Environmental Defense (formerly known as the Environmental Defense Fund or EDF), is a US-based nonprofit environmental advocacy group. The group is known for its work on issues including global warming, ecosystem restoration, oceans, and human health. It is nonpartisan, and its work often advocates market-based solutions to environmental problems. Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized... This is a list of environmental organizations, organizations that preserve or monitor the environment in different ways. ... Global mean surface temperatures 1850 to 2006 Mean surface temperature anomalies during the period 1995 to 2004 with respect to the average temperatures from 1940 to 1980 Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and oceans in recent decades and the projected... Look up Market in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

History

The founders of Environmental Defense, including Art Cooley^[1] and Charles Wurster,^[2][3] Dennis Puleston, and Robert Smolker ^[4] discovered in the mid 1960's that the osprey and other large raptors were rapidly disappearing. Their research uncovered a link between the spraying of DDT to kill mosquitos and weakening egg shells of the large birds. They started Environmental Defense to seek a ban on DDT in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York. They were successful. They then campaigned to ban DDT statewide and succeeded as well. They then took their efforts national.^[5][6][7]

The group is headquartered out of New York, with offices nationwide, and scientists and policy specialists working worldwide. It is directed by Fred Krupp who has served as its president since 1984.^[8] Fred Krupp is the president of Environmental Defense, a US-based nonprofit environmental advocacy group. ...

The organization advocates using sound science, good economics and good law to find solutions that work. Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... ‹ The template below is being considered for deletion. ... For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ...

Some environmentalists have protested that Environmental Defense has "sold out" to big business through their "market based" initiatives.^[9][10]

Key Accomplishments

Key accomplishments of Environmental Defense include:

• 1967 - A small group of scientists forms the organization and sets out to win a nationwide ban on DDT (in 1972), which had been harming wildlife and was found in human mother's milk.^[11]
• 1970 - Efforts bring all hunted whales^[12][13] onto the U.S. endangered species list.
• 1974 - An Environmental Defense study of Mississippi River water^[14][15][16] helps pass the Safe Drinking Water Act,^[17][18][19] establishing the first comprehensive health standards for water nationwide.
• 1985 - Helped convince federal regulators to phase out lead from gasoline,^{[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]} leading to a dramatic decline in childhood lead poisoning.^[30]
• 1986 - Pushed McDonalds to institute biodegradable food-packaging containers.^[31]
• 1987 - Played a key role in the treaty to phase out the use of CFCs, chemicals that many researchers believe damage the Earth’s ozone layer.^[32][33]
• 1990 - Designed Title IV of the Clean Air Act, which incorporates market-based methods to cut air pollution and acid rain.^{[34][35][36][37][38][39]},^[40][41] The measures reduce sulfur dioxide pollution faster than expected, and at a fraction of the cost.^{[42][43][44][45][46][47]}
• 1995 - Designed the Safe Harbor plan^[48][49]that gives landowners new incentives to help endangered species on their property.
• 2000 - Seven of the world's largest corporations join Environmental Defense in a partnership to address global warming, setting firm targets to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.^[50][51]
• 2001 - Helped create the 1,200-mile-long Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve.
• 2004 - The first FedEx hybrid electric trucks hit the road, the result of a four-year partnership with FedEx to transform truck technology. The new vehicles cut smog-forming pollution by 65%, reduce soot by 96%—and go 57% farther on a gallon of fuel.
• 2006 - Co-authored the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 with Natural Resources Defense Council.^[52][53]
• 2007 - Co-founded United States Climate Action Partnership (US-CAP), a coalition of major corporations and environmental groups supporting action on global warming, including a market-based carbon emissions cap. (Corporate participants include GE, DuPont and Duke Energy; non-profit groups involved are Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Natural Resources Defense Council and the World Resources Institute, a co-founder).^[54]
• 2007 - Helped negotiate an environmental platform of Texas Pacific's buyout of TXU.^{[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]}

• For contributions to the Endangered Species Act, including inventing the Safe Harbor concept

• For initiating the recent campaign to remove the O'Shaughnessy Dam in Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park^{[74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84]}

• Regional offices more focused on local issues and policies include: Austin, TX; Boulder, CO; Oakland, CA; Los Angeles, CA; Sacramento, CA; Washington, D.C.; Raleigh, NC; Boston, MA

DDT or Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane is the first modern pesticide and is one of the best known synthetic pesticides. ... Whales are the largest species of exclusively aquatic placental mammals, members of the order Cetacea, which also includes dolphins and porpoises. ... For the river in Canada, see Mississippi River (Ontario). ... The Safe Drinking Water Act was an act passed by Congress on December 16, 1974. ... Lead poisoning is a medical condition, also known as saturnism, plumbism or painters colic, caused by increased blood lead levels. ... McDonalds Corporation (NYSE: MCD) is the worlds largest chain of fast-food restaurants [1]. Although McDonalds did not invent the hamburger or fast food, its name has become nearly synonymous with both. ... For other uses, see CFC (disambiguation). ... The ozone layer is a layer in Earths atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The term acid rain or more accurately acid precipitation is commonly used to mean the deposition of acidic components in rain, snow, dew, or dry particles. ... In literal terms, safe harbor or safe harbour is a harbor which is protected and provides safety from weather or attack. ... The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (formerly the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument) is the largest Marine Protected Area in the world. ... Federal Express redirects here. ... The Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, a law in California, was signed by Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger on September 27, 2006. ... The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) [1] is a leftist, New York City-based, non-profit, non-partisan environmental advocacy group, with offices in Washington, D.C., San Francisco, and Los Angeles. ... A market economy is a term used to describe an economy where economic decisions, such as pricing of goods and services, are made in a decentralized manner by the economys participants and manifested by trade. ... Top: Increasing atmospheric CO2 levels as measured in the atmosphere and ice cores. ... Ge may refer to: Gê, a group of indigenous Brazilian tribes and their Ge languages Ge (Cyrillic) (Г, г), a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet Ge with upturn (Ґ, Ò‘), a letter of the Ukrainian alphabet Nikolai Ge, a Russian painter GÄ“, an ancient Chinese dagger-axe Ge (genus), a genus of butterflies Also... Dupont, DuPont, Du Pont, or du Pont may refer to: // E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, the worlds third largest chemical company Du Pont Motors Gilbert Dupont, a French stock brokerage part of retail banking network Crédit du Nord ST Dupont, a French manufacturer of fine... Corporate Headquarters in Charlotte, North Carolina Duke Energy NYSE: DUK, headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina, is an energy company with assets in the United States (primarily North and South Carolina), Canada and Latin America. ... The Pew Center on Global Climate Change was established in 1998 as a non-profit, non-partisan and independent organization. ... The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) [1] is a leftist, New York City-based, non-profit, non-partisan environmental advocacy group, with offices in Washington, D.C., San Francisco, and Los Angeles. ... World Resources Institute (WRI) is an environmental think tank based in Washington, D.C. It was established by James Gustave (Gus) Speth. ... The Texas Pacific Group (commonly referred as TPG) is a private equity investment firm founded by David Bonderman, James Coulter and William Price in 1993. ... TXU (formerly TU Electric) NYSE: TXU is an energy company headquartered in Energy Plaza in Dallas, Texas. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... OShaughnessy Dam in Hetch Hetchy The OShaughnessy Dam is a dam on the Tuolumne River in the Hetch Hetchy Valley of Californias Sierra Nevada mountains. ... Hetch Hetchy Valley is a glacial valley in Yosemite National Park in California. ... Yosemite National Park (pronounced Yo-SEM-it-ee, IPA: ) is a national park located largely in Mariposa and Tuolumne Counties, California, United States. ... Skyline from Town Lake Austin is the capital of the state of Texas, within the United States of America. ... Pearl Street Mall in Downtown Boulder Boulder (40n01, 105w16 MST) is a city located in Boulder County, Colorado, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 94,673. ... Aerial view looking west over downtown Oakland, Lake Merritt and the Port of Oakland in the upper left portion of the image. ... This article is about the largest city in California. ... Sacramento is the county seat of Sacramento County, California and the capital of the U.S. state of California. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... Downtown Raleigh as seen from the Boylan St. ... Alternative meanings: Boston (disambiguation) The 18th_century Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries. ...

See also

• Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency

Holding Greenhouse gases are air pollutants, and the EPA may regulate their emission Court membership Chief Justice: John Roberts Associate Justices: John Paul Stevens, Antonin Scalia, Anthony Kennedy, David Souter, Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Samuel Alito Case opinions Majority by: Stevens Joined by: Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer...

Environmental Defense websites

• Environmental Defense homepage
• Fightglobalwarming.com
• AllChokedUp.org
• OceansAlive.org
• BackFromTheBrink.org
• CleanAirForLife.org
• DiscoverHetchHetchy.org
• KeepOceansClean.org created by Animax Entertainment

Animax Entertainment is an animation studio based in Culver City, California whose clients include Disney, ESPN, Warner Bros. ...

References

1. ^ "Memories and More: Saving a species," The New York Times, December 30. 2001.
2. ^ "Fostering Clean Air through Environmental Law," The New York Times, May 14, 1995
3. ^ "Environmental Defense Fund member Dr. C.F. Wurster testifies…", The New York Times, Page 11, Column 1 – January 14, 1969
4. ^ "Arthur Cooley, Charles Wurster, Dennis Puleston, and Robert Smolker" http://www.environmentaldefense.org/page.cfm?tagID=1196
5. ^ "Wood, Field and Stream: Environmental Defense Fund Warns Pollution From Pesticides Still Exists," The New York Times, February 3, 1970
6. ^ "DDT Ban Takes Effect" [EPA press release - December 31, 1972], site accessed 4/12/2007 http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/ddt/01.htm
7. ^ "DDT Regulatory History: A Brief Survey (to 1975)" [EPA report, July 1975], site accessed 4/12/2007 http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/ddt/02.htm
8. ^ Hoover's Company Records – Basic and In-depth Records: Hoover ID: 130102. April 10, 2007
9. ^ "The Nation: For the Environment, Compassion Fatigue," by Keith Schneider, The New York Times, November 6, 1994
10. ^ "Climate shift: some environmental groups are sitting down with big business. But others say the fate of the planet is non-negotiable," by Daniels Brook, The Boston Globe, March 18, 2007
11. ^ "DDT Ban Takes Effect" [EPA press release - December 31, 1972], site accessed 4/12/2007 http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/ddt/01.htm
12. ^ List of Marine Mammal Species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), web site accessed 4/12/2007: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/mammals.htm
13. ^ "S. McVay, chmn Com on Whales, Environmental Defense Fund, hails NY Times for backing efforts to conserve whales…", The New York Times, Page 34, Column 5 – September 1, 1970
14. ^ "Environmental Defense Fund analysis of Mississippi river drinking water says…", The New York Times, Page 29, Column 1, by Harold M. Schmeck, Jr. – November 8, 1974
15. ^ "EPA orders immediate nationwide study of chem contaminants in drinking water…", The New York Times, Page 32, Column 2, by Harold M. Schmeck, Jr. – November 9, 1974
16. ^ "EPA and Environmental Defense Fund studies revealing carcinogenic chem in drinking water… ", The New York Times, Page 32, Column 2, by Harold M. Schmeck, Jr. – November 17, 1974
17. ^ "HR passes Safe Drinking Water Act authorizing EPA to set minimum Fed standards for drinking water … ", The New York Times, Page 21, Column 1, by Richard D. Lyons. – November 20, 1974
18. ^ "Protecting America's Drinking Water: Our Responsibilities Under the Safe Drinking Water Act" by James L. Agee, EPA Journal, March 1975 [EPA web site: History section], web site accessed 4/13/2007 http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/sdwa/07.htm
19. ^ Safe Drinking Water Act: Basic Information [EPA web site], site accessed 4/13/2007 http://www.epa.gov/safewater/sdwa/basicinformation.html
20. ^ "Deadline set for Sept. 30 on airborne Lead Rules," by Bill Richards, The Washington Post, August 10, 1978
21. ^ "30 More Regulations Targeted for Review," by Felicity Barringer, The Washington Post, August 13, 1981
22. ^ "U.S. Closed Unit that Cited Health Effect of Lead in Gas" by Philip Shabecoff, The New York Times, July 26, 1982
23. ^ "Amid Budget Slashes, Priority Shifts; Perils of Lead Are Still Weighing Heavily," by Ruth Marcus, The Washington Post, July 29, 1982
24. ^ "Rules to Reduce the Lead in Gas Reported Ready," by Philip Shabecoff, The New York Times, August 1, 1982
25. ^ "EPA Scraps Plan To Ease Standards On Lead in Gasoline," by Sandra Sugawara, The Washington Post, August 2, 1982
26. ^ "Environmental Groups Fight Leaded Gas Plan," The New York Times, August 19, 1982
27. ^ "Environmentalists Laud New Rules on Lead in Gas," by William G. Blair, The New York Times, October 29, 1982
28. ^ "EPA Orders 90% of Lead Cut From Gasoline by Jan. 1," by Zack Nauth, The Los Angeles Times, March 5, 1985
29. ^ "EPA Sets New Limits on Lead in Gasoline" [EPA press release, March 4, 1985], web site accessed 4/13/2007 http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/lead/01.htm
30. ^ "EPA Takes Final Step in Phaseout of Leaded Gasoline" [EPA press release – January 29, 1996], site accessed 4/16/2007 http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/lead/02.htm
31. ^ "The Nation: Environmentalists Try To Move the Markets," by John Holusha, The New York Times, August 22, 1993
32. ^ "Business Forum: Saving the Earth's Ozone Layer; Industry Needs Incentives Not To Pollute" by Daniel J. Dudek, The New York Times, November 16, 1986
33. ^ "The Hole at the Bottom of the World," Editorial Desk, The New York Times, September 19, 1987
34. ^ "A Debate: Are Enough Data in Hand to Act Against Acid Rain?", Week in Review Desk, The New York Times, November 14, 1982
35. ^ "An Acid Test for Acid Rain," Editorial Desk, The New York Times, December 26, 1984
36. ^ "Consensus Is Seen To Curb Acid Rain," by Philip Sabecoff, The New York Times, October 18, 1985
37. ^ "Acid Rain Is Called Peril for Sea Life on Atlantic Coast," by Philip Sabecoff, The New York Times, April 25, 1988
38. ^ "The Nation: An Emergence of Political Will on Acid Rain," by Philip Sabecoff, The New York Times, February 19, 1989
39. ^ "Economic Watch: Sale of Air Pollution Permits Is Part of Bush Acid-Rain Plan," by Peter Passell, The New York Times, May 17, 1989
40. ^ "Under Bush's Plan, Clean Air Becomes Profitable," by Peter Passell, Newsday, November 29, 1989
41. ^ "EPA Administrator Reilly Hails Signing of New Clean Air Act" [EPA press release – November 15, 1990], site accessed 4/16/2007 http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/caa90/02.htm
42. ^ "Clean Air Act Ahead of Schedule: Market Forces Quicken Emissions Reductions," by Casey Bukro, Chicago Tribune, March 27, 1996
43. ^ "The Environment: Ignore all doomsayers on EPA laws," by Gregg Easterbrook, Los Angeles Times, December 1, 1996
44. ^ "Clean Air Sale," by Boyce Rensberger, The Washington Post, August 9, 1999
45. ^ "Report on Acid Rain Finds Good News and Bad News," by Carol Kaesuk Yoon, The New York Times, October 7, 1999
46. ^ "Hog Wild for Pollution Trading: Why environmental markets are becoming a very big deal," by Cait Murphy, Fortune, September 2, 2002
47. ^ "Are Storm Clouds Massing? These traders need to know," by Vikas Bajaj, The New York Times, May 17, 2006
48. ^ "Deal Gives Woodpeckers Golf Habitat," by Tom Kenworthy, The Washington Post, March 2, 1995.
49. ^ "Giving animals 'safe harbor,' op-ed by Robert Bonnie, economist at Environmental Defense Fund, The Washington Times, October 15, 1996.
50. ^ Big firms Join to Share Greenhouse-Gas Cuts," by Peter Behr, Washington Post, October 18, 2000.
51. ^ "7 Companies Agree to Cut Gas Emissions," by Andrew C. Revkin, The New York Times, October 18 2000
52. ^ "Officials Reach California Deal to Cut Emissions," by Felicity Barringer, The New York Times, August 31, 2006
53. ^ "California, Taking Big Gamble, Ties to Curb Greenhouse Gases," by Felicity Barringer, The New York Times, September 15, 2006
54. ^ "A Coalition for Firm Limit on Emissions," by Felicity Barringer, The New York Times, January 19, 2007.
55. ^ "TXU sale could cost $32 billion," by Janet Wilson, The Los Angeles Times, February 24, 2007.
56. ^ "Utility to Limit New Coal Plants in Big Buyout," by Felicity Barringer and Andrew Ross Sorkin, The New York Times, February 25, 2007.
57. ^ "TXU bidder seeing green: Buyout group promises only 3 new coal plants, is likely to cut prices," by Elizabeth Souder, Dallas Morning News, February 25, 2007.
58. ^ "Energy Firm Accepts $45 Billion Takeover; Buyers Made Environmental Pledge," by Steven Mufson and David Cho, The Washington Post, February 26, 2007.
59. ^ "Texas Pacific and KKR to drop coal plant plans if deal succeeds," by Siobhan Kennedy and Tom Bawden, The Times (London), February 26, 2007.
60. ^ "A $45 Billion Buyout With Many Shades of Green," by Andrew Ross Sorkin, The New York Times, February 26, 2007.
61. ^ "Utility sale is boon for green activists: The largest such buyout ever, of Texas' TXU giant, includes benefits for consumers too," by Janet Wilson and Peter Pae, Los Angeles Times, February 26, 2007.
62. ^ "Buyout group would ax coal plants," by Felicity Barringer and Andrew Ross Sorkin, The International Herald Tribune, February 26, 2007.
63. ^ "TXU to take buyout $45 billion deal would kill plans for 8 of 11 coal plants; price cuts also predicted," by Elizabeth Souder, the Dallas Morning News, February 26, 2007.
64. ^ "Environmentalists hail takeover plan for Texas utility," by John Donnelly, The Boston Globe, February 26, 2007.
65. ^ "$45 billion utility sale an environmental watershed," by Andrew Ross Sorkin, The International Herald Tribune, February 27, 2007.
66. ^ "Power failure came before TXU buyout: CEO has focused on shareholders but failed to connect with others," by Elizabeth Souder, Sudeep Reddy and Randy Lee Loftis, The Dallas Morning News, March 4, 2007.
67. ^ "Environmental Group Behind the TXU Deal Hires a Banker," by Andrew Ross Sorkin and Felicity Barringer, The New York Times, March 8, 2007.
68. ^ "The Big Deal Goes Green," by Cathy Booth Thomas, Time magazine, March 12, 2007.
69. ^ "At a Glance," Investment Dealers' Digest, March 12, 2007.
70. ^ "Hugging the Tree-Huggers: Why so many companies are suddenly linking up with eco groups. Hint: Smart business," by John Carey, with Michael Arndt, Business Week, March 12, 2007.
71. ^ "Marching With a Mouse," by Thomas L. Friedman, The New York Times, March 16, 2007.
72. ^ "Climate shift: some environmental groups are sitting down with big business. But others say the fate of the planet is non-negotiable," by Daniels Brook, The Boston Globe, March 18, 2007.
73. ^ The Eyes of Texas Are Still on TXU," by Heather Green, Business Week, March 19, 2007.
74. ^ "Dam Dispute Losses a Flood of Emotions," by John M. Glionna, The Los Angeles Times, August 11, 2007.
75. ^ "Groups to Oppose $1.6B San Francisco Water Deal Unless Alternatives Studies," by Rochelle Williams, The Bong Buyer, August 19, 2007.
76. ^ "An Effort to Undo an Old Reservoir," by Dean E. Murphy, The New York Times, October 15, 2002. "Bring Back Hetch Hetchy?" The New York Times, The New York Times, October 19, 2002.
77. ^ "S.F. to Fight Reservoir Rent Hike: U.S. wants $8 million a year for the Hetch Hetchy facility in Yosemite National Park, up from the $30,000 the city has paid for decades," by Lee Romney, Los Angeles Times, February 4, 2004.
78. ^ "National Briefing West: California: A Call to Drain Yosemite Reservoir," by Dean E. Murphy, The New York Times, September 28, 2004.
79. ^ "Removal of Yosemite Dam to Be Studied; A state agency will consider restoration of the Hetch Hetchy Valley," by Lee Romney, Los Angeles Times, November 12, 2004.
80. ^ "Parting the waters of what once was: Revisiting the ceaseless dream of the Hetch Hetchy Valley moves us closer to the lost sanctuaries of the world," by Thomas Curwen, Los Angeles Times, April 5, 2005.
81. ^ "Is this Dam Worth a Dam? There's a movement afoot to pull down old or ecologically unsound dams, starting with this one," by J. Madeleine Nash, Time magazine, July 18, 2007.
82. ^ "Conservation campaign is growing to remove national park's dam and return valley to its natural state: Call to restore Yosemite's hidden wonders," by Dan Glaister, The Guardian (London), October 31, 2005.
83. ^ "Half a Hetchy study: State's review doesn't resolve debate," editorial, Sacramento Bee (California), July 20, 2006.
84. ^ "Hetch Hetchy plan feasible report says: But cost to restore the valley could be much higher than estimated," by Matt Weiser, Sacramento Bee (California), July 20, 2006.

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