Epilepsy (often referred to as a seizure disorder) is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. The condition is named from the Greek epilepsia ("a taking hold of or seizing"). It is commonly controlled with medication, although experimental surgical methods are slowly gaining acceptance. Medicine In medicine, a persistent and lasting condition is said to be chronic (from Greek chronos). ... Neurology is the branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disorders. ... Seizures (or convulsions) are temporary alterations in brain function expressing themselves into a changed mental state, tonic or clonic movements and various other symptoms. ... A typical modern surgery operation For other meanings of the word, see Surgery (disambiguation) Surgery (from the Greek cheirourgia - lit. ...

In the past, epilepsy has been associated with religious experiences and even demonic possession. Historically, epilepsy was called the "Sacred Disease" because people thought that epileptic seizures were a form of attack by demons, and that the visions epileptics experienced were sent by the Gods. Hippocrates remarked that epilepsy would be considered divine only until it was understood [1]. Religion—sometimes used interchangeably with faith or belief system—is commonly defined as belief concerning the supernatural, sacred, or divine, and the moral codes, practices, values, and institutions associated with such belief. ... In folklore, mythology, and religion, a demon or demoness is a supernatural being that is generally described as a malevolent spirit, but is also depicted as a force that may be conjured and insecurely controlled. ... Spiritual possession is a concept of many religions and tales, where it is believed that a spiritual beings may take temporary control of a human body, resulting in noticeable changes in behaviour. ... In various religions, sacred (from Latin, sacrum, sacrifice; or simply in English, holy) objects, places or concepts are believed by followers to be intimately connected with the supernatural, or divinity, and are thus greatly revered. ... In folklore, mythology, and religion, a demon or demoness is a supernatural being that is generally described as a malevolent spirit, but is also depicted as a force that may be conjured and insecurely controlled. ... In religion, visions comprise inspirational renderings, generally of a future state and/or of a mythical being, and are believed (by followers of the religion) to come from a deity, directly or indirectly via prophets, and serve to inspire or prod believers as part of a revelation or an epiphany. ... This article is about deities or gods from a non-monotheistic perspective. ... Hippocrates: a conventionalized image in a Roman portrait bust (19th century engraving) Hippocrates of Cos (c. ... The concept of the divine is a key ingredient in all religious faiths. ...

Types of seizures

Epileptic seizures are classified both by their patterns of activity in the brain and their effects on behaviour. In the anatomy of animals, the brain, or encephalon, is the supervisory center of the nervous system. ...

In terms of their pattern of activity, seizures may be described as either partial (focal) or generalised. Partial seizures only involve a localised part of the brain, whereas generalised seizures involve the entire cortex. The term 'secondary generalisation' may be used to describe a partial seizure that later spreads to the whole of the cortex and becomes generalised. In neuroanatomy the cortex is the outermost layer of the brain. ...

Partial seizures may be further subdivided into both simple and complex seizures. This refers to the effect of such a seizure on consciousness; simple seizures cause no interruption to consciousness (although they may cause sensory distortions or other sensations), whereas complex seizures interrupt consciousness. This does not necessarily mean that the person experiencing this sort of seizure will fall unconscious (like fainting). For example, complex partial seizures may involve the unconscious repetition of simple actions, gestures or verbal utterances. Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ...

The effects of partial seizures can be quite dependent on the area of the brain in which they are active. For example, a partial seizure in areas involved in perception may cause a particular sensory experience (for example, the perception of a scent, music or flashes of light) whereas, when centred in the motor cortex, a partial seizure might cause movement in particular groups of muscles. This type of seizure may also produce particular thoughts or internal visual images or even experiences which may be distinct but not easily described. Seizures centred on the temporal lobes are known to produce mystical or ecstatic experiences in some people. These may result in a misdiagnosis of psychosis or even schizophrenia, if other symptoms of seizure are disregarded and other tests are not performed. Unfortunately for those with epilepsy, anti-psychotic medications prescribed without anti-convulsants in this case can actually lower the seizure threshold further and worsen the symptoms. // Early work on motor cortex function Back in the 1940s, Canadian neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield wanted to know which bits of epileptics brains he could suck out without them noticing. ... A top-down view of skeletal muscle Muscle is a contractile form of tissue. ... The temporal lobe is part of the cerebrum. ... Mysticism (ancient Greek mysticon = secret) is meditation, prayer, or theology focused on the direct experience of union with divinity, God, or Ultimate Reality; or the belief that such experience is a genuine and important source of knowledge. ... Religious ecstasy is a trance-like state characterized by expanded mental and spiritual awareness and is frequently accompanied by visions, hallucinations, and physical euphoria. ... Psychosis is a generic psychiatric term for mental states in which the components of rational thought and perception are severely impaired. ... The term antipsychotic is applied to a group of drugs used to treat psychosis. ... The anticonvulsants, sometimes also called antiepileptics, belong to a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in prevention of the occurrence of epileptic seizures. ...

In about half of cases of temporal lobe epilepsy, very strong ictal headaches[2] may occur, often misdiagnosed as migraine with aura. However, these headaches may be much more intense, and are sometimes even accompanied by temporary blindness. Ictal headaches are headaches associated with seizure activity. ... An Aura is an optical effect wherein gas or dust surrounding an object luminesces or reflects light from the object. ... Blindness can be defined physiologically as the condition of lacking sight. ...

When these effects appear as a 'warning sign' before a more serious seizure they are known as an aura and may be the result of a partial seizure which later becomes generalised.

Generalised seizures can be sub-classified into a number of categories, depending on their behavioural effects:

• Absence seizures (sometimes referred to as petit mal seizures) involve an interruption to consciousness where the person experiencing the seizure seems to become vacant and unresponsive for a short period of time (usually up to 30 seconds). Slight muscle twitching may occur.
• Tonic-clonic seizures (sometimes referred to as grand mal seizures), involve an initial contraction of the muscles (tonic phase) which may involve tongue biting, urinary incontinence and the absence of breathing. This is followed by rhythmic muscle contractions (clonic phase). This type of seizure is usually what is referred to when the term 'epileptic fit' is used colloquially. These tend to be accompanied by intense visions or hallucinations, often of a mystical or religious nature. The epileptic may, upon regaining consciousness, hold very strong beliefs deriving from his experience that may persist for some time.
• Myoclonic seizures involve sporadic muscle contraction and can result in jerky movements of muscles or muscle groups.
• Atonic seizures involve the loss of muscle tone, causing the person to fall to the ground. These are sometimes called 'drop attacks' but should be distinguished from similar looking attacks that may occur in narcolepsy or cataplexy.
• Status epilepticus refers to continuous seizure activity with no recovery between successive tonic-clonic seizures. This is a life threatening condition and emergency medical assistance should be called immediately if this is suspected. A tonic-clonic seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes (or two minutes longer than the usual seizures for a given epileptic) is usually considered grounds for calling the emergency services.
• Epilepsia partialis continua is a rare type of recurrent motor seizures that are focal (hands and face), and recur every few seconds or minutes for extended periods (days or years). They are usually due to strokes in adults and focal cortical inflammatory processes in children (Rasmussen's encephalitis), possibly caused by chronic viral infections or autoimmune processes.

In medicine, there are many kinds of generalized epilepsy, although epilepsy is the most common seizure disorder. ... This article is about the medical condition. ... A top-down view of skeletal muscle Muscle is a contractile form of tissue. ... Many animals have longer and more flexible tongues than humans. ... Urinary incontinence is the involutary loss of urine from ones body. ... For the play Breath by Samuel Beckett, see Breath (play). ... A hallucination is a false sensory perception in the absence of an external stimulus, as distinct from an illusion, which is a misperception of an external stimulus. ... Myoclonic seizures are brief twitches or jerks of muscles or groups of muscles. ... Seizures (or convulsions) are temporary alterations in brain function expressing themselves into a changed mental state, tonic or clonic movements and various other symptoms. ... Narcolepsy is a neurological condition characterized by severe fatigue, irresistible episodes of sleep and general sleep disorder. ... Epilepsia partialis continua is a rare type of recurrent motor epileptic seizures that are focal (hands and face), and recur every few seconds or minutes for extended periods (days or years). ... Alternate meanings: Hand (disambiguation) A human left hand The hand (med. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Infection is also the title of an episode of the television series Babylon 5; see Infection (Babylon 5). ... Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. ...

Causes

The causes of epilepsy are not known, but some scientists believe that seizures can result from a number of unrelated conditions, including damage resulting from mal-formations of brain development, high fever, stroke, toxicity, or electrolyte imbalances. Generalized tonic/clonic seizures may occur in any person under certain circumstances, including fevers and drug overdoses, but these patients are not typically classified as epileptics. Epilepsy connotes that an individual has seizures which recur over time in an unpredictable fashion. In about 50% of all cases, there is no cause for epilepsy that is currently detectable even with state of the art investigations. In about 50% of cases, a brain injury, scar or malformation is found. In most cases abnormal electrical activity can be detected in the brain with an electro-encephalograph or EEG. Fever, also known as pyrexia, is a medical symptom which describes an increase in temperature to levels which are above normal (37 degrees Celsius, 98. ... A stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly interrupted by occlusion (an ischemic stroke- approximately 90%of strokes) or by hemorrhage (a hemorrhagic stroke - approximately 10% of strokes). ... Toxicity is a measure to the degree to which something is toxic or poisonous. ... Electrolyte disturbance refers to an abnormal change in the levels of electrolytes in the body. ... A drug overdose occurs when a chemical substance (i. ...

The most common ages of onset for epilepsy are for those under the age of 18 and those over the age of 65. It has been estimated that about 2.5% of the population has some form of epilepsy, but some theorize that the incidence may be much higher in fact.

A significant and measurable decline in cognitive function is known to be associated with epilepsy although it has not been entirely clear to what extent this is due to the epilepsy itself or to the drugs used to treat it. Newer anti-epileptic drugs are considered by some to have less severe cognitive effects than older drugs. On an individual level, a person's reaction to epileptic seizures and/or anti-epileptic drugs may be idiosyncratic so it is sometimes difficult to predict how a particular person might be affected. The term cognition is used in several different loosely related ways. ...

Mutations in several genes have been linked to some types of epilepsy. Several genes that code for protein subunits of voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels have been associated with forms of generalized epilepsy and infantile seizure syndromes. Several ligand-gated ion channels have been linked to some types of frontal and generalized epilepsies. Epilepsy-related mutations in some non-ion channel genes have also been identified. Mutations are permanent, sometimes transmissible (if the change is to a germ cell) changes to the genetic material (usually DNA or RNA) of a cell. ... This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Ion channels are present in the membranes that surround all biological cells. ...

One interesting finding is that repeated low-level electrical stimulation to some brain sites can lead to permanent increases in seizure susceptibility. Chemical stimulation can induce seizures in much the same way; repeated exposures to some pesticides have been shown to induce seizure. This phenomenon, known as kindling (by analogy with the use of burning twigs to start a larger fire) was discovered by Dr. Graham Goddard in 1967. Kindling is material for starting a fire. ...

Treatment

Epilepsy is mostly treated with medication. In a few cases surgery, or the implantation of a stimulator of the vagal nerve, or a specialized diet can be helpful. In most cases, the proper emergency response to a Generalized Tonic/Clonic epileptic seizure is simply to prevent the patient from self-injury by moving him or her away from sharp edges, placing something soft beneath the head, and carefully moving the person onto his or her side to avoid asphyxiation. If the seizure lasts longer than 3-4 minutes, Emergency Medical Services should be contacted immediately, as this may indicate the presence of Status Epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition. Objects should never be placed in a person's mouth during a seizure as this could result in injury to the victim's mouth. Despite common folklore, it is not possible for a person to swallow the tongue during a seizure. For other uses of the word head, see head (disambiguation). ... Asphyxia is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body. ... Emergency medical service (EMS) is a branch of medicine that is performed in the field (i. ... The mouth, also known as the buccal cavity or the oral cavity, is the opening through which an animal or human takes in food. ... For the Nelly Furtado album, see Folklore (album). ...

Various drugs may control or limit seizures, these include carbamazepine (brand name Tegretol), oxcarbazepine (Trileptal), clonazepam (Klonopin), ethosuximide (Zarontin), felbamate (Felbatol), fosphenytoin (Cerebyx), gabapentin (Neurontin), lamotrigine (Lamictal), phenobarbital (Luminal), phenytoin (Dilantin), primidone (Mysoline), tiagabine (Gabitril), topiramate (Topamax), valproate, sodium divalproex (Depakene, Depakote), vigabatrin (Sabril), and levetiracetam (Keppra). Carbamazepine (Biston®; Calepsin®; Carbatrol®; Epitol®; Finlepsin®; Sirtal®; Stazepine®; Tegretol®; Telesmin®; Timonil®) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder; but also used to treat schizophrenia and trigeminal neuralgia. ... Carbamazepine (Biston®; Calepsin®; Carbatrol®; Epitol®; Finlepsin®; Sirtal®; Stazepine®; Tegretol®; Telesmin®; Timonil®) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder; but also used to treat schizophrenia and trigeminal neuralgia. ... Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ... Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ... Clonazepam (marketed by Roche under the trade-name Klonopin® in the United States and Rivotril® in Canada and Europe) is an anticonvulsant sedative-hypnotic anxiolytic (anti-anxiety drug), and a member of the benzodiazepine class of drugs. ... Clonazepam (marketed by Roche under the trade-name Klonopin® in the United States and Rivotril® in Canada and Europe) is a anticonvulsant sedative-hypnotic anxiolytic (anti-anxiety drug), and a member of the benzodiazepine class of drugs. ... Gabapentin (Neurontin) is an anticonvulsant medication indicated in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain. ... Gabapentin (Neurontin) is an anticonvulsant medication indicated in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain. ... chemical structure of lamotrigine Lamotrigine (marketed as Lamictal by GlaxoSmithKline) is marketed as both an anti-epileptic medication and a treatment for bipolar disorder. ... chemical structure of lamotrigine Lamotrigine (marketed as Lamictal by GlaxoSmithKline) is marketed as both an anti-epileptic medication and a treatment for bipolar disorder. ... Phenobarbital (also phenobarbitone or luminal) is a weak acid with the chemical formula C12H12N2O3. ... Luminal is the adjective used to describe things pertaining to the lumen of hollow structures. ... Phenytoin sodium (marketed as Dilantin® in the USA and as Epanutin® in the UK, by Parke-Davis, now part of Pfizer) is a commonly used antiepileptic. ... Phenytoin sodium (marketed as Dilantin® in the USA and as Epanutin® in the UK, by Parke-Davis, now part of Pfizer) is a commonly used antiepileptic. ... Primidone, is an anticonvulsant of the pyrimidinedione[7] class whose active metabolites, phenobarbital (minor) and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA) (major), are also anticonvulsants. ... Primidone, is an anticonvulsant of the pyrimidinedione[7] class whose active metabolites, phenobarbital (minor) and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA) (major), are also anticonvulsants. ... Tiagabine is an anti-convulsive medication produced by Cephalon and marketed under the brand name Gabitril. ... Topiramate (brand name: Topamax®) is an anticonvulsant drug that is used to treat epilepsy in both children and adults. ... Topiramate (brand name: Topamax®) is an anticonvulsant drug that is used to treat epilepsy in both children and adults. ... Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ... Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ... Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ... Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ... Vigabatrin is an anticonvulsant and an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GABA, which increases the level of GABA in the synapses. ... Vigabatrin is an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GABA, which increases the level of GABA in the synapses. ... Levetiracetam (brand name: Keppra) is an anti-convulsant medication used to treat epilepsy. ... Levetiracetam (brand name: Keppra) is an anti-convulsant medication used to treat epilepsy. ...

Ketogenic diets may occasionally be effective in controlling some types of epilepsy, although the mechanism behind the effect is not fully understood. Ketogenic diets are high in fat and extremely low in carbohydrates, with intake of fluids often limited. This treatment, originated as early as the 1920s, was largely abandoned with the discovery of modern anti-epileptic drugs, but has enjoyed a return to popularity in recent times. Ketogenic diets are sometimes prescribed in severe cases where drugs have proven ineffective. The ketogenic diet is a treatment for epilepsy that relies on inducing a state of ketosis. ... In biochemistry, fat is a generic term for a class of lipids. ... Carbohydrates (literally hydrates of carbon) are chemical compounds that act as the primary biological means of storing or consuming energy, other forms being fat and protein. ... Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America as the Roaring Twenties. // Events and trends Technology John T. Thompson invents Thompson submachine gun, also known as Tommy gun John Logie Baird invents the first working television system (1925) Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly...

Vagus nerve stimulation is a recently developed form of seizure control which uses an implanted electrical device, similar in size, shape and implant location to a heart pacemaker, which connects to the vagus nerve in the neck. Once in place the device can be set to emit electronic pulses to the vagus nerve at pre-set intervals and milliamp levels. Treatment studies have shown that approximately 50% of epileptics treated in this fashion will show significant seizure reduction. A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the hearts natural pacemaker) is a medical device designed by Nitish and Raheel to regulate the beating of the heart. ... The vagus nerve is tenth of twelve cranial nerves and the only nerve that starts in the brainstem (somewhere in the medulla oblongata) and extends way down past the head, all the way down to the abdomen. ... The neck is the part of the body on many limbed vertebrates that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. ...

Surgical treatment is usually only an option for epilepsy where there is an underlying brain abnormality, such as a benign tumor or an area of scar tissue (e.g. hippocampal sclerosis) which can be removed by a neurosurgeon, and when epilepsy is not controlled by medication. Before surgery is offered the medical team work to make sure that removal of brain tissue won't result in problems with memory, vision, language or movement which are controlled by different parts of the brain. Surgery successfully eliminates or significantly reduces seizures in about 80% of patients. See the article about cancer for the main article about malignant tumors. ... Memory is a property of the human mind: the ability to retain information. ... Visual perception is one of the senses, consisting of the ability to detect light and interpret (see) it as the perception known as sight or naked eye vision. ... The term Movement has a variety of different meanings: Physical movement between points in space (A to B). The amount of movement is called distance. ... In the anatomy of animals, the brain, or encephalon, is the supervisory center of the nervous system. ...

Some sufferers receive a special kind of dog which has the rare talent of sensing the onset of a seizure and is trained to alert the human so they can reach a safe location before their seizure puts them in danger. Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The Dog is a canine carnivorous mammal that has been domesticated for at least 14,000 years and perhaps for as long as 150,000 years based on recent evidence. ...

Controversy

There has been some relatively mild controversy over the standards for diagnosis for partial-complex seizures and how these standards are applied in practice, both among some surrealists[3] and in particular as regards Mary Baker Eddy, founder of Christian Science. Surrealism is an artistic movement and an aesthetic philosophy that aims for the liberation of the mind by emphasizing the critical and imaginative powers of the unconscious. ... Mary Morse Baker, better known as Mary Baker Eddy (July 16, 1821 - December 3, 1910) founded the Church of Christ, Scientist in 1879. ... The Church of Christ, Scientist, often known as The Christian Science Church, is a nontrinitarian Protestant Christian denomination, founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1879. ...

In April 2003, the BBC TV science programme Horizon featured discussion of research by American neurologist Gregory Holmes indicating that Ellen G. White, spiritual founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, may have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy as a result of brain damage due to an accident suffered at age nine – the epilepsy supposedly being responsible for her powerful religious experiences. 2003 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December - → A timeline of events in the news for April 2003. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was formed in 1927 by means of a royal charter. ... Ellen Gould White (nee Harmon) (November 26, 1827 – July 16, 1915) was co-founder of Seventh-day Adventism. ... The Seventh-day Adventist Church, or Adventist Church for short (the acronym SDA is deprecated), is an evangelical Christian denomination that grew out of the prophetic Millerite movement in the United States during the middle part of the 19th century. ...

There has also been serious speculation that science fiction author Philip K. Dick suffered from similar seizures; he claimed to have experienced visions on several occasions, that, among other things, reportedly helped him save his infant son from an undiagnosed life-threatening medical condition. Philip K. Dick Philip Kindred Dick (December 16, 1928 – March 2, 1982), often known by his initials PKD, or by the pen name Richard Phillips, was an American science fiction writer and novelist who changed the genre profoundly. ...

Presently, many popular movies and television shows appear to show characters who experience the sorts of things that might be associated with temporal lobe epilepsy.

Legal implications

People diagnosed with epilepsy are strictly forbidden by law from operating vehicles in many jurisdictions; seizure victims can and have caused many fatal car accidents and plane crashes. However, there are usually special exceptions for those who can prove that they have stabilized their condition for a period of time with the help of appropriate medication. A car accident in Yate, near Bristol, England, in July 2004. ... Citing the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board, an aviation accident is defined as an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such persons have disembarked, and in which any person...

There is an ongoing debate in bioethics over who should bear the burden of ensuring that an epilepsy patient does not drive a car or fly an airplane. The majority of U.S. states place the burden on patients to report their condition to appropriate licensing authorities so that their privileges, if any, can be revoked. A minority of states (including California) place the burden on the patient's physician. Empirical studies have demonstrated that such laws may deter epilepsy patients from seeking treatment for their condition, because they fear the loss of their driving privileges. Bioethics is the ethics of biological science and medicine. ... A U.S. state is any one of the 50 states (four of which officially favor the term commonwealth) which, together with the District of Columbia, form the United States of America. ... State nickname: The Golden State Other U.S. States Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger Official languages English Area 410,000 km² (3rd)  - Land 404,298 km²  - Water 20,047 km² (4. ...

Famous people with epilepsy

• Bud Abbott
• Grover Cleveland Alexander
• Buddy Bell - USA MLB player/manager
• Lindsey Buckingham of Fleetwood Mac
• Julius Caesar
• Ian Curtis of Joy Division
• Fyodor Dostoyevsky
• Danny Glover
• Tony Greig - Cricket
• Margaux Hemingway
• Gary Howatt - Hockey
• Mike Skinner (The Streets)
• Bob Jones - Basketball
• Florence Griffith Joyner
• Tony Lazzeri - Baseball
• Edward Lear
• Jack Lemmon
• Vachel Lindsay
• Peter the Great
• Pope Pius IX
• Jonty Rhodes - Cricket
• Socrates
• Harriet Tubman
• Guadalupe Victoria
• Vincent van Gogh
• Hugo Weaving - actor
• Neil Young
• Henry Winkler
• Adam Horovitz of Beastie Boys
• Prince John of the United Kingdom son of King George V

William Alexander Abbott aka Bud Abbott (October 2, 1895 – April 24, 1974) is a legendary American actor, producer and comedian from Asbury Park, New Jersey. ... Grover Cleveland Alexander of the Philadelphia Phillies in 1915. ... David Gus Buddy Bell (born August 27, 1951 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is a former third baseman and a manager in Major League Baseball for the Kansas City Royals. ... MLB logo Major League Baseball (MLB) is the highest level of play in professional baseball in the world. ... Law and Order (1981) was Lindsey Buckinghams first solo album Lindsey Buckingham (born October 3, 1949 in Palo Alto, California) is an American guitarist and singer for the musical group Fleetwood Mac. ... Fleetwood Mac Fleetwood Mac is a rock group led by Mick Fleetwood and John McVie (whose names partially form the groups name), who had their biggest hits in the 1970s. ... Gaius Julius Caesar (Latin: IMP·C·IVLIVS·CAESAR·DIVVS¹) (b. ... Ian Curtis performing Ian Kevin Curtis (July 15, 1956 – May 18, 1980) was an English singer and songwriter, born in Stretford, England. ... Joy Division was a post punk band formed in 1977 in Manchester, England. ... Fyodor Dostoevsky. ... Danny Glover at World Social Forum 2003. ... Anthony Tony William Greig (born October 6, 1946), normally known as Tony, is a famous ex-cricketer. ... For more coverage of cricket, go to the Cricket portal. ... Margaux Hemingway (February 19, 1955 – July 2, 1996) was a film actress and model who appeared in several movies. ... Hockey is any of a family of sports in which two teams compete by trying to maneuver a hard, round ball or a puck into the opponents goal, past the goalkeeper or goaltender (often abbreviated goalie), using a stick. ... Mike Skinner (born 27 November 1978), also known as The Streets, is a rapper and musician from Birmingham, England. ... Bob Jones can refer to a number of different people. ... Basketball Basketball is a ball sport in which two teams of five players each try to score points by throwing a ball through a hoop. ... Delorez Florence Griffith-Joyner a. ... Anthony Michael Lazzeri (December 6, 1903 - August 6, 1946), better known as Tony Lazzeri, was a Major League Baseball player during the 1920s and 1930s, predominantly with the New York Yankees. ... Baseball is a team sport, in which a fist-sized ball is thrown by a defensive player called a pitcher and hit by an offensive player called a batter with a round, smooth stick called a bat. ... Edward Lear, 1812-1888 Eagle Owl, Edward Lear, 1837 Another Edward Lear owl, in his more familiar style Edward Lear (12 May 1812 - 29 January 1888) was an artist, illustrator and writer known for his nonsensical poetry and his limericks, a form which he popularised. ... Jack Uhler Lemmon III (February 8, 1925 – June 27, 2001) was a consummate Hollywood actor. ... Nicholas Vachel Lindsay (November 10, 1879 - December 5, 1931) was an American poet born in Springfield, Illinois, known as the Prairie Troubador. ... Portrait of Peter by Paul Delaroche Peter I (Pyotr Alexeevich) (9 June 1672–8 February 1725 [30 May 1672– 28 January [[1725]] O.S.1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death. ... The Blessed Pope Pius IX, born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), was pope for a record pontificate of over 31 years, from June 16, 1846 until his death. ... Jonathan Neil Rhodes (born July 26, 1969 in Pietermaritzburg), better known as Jonty, is a South African cricketer, famous for his fielding skills. ... For more coverage of cricket, go to the Cricket portal. ... Socrates This article is about the ancient Greek philosopher, for all other uses see: Socrates (disambiguation) Socrates (June 4, c. ... Harriet Tubman in 1880 Harriet Tubman (born 1820 in Dorchester County, Maryland, died March 10, 1913 in Auburn, New York), also known as Black Moses, was an African-American freedom fighter. ... Guadalupe Victoria, born Miguel Fernández Félix in the state of Durango, Mexico, was the first President of Mexico from 1824 to 1829. ... Self-portrait (1886) Vincent Willem van Gogh (March 30, 1853–July 29, 1890) was a Dutch painter, generally considered one of the greatest painters in European art history. ... Hugo Weaving as Agent Smith Hugo Wallace Weaving (born April 4, 1960) is an Australian film and stage actor. ... Actors in period costume sharing a joke whilst waiting between takes during location filming. ... Neil Young with guitar (from the 1991 Weld tour) Neil Young (born November 12, 1945) is a Canadian musician and filmmaker. ... Henry Winkler Henry Franklin Winkler (born October 30, 1945) is an actor, director and producer who is most famous for his role as Arthur Fonzie Fonzarelli on the popular sitcom Happy Days (1974 - 1984). ... Adam Horovitz (a. ... Beastie Boys (left to right): Mike D (Michael Diamond), Adrock (Adam Horovitz), and MCA (Adam Yauch) The Beastie Boys are an American hip hop music group originating from New York City. ... HRH John Charles Francis, Prince of the United Kingdom and Ireland (12 July 1905 - 18 January 1919), son of King George V of the United Kingdom and his wife née Mary of Teck, was a little known member of the royal family: as an epileptic he was kept away... King George V King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Emperor of India His Majesty King George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert) (3 June 1865–20 January 1936) was the last British monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, changing the name to the House...

See also

• Seizure
• Jacksonian seizure
• Photosensitive epilepsy

Seizures (or convulsions) are temporary alterations in brain function expressing themselves into a changed mental state, tonic or clonic movements and various other symptoms. ... Jacksonian seizures are associated with a form of epilepsy. ... Photosensitive epilepsy is a fairly rare form of epilepsy that can trigger a seizure on exposure to certain types of flashing or flickering lights or patterns. ...

External links

• Epilepsy information for patients, families and caregivers living with epilepsy - Epilepsy.com
• The NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center is the largest epilepsy center in the United States - nyuepilepsy.org
• Finding A Cure for Epilepsy and Seizures (faces) - nyufaces.org
• What to do when someone has a seizure - Information from Epilepsy Action
• Non-profit Epilepsy organization website
• The Epilepsy Foundation, a non-profit organization to help peaple learn, understand, and live with epilepsy
• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Epilepsy Information Page
• Epilepsy Association of Australia Information and education, seizure first aid.
• Australian Headlines, online epilepsy magazine News, opinion, research, personal experiences
• Epilepsy Canada
• The phenomenon of kindling