The US Environmental Protection Agency pioneered the use of pathway analysis to determine the likely human health impact of environmental ills. It and the Natural Step definitions later became the basis of the global ISO 14000 series of environmental management standards and the more recent ISO 19011 accounting standard.
After an EIAanalysis, the Precautionary Principle and Polluter Pays may be applied to prevent, limit, or require strict liability or insurance coverages to a project, based on its likely harms.
The EIA Directive on EnvironmentalImpact Assessment of the effects of projects on the environment was introduced in 1985 and was amended in 1997.
Under United States environmental law an EIA is referred to as the EnvironmentalImpact Statement (EIS), and originated in the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), enacted in the United States in 1969.
This chapter defines environmentalimpact assessment; explains reasons for conducting an impact assessment; discusses who should be involved in the process and the limitations of the process; and provides guidance on how to conduct an environmentalimpact assessment.
Although the purpose of an environmentalimpact assessment is primarily to inform a community, it must be recognized that environmentalimpacts may affect resources far from the community in time and/or space.
An environmentalimpact assessment should also reflect the extent to which community natural resources, human and environmental health, and aesthetics are protected by existing subdivision ordinances and environmental management regulations and guidelines.
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