneagram ...
One is one of the nine personality types of the Enneagram, and is sometimes called the Reformer, the Critic, or the Perfectionist. ...
 Two: Helper, Giver, Caretaker - Twos, at their best, are compassionate, thoughtful and astonishingly generous; they can also be prone to passive-aggressive behavior, clinginess and manipulation. Twos want, above all, to be loved and needed and fear being unworthy of love. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Twos is Pride and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Will. Under stress Twos express qualities of Eights and when relaxed qualities of Fours. Image File history File links Giver. ...
According to Don Richard Riso, the Helper is the second personality type of the Enneagram, and is also known as a Two. ...
Passive-aggressive personality disorder is a personality disorder whereby someone displays a pattern of negative attitudes and passive resistance in interpersonal or occupational situations. ...
 Three: Achiever, Performer, Succeeder - Highly adaptable and changeable. Some walk the world with confidence and unstinting authenticity; others wear a series of public masks, acting the way they think will bring them approval and losing track of their true self. Threes are motivated by the need to succeed and to be seen as successful. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Threes is Deceit and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Law. Under stress Threes express qualities of Nines and when relaxed qualities of Sixes. Image File history File links Performer. ...
The Achiever personality type, according to Don Richard Riso, is the third personality type of the Enneagram, and is also known as a Three. ...
 Four: Romantic, Individualist, Artist - Driven by a desire to understand themselves and find a place in the world they often fear that they have no identity or personal significance. Fours embrace individualism and are often profoundly creative and intuitive. However, they have a habit of withdrawing to internalize, searching desperately inside themselves for something they never find and creating a spiral of depression. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Fours is Envy and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Origin. Under stress Fours express qualities of Twos and when relaxed qualities of Ones. Image File history File links Tragic_Romantic. ...
According to Don Richard Riso and Russ Hudson, Enneagram Type Four is called the Individualist. ...
 Five: Observer, Thinker, Investigator - Fives are motivated by the desire to understand the world around them, specifically in terms of facts. Believing they are only worth what they contribute, Fives have learned to withdraw, to watch with keen eyes and speak only when they can shake the world with their observations. Sometimes they do just that. However, some Fives are known to withdraw from the world, becoming reclusive hermits and fending off social contact with abrasive cynicism. Fives fear incompetency or uselessness and want to be capable and knowledgeable above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Five is Avarice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Omniscience. Under stress Fives express qualities of Sevens and when relaxed qualities of Eights. Image File history File links ObserverENNEAGR.jpg‎ Summary {{Information |Description= Symbol for Enneagramic type Observer. Remark - the same figure was inserted formerly under the name Observer, but it occures that there are another pictures entitiled by the same word. ...
This is an article describing personality type number Five according to the Enneagram. ...
Greed is often associated with death and disease. ...
Six: Loyalist, Devil's Advocate, Defender - Sixes long for stability above all else. They exhibit unwavering loyalty and responsibility, but once betrayed, they are slow to trust again. They are prone to extreme anxiety and passive-aggressive behavior. Their greatest fear is to lack support and guidance. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Six is Cowardice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Faith and Strength. Under stress Sixes express qualities of Threes and when relaxed qualities of Nines. There are two kinds of Sixes - phobic and counterphobic. Phobic Sixes have a tendency to run or hide from things they fear while counterphobic Sixes are more likely to confront their fears. Image File history File links Devil's_Advocate. ...
This is an article describing personality type number six according to the Enneagram. ...
Passive-aggressive personality disorder is a personality disorder whereby someone displays a pattern of negative attitudes and passive resistance in interpersonal or occupational situations. ...
 Seven: Enthusiast, Adventurer, Materialist, Epicure - Sevens are adventurous, and busy with many activities with all the energy and enthusiasm of the Puer Aeternus. At their best they embrace life for its varied joys and wonders and truly live in the moment; but at their worst they dash frantically from one new experience to another, too scared of disappointment to actually enjoy themselves. Sevens fear being unable to provide for themselves or to experience life in all of its richness. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Sevens is Gluttony and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Wisdom". Under stress Sevens express qualities of Ones and when relaxed qualities of Fives. Image File history File links EpicureENNEAGR.jpg‎ Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Enneagram ...
This is an article describing personality type number Seven according to the Enneagram. ...
Puer Aeternus is Latin for Eternal Boy. ...
 Eight: Leader, Protector, Challenger - Eights value personal strength and they desire to be powerful and in control. They concern themselves with self-preservation. They are natural leaders, who can be either friendly and charitable or dictatorially manipulative, ruthless, and willing to destroy anything in their way. Eights seek control over their own lives and destinies, and fear being harmed or controlled by others. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Eight is Lust and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Truth. Under stress Eights express qualities of Fives and when relaxed qualities of Twos. Image File history File links Boss. ...
Profile Summary for Enneagram Type Eight: According to Don Richard Riso and Russ Hudson, Enneagram Type 8 is the Challenger: the powerful, dominating type, self-confident, decisive, willful and confrontational. ...
 Nine: Mediator, Peacemaker, Preservationist - Nines are ruled by their empathy. At their best they are perceptive, receptive, gentle, calming and at peace with the world. On the other hand, they prefer to dissociate from conflicts; they indifferently go along with others' wishes, or simply withdraw, acting via inaction. They fear the conflict caused by their ability to simultaneously understand opposing points of view and seek peace of mind above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Nine is Sloth and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Love. Under stress Nines express qualities of Sixes and when relaxed qualities of Threes. Image File history File links Mediator. ...
Profile Summary for Enneagram Type Nine: Healthy: Deeply receptive, accepting, unselfconscious, emotionally stable and serene. ...
Wings Whilst a person's Enneatype is determined by only one of the ego-fixations, their personality characteristics are also influenced and modified in different ways by all of the other eight fixations as well.
Most Enneagram teachers and theorists believe that one of the principal kinds of influence and modification come from the two points on either side of their Enneatype. These two points are known as the 'Wings'.
Observation seems to indicate, for example, that Ones will tend to manifest some characteristics of both Nines and Twos. Some Enneagram theorists believe that one of the Wings will always have a more dominant influence on an individual's personality, while others believe that either Wing can be dominant at any particular time depending on the person's circumstances and development.
This aspect of Enneagram theory was originally suggested by Claudio Naranjo and then further developed by some of the Jesuit teachers.
Stress & Security points The lines of the triangle and hexagon are believed to indicate psychological dynamics between the points connected depending on whether a person is in a more stressed or secure and relaxed state. Therefore the connecting points on the lines are usually called the 'Stress Points' and 'Security Points'. In Don Riso's teachings these lines are also called the 'Directions of Integration' and the 'Directions of Disintegration' as he believes that the security points also indicates the 'direction' towards greater psychological wellbeing and the stress points towards psychological breakdown.
The more traditional understanding of the stress and security points is that when people are in a more secure or relaxed state they will tend to express aspects of the 'security' or 'integration' type associated with their main type and aspects of the other direction when stressed. Relaxed or secure Ones, for instance, will tend to manifest some more positive aspects of the Seven personality type, Ones tending to be highly self-inhibitory whereas Sevens give themselves permission to enjoy the moment. On the other hand, stressed Ones will express some more negative aspects of the Four personality, particularly the obsessive introspection; they also share a certain amount of self-loathing and self-inhibition.
Another emerging belief about these connections between points is that people may access and express the positive and negative aspects of both points depending on their particular circumstances.
The connecting points are often indicated on Enneagram figures by the use of arrows and are sometimes also called 'Arrow Points'. The sequence of stress points is 1-4-2-8-5-7-1 for the hexagon and 9-6-3-9 for the triangle. The security points sequence is in the opposite direction (1-7-5-8-2-4-1 and 9-3-6-9). These sequences are found in the repeating decimals resulting from division by 7 and 3, respectively, both of those numbers being important to Gurdjieff's system. (1/7 = 0.1428571...; 1/3 = 0.3333..., 2/3 = 0.6666..., 3/3 = 0.9999...). George Ivanovich Gurdjieff George Ivanovich Gurdjieff (January 13 / January 14, 1866? - October 29, 1949), the Greek-Armenian mystic and teacher of dancing born in Alexandropol, Armenia (then of the Russian Empire, now Gumri, Armenia), traveled to many parts of the world (i. ...
Instinctual subtypes Each type also has three main instinctual subtypes - the Self-Preservation, Sexual and Social subtypes. Because each point is different, it may be perceived as having a tendency toward one subtype or another. It requires keen observation and understanding to discover a person's tendency toward a particular subtype. - Self-Preservation subtypes pay most attention to physical survival needs.
- Sexual subtypes focus most on intimacy and one-to-one relationships.
- Social subtypes care most about others, in groups and communities.
These are very similar to the "need areas" of the FIRO-B instrument, called "Inclusion" "Control" and "Affection", except that the score in each area carries equal weight in the person's overal personality, and there is no "tendency" towards one or another. Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO) is a theory of interpersonal relations, introduced by William Schutz in 1958. ...
Directional Scales The Enneagram types have also been mapped to Karen Horney's "Three Trends" (Moving Towards, Against, Away from), in two dimensions of "Surface Direction" and "Deep Direction"[1] [2] (which also roughly parallel FIRO's "Expressed" and "Wanted" behavior). Each type on the surface moves one way, but underneath can move a different way. This determines both behavior and motivations. Karen Horney Karen Horney [horn-eye], born Danielsen (September 16, 1885, – December 4, 1952) was a German Freudian psychoanalyst of Norwegian and Dutch descent. ...
Surface Direction→
Deep Direction↓ | — Against
(confronting) | 0 Away
(withdrawing) | + Towards
(embracing) | + Towards
(Approval Seeking) | 3 | 9 | 6 | 0 Away
(Ideal Seeking) | 1 | 4 | 7 | — Against
(Power Seeking) | 8 | 5 | 2 |
Ego-fixations & deadly sins Seven of the Enneagram types can be correlated with the traditional Seven Deadly Sins. Two additional 'sins', 'deceit' and 'fear', are also included. For other uses, see Cardinal sin (disambiguation). ...
- One – Anger, as the frustration that comes from Ones working hard to do things right while the rest of the world doesn't care about doing things right and not appreciating the sacrifices and efforts Ones have made.
- Two – Pride, as self-inflation of the ego, in the sense of Twos seeing themselves as indispensable to others and to having no needs whilst also being needed by others.
- Three – Deceit, in the misrepresentation of self by marketing and presenting an image valued by others rather than presenting an authentic self.
- Four – Envy of someone else reminds Fours that they can never be what another person is, reawakening their sense of self-defectiveness.
- Five – Avarice, as the hoarding of resources in an attempt to minimize their needs in the face of a world that takes more than it gives; thus isolating Fives from the world.
- Six – Fear, often in the form of a generalized anxiety that can't find an actual source of fear. Sixes may wrongly identify a source of fear through projection, possibly seeing enemies and dangers where there are none.
- Seven – Gluttony, not in the sense of eating too much but, rather, of sampling everything the world has to offer (breadth) and not taking the time for richer experience (depth).
- Eight – Lust, in the sense of wanting more of what Eights find stimulating, to a point beyond which most people would feel overwhelmed and stop.
- Nine – Sloth, or laziness in discovering a personal agenda and instead choosing the less problematic strategy of just going along with other people's agendas.
This article is about the emotion. ...
Pride refers to a strong sense of self-respect, a refusal to be humiliated as well as joy in the accomplishments of oneself or a person, group, or object that one identifies with. ...
This article is about the telling of falsehoods. ...
Envy is an emotion that occurs when a person lacks another’s superior quality, achievement, or possession and either desires it or wishes that the other lacked it. ...
Greed is often associated with death and disease. ...
Fear is a powerful, unpleasant feeling of risk or danger, either real or imagined. ...
Gluttony can also refer to a character named Gluttony - a homonculus from the anime series Full Metal Alchemist Gluttony is the over-indulgence and over-consumption of food, drink, or intoxicants to the point of waste. ...
See also Lust (onomastics) for other uses Lust is any intense desire or craving for self gratification. ...
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Laziness Look up Laziness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Research issues Because of differences among teachers in their understanding of the personality characteristics of the nine types and more theoretical aspects of Enneagram dynamics some skeptics argue that more research needs to be done to test the Enneagram as an empirically valid typology.
While some believe that current research does not support the Enneagram's validity (especially regarding the concepts of Wings and the Stress and Security Points), others believe that because of its complex and 'spiritual' nature the Enneagram typology cannot be accurately evaluated by conventional empirical methods.
Recently published research (2005) based on a type indicator questionnaire developed by Don Riso and Russ Hudson [3] claims to have demonstrated that the nine Enneagram types are "real and objective". Katherine Chernick Fauvre also claims to have statistically validated research that indicates that the three Instinctual Subtypes are real and objective.[citation needed]
Concerning the brain, at least three different models have been proposed for identifying a basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience:
- Asymmetry in PFC and amygdala activity
- Triune brain
- Differential neurotransmitter activity
Concerning the first brain model, a partially finished book entitled "Personality and the Brain" was posted for free download in December 2005. This book, written by a self-described "hacker", presents a model for linking the Enneagram to the current findings of neuroscience regarding prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala asymmetry. 15:18, 18 December 2006 (UTC)15:18, 18 December 2006 (UTC)~~PT The prefrontal cortex is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Concerning the second brain model, The Enneagram and the Triune Brain offers a different theory on the neuroscience of Enneagram. This article was originally published in the October 2000 issue of the Enneagram Monthly and links the Enneagram with Paul MacLean's triune brain theory. The Triune Brain is a hypothesis proposed by Paul MacLean about the traces of evolution existing in the structure of the human brain. ...
In his 1996 book The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (at pages 92-103 of the paperback version), neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux rejected McLean's triune brain model to the extent that this model limits emotional functions to what McLean called the "limbic system". LeDoux explains that emotional functions are not limited to the limbic system (e.g. areas of the neocortex also play various roles); conversely, the limbic system is not limited to emotional functions (e.g. that area also processes certain cognitive functions). If LeDoux's criticisms of the triune brain theory are correct this would obviate this second model as a useful basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience. Joseph LeDoux is a professor of neuroscience and psychology and the director of the Center for Neuroscience at New York University. ...
The limbic system within the brain. ...
The neocortex (Latin for new bark or new rind) is a part of the brain of mammals. ...
Cognitive The scientific study of how people obtain, retrieve, store and manipulate information. ...
Concerning the third brain model, the paper The Enneagram and Brain Chemistry offers a theory that the different Enneagram types derive from different activity levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract of animals including humans. ...
Norepinephrine (INN) or noradrenaline (BAN) is a catecholamine and a phenethylamine with chemical formula C8H11NO3. ...
Dopamine is a chemical naturally produced in the body. ...
Criticism Some psychologists and researchers regard the Enneagram as a pseudoscience that uses an essentially arbitrary set of personality dimensions to make its characterizations. Such critics assert that claims for the Enneagram's validity cannot be verified using the empirical scientific method as they lack falsifiability and cannot be disproven. In this respect, the Enneagram is not considered to be any different from many other typological models, such as that of Carl Gustav Jung on which the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based. Phrenology is regarded today as a classic example of pseudoscience. ...
Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. ...
In science and the philosophy of science, falsifiability is the logical property of empirical statements, related to contingency and defeasibility, that they must admit of logical counterexamples. ...
Carl Jungs partially autobiographical work Memories , Dreams, Reflections, Fontana edition “Karl Jung†redirects here. ...
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a personality test designed to assist a person in identifying some significant personal preferences. ...
The Pontifical Council for Culture and the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue of the Roman Catholic Church have also expressed concerns about the Enneagram when it is used in a religious context, because it is claimed that it "introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith". [4] The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ...
Some critics suspect that the claims for the Enneagram's validity may be attributed to the Forer effect, the tendency for people to believe a supposedly tailored description of themselves even when the description has been worded in very broad terms. The Forer effect (also called personal validation fallacy or the Barnum effect after P.T. Barnum) is the observation that individuals will give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a...
Literature - The Spiritual Dimension of the Enneagram: Nine Faces of the Soul by Sandra Maitri, 2001, ISBN 1-58542-081-6
- The Enneagram of Passions and Virtues: Finding the Way Home by Sandra Maitri, 2005, ISBN 1-58542-406-4
- The Enneagram Made Easy; Renee Baron & Elizabeth Wagele, 1994, ISBN 0-06-251026-6
- The Enneagram: Understanding Yourself and the Others in Your Life; Helen Palmer, 1991, ISBN 0-06-250683-8
- The Enneagram in Love and Work: Understanding your Intimate and Business Relationships; Helen Palmer, 1996, ISBN 0-06-250721-4
- The Wisdom of the Enneagram; Don Richard Riso & Russ Hudson, 1999, ISBN 0553378201
- Facets Of Unity: The Enneagram Of Holy Ideas; A. H. Almaas, Shambhala Books, ISBN 0-936713-14-3
- My Best Self: Using the Enneagram to Free the Soul; Hurley, Kathleen V. 1993, ISBN 85-7272-066-9
- The Essential Enneagram - Test and Self-Discovery Guide; David Daniels & Virginia Price, HarperSan Francisco, 2000, ISBN 0-06-251676-0
- Self-Realization and The Enneagram; Eli Jaxon-Bear, 2005, ASIN: B000B5KX10 (DVD)
- The Enneagram: A Christian Perspective; Richard Rohr, Crossroad General Interest, 2001, ISBN 0-8245-1950-7
A. H. Almaas is the pen name of A. Hameed Ali, an author who writes about a mystical approach to psychology and therapy which he calls the Diamond Approach. ...
See also Claudio Naranjo is a Chilean-born anthropologist and psychiatrist who is noted for his inter-disciplinary work with mind-altering substances, as well as the Enneagram and Gestalt psychotherapy. ...
The enneagram – meaning a nine drawing – is a nine point figure that Gurdjieff introduced in his early teaching period in Russia, as documented in P. D. Ouspensky’s book In Search of the Miraculous. ...
Georges Ivanovich Gurdjieff Georges Ivanovich Gurdjieff (Георгий Иванович Гюрджиев, Georgiy Ivanovich Gyurdzhiev (or Gurdjiev); January 13, 1872? – October 29, 1949), was a Greek-Armenian mystic and spiritual teacher who initially gained public recognition as a teacher of sacred dance. ...
Peter D. Ouspensky (March 5, 1878, Moscow - October 2, 1947, England), (Pyotr Demianovich Ouspenskii, also Uspenskii or Uspensky) was a Russian philosopher with an analytic and mystical bent who combined geometry and psychology in his discussion of higher dimensions of existence. ...
A. H. Almaas is the pen name of A. Hameed Ali, an author who writes about a mystical approach to psychology and therapy which he calls the Diamond Approach. ...
The Fourth Way is the title of the posthumously published 1957 book by P. D. Ouspensky that describes the teachings of G. I. Gurdjieff. ...
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