NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Epistaxis

An epistaxis is the relatively common occurrence of hemorrhage (bleeding) from the nose, usually noticed when it drains out through the nostrils. There are two types: anterior (the most common), and posterior (less common, and more severe). Sometimes in more severe cases, the blood can come up the nasolacrimal duct and out from the eye. Fresh blood and clotted blood can also flow down into the stomach and cause nausea and vomiting. It only accounts for 0.001% of all deaths in the U.S. Binomial name Achillea millefolium L. Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere. ... Fractured nose with haemorrhage. ... A fractured bone in a living person is typically treated by restoring the fractured pieces of bone to their natural positions (if necessary), and maintaining those positions while the bone heals. ... For other uses, see Rugby (disambiguation). ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // R00-R99 - Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (R00-R09) Symptoms and signs involving the circulatory and respiratory systems (R00) Abnormalities of heart beat (R000) Tachycardia, unspecified (R001) Bradycardia, unspecified (R002) Palpitations (R008) Other and unspecified abnormalities of heart beat (R01) Cardiac murmurs and other... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other uses, see Nose (disambiguation). ... A nostril is one of the two channels of the nose, from the point where they bifurcate to the external opening. ... The nasolacrimal duct carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity. ... For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ...

Etiology

The cause of nosebleeds can generally be divided into two categories, local and systemic factors. This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ...

Local Factors

An aerosol metered-dose inhaler (MDI) used for administration of asthma medication. ... The word Foreign means originating elsewhere or in the physiological context outside the body. ... Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (also called juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma) is a histologically benign but locally aggressive vascular tumor that grows in the back of the nosal cavity. ... Nasal sprays are used for the nasal delivery of a drug or drugs, generally to alleviate cold or allergy symptoms. ... In medicine, a trauma patient has suffered serious and life-threatening physical injury resulting in secondary complications such as shock, respiratory failure and death. ... Nose picking in progress Nose-picking is the act of extracting mucus or foreign bodies from the nose with a finger. ...

Systemic factors

This article is about the drug. ... Fexofenadine hydrochloride (brand names include AllegraÂ® and TelfastÂ®) is an antihistamine drug used in the treatment of hayfever and similar allergy symptoms. ... Allegra, manufactured by Aventis, is a prescription antihistamine (generic name: fexofenadine) that aims to relieve seasonal allergy symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, and itchy watery eyes. ... Fexofenadine hydrochloride (brand names include Allegra and Telfast) is an antihistamine drug used in the treatment of hayfever and similar allergy symptoms. ... Warfarin (also known under the brand names of Coumadin, Jantoven, Marevan, and Waran) is an anticoagulant medication that is administered orally or, very rarely, by injection. ... Ibuprofen (INN) (IPA: ) (from the earlier nomenclature iso-butyl-propanoic-phenolic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) originally marketed as Nurofen and since under various trademarks, including Act-3, Advil, Brufen, Dorival, Herron Blue, Panafen, Motrin, Nuprin and Burana (Finland), Ipren or Ibumetin (Denmark and Sweden), Ibuprom... A box of Plavix Clopidogrel is a potent oral antiplatelet agent often used in the treatment of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. ... Isotretinoin (INN) (IPA: ) is a medication used for the treatment of severe acne. ... Drunkenness, in its most common usage, is the state of being intoxicated with ethyl alcohol to a sufficient degree to impair mental and motor functioning. ... The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Dyscrasia (from Greek Dyskrasia, meaning bad mixture), in Ancient Greek medicine, is the imbalance of the four humours, and was believed to be the direct cause of all disease. ... A sphygmomanometer, a device used for measuring arterial pressure. ... Although hematological malignancies are a form of cancer, they are generally treated by specialists in hematology, although in many hospitals oncology specialists also manage these diseases. ... For other forms of hypertension, see Hypertension (disambiguation). ... In medicine, infectious disease or communicable disease is disease caused by a biological agent (e. ... Percentage of population affected by malnutrition by country, according to United Nations statistics. ... This article discusses the medical condition. ... The term narcotic, derived from the Greek word for stupor, originally referred to a variety of substances that induced sleep (such state is narcosis). ... This article is about human pregnancy in biological females. ... Nose picking in progress Nose-picking is the act of extracting mucus or foreign bodies from the nose with a finger. ...

Pathophysiology

All nosebleeds are due to tears in the mucosal lining and the many small blood vessels it contains. Fragility or injury may cause the tears, while inflammation, coagulation problems and other disorders may make the injury harder to repair.

Treatment

The flow of blood normally stops when the blood clots, which may be encouraged by direct pressure and reducing the blood pressure in the head by sitting upright with the head tilted forward for about 10 minutes. Tilting the head back can help allievate external bleeding, but the blood will then drain down the throat into the stomach, causing stomach pain and nausea. Petroleum jelly is sometimes applied to stop the blood from seeping out of and prohibit the loss of moisture in the nasal cavity. However, the jelly can drain into the lungs producing a buildup that leads to lipid pneumonia. ^[1] Another alternative to using petroleum jelly, and to avoid the risk further drying the nose due to the use of a petroleum based treatment, is to use K-Y Jelly. This can be applied about 0.5 inches into the nose using a cotton swab to prevent further nosebleeds. ^[2] This article is about the clotting of blood. ... Minor traumatic bleeding from the head Emergency bleeding control is the steps or actions taken to control bleeding from a patient who has suffered a traumatic injury or who has a medical condition which has led to bleeding. ... White Petrolatum Petroleum jelly, vaseline, petrolatum or soft paraffin [2] is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons (with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25),[3] originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties. ... Lipid pneumonia is a specific form of lung infection (pneumonia) that develops when lipids enter the bronchial tree. ... A tube of K-Y Jelly K-Y Jelly is a water-based, water-soluble personal lubricant produced by Johnson & Johnson. ...

If other techniques do not work, an anterior packing is a possible remedy. An anterior pack works by applying pressure from the inside of the cavity, thus stopping the bleeding. This procedure can be performed at home for minor nosebleeds by gently packing tissue or gauze into the nasal cavity. Nasal sponges^[3] are readily available at most drugstores and supermarkets. A box of tissues Another Box of Tissues. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον = drug) is the profession of compounding and dispensing medication. ... Packaged food aisles in a Fred Meyer store in Portland, Oregon A supermarket is a departmentalized self-service store offering a wide variety of food and household merchandise. ...

If bleeding continues, seeking emergency medical attention is important. Continued bleeding is an indication of more serious underlying conditions.^[4]

Chronic epistaxis resulting from a dry nasal mucosa is often treated by spraying saline in the nose up to three times per day. There are also non-petroleum based gels that can be used. In medicine, saline is a solution of sodium chloride (a substance also commonly known as table salt) in sterile water, used frequently for intravenous infusion, rinsing contact lenses, and nasal irrigation (or the yogic practice called jala neti). ...

Persistent epistaxis is an indication for urgent medical consultation. Nasal packing, cryosurgery, electrocautery or application of trichloroacetic acid are options that may be used in severe epistaxis. Cryosurgery (cryotherapy) is the application of extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue. ... Hot cauters were applied to tissues or arteries to stop them from bleeding. ... In organic chemistry, the chloroethanoic acids (trivial name chloroacetic acids) are three related chlorocarbon carboxylic acids: chloroethanoic acid (chloroacetic acid), CH2ClCOOH dichloroethanoic acid (dichloroacetic acid), CHCl2COOH trichloroethanoic acid (trichloroacetic acid), CCl3COOH As the number of chlorine atoms increases, the electronegativity of that end of the molecule increases, and the molecule...

It is uncommon to die from bleeding through nosebleeds. A famous person who is reported to have died from a nosebleed was Attila the Hun. However, damage to the maxillary artery can lead to rapid blood loss via the nose and presents difficulty in treatment; pressure, vasoconstrictor and rhinocort occasionally proving ineffective. Embolization or ligation of the artery, risking damage to the facial nerves, may be the only solution. Exsanguination (also known colloquially as bleeding out) is the fatal process of total blood loss. ... Attila redirects here. ... The maxillary artery is the larger of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery. ... A vasoconstrictor, also vasopressor or simply pressor, is any substance that acts to cause vasoconstriction (narrowing of the lumena of blood vessels) and usually results in an increase of the blood pressure. ... Budesonide is a glucocorticoid steroid for the treatment of asthma, non-infectious rhinitis (including hay fever and other allergies), and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis. ... Embolization is a non-surgical, minimally-invasive procedure performed by an interventional radiologist and interventional neuroradiologists. ...

Another technique to stop nose bleeds is to by taking a small ball of cotton, place under a tap of running water, squeeze the water out and place the ball in the nostril that is bleeding. The cotton ball helps the blood to clot faster.

Severe protracted nosebleeds may cause anemia due to iron deficiency. This article discusses the medical condition. ... Iron deficiency can refer to: Iron deficiency (plant disorder) Iron deficiency (medicine) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

References

See also

Kiesselbachs plexus aka Kiesselbachs area (Wilhelm Kiesselbach, 1839-1902, German laryngologist), area in the anteroinferior part of the nasal septum, supplied by the sphenopalatine, greater palatine, superior labial and anterior ethmoid arteries. ... The phrase nosebleed section is applied tongue-in-cheek to those seats of a public arena, usually an athletic stadium or gymnasium, that are highest and, usually, farthest from the desired activity. ...

External links

Categories: Rhinology | First aid | Injuries | Symptoms The term symptom (from the Greek meaning chance, mishap or casualty, itself derived from ÏƒÏ…Î¼Ï€Î¹Ï€Ï„Ï‰ meaning to fall upon or to happen to) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health: Strictly, a symptom is a sensation or change in health function experienced by a patient. ... In medicine, a sign is a feature of disease as detected by the doctor during physical examination of a patient. ... // R00-R99 - Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (R00-R09) Symptoms and signs involving the circulatory and respiratory systems (R00) Abnormalities of heart beat (R000) Tachycardia, unspecified (R001) Bradycardia, unspecified (R002) Palpitations (R008) Other and unspecified abnormalities of heart beat (R01) Cardiac murmurs and other... For transport in plants, see Vascular tissue. ... The Respiratory System Among four-legged animals, the respiratory system generally includes tubes, such as the bronchi, used to carry air to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Bradycardia, as applied to adult medicine, is defined as a resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute, though it is seldom symptomatic until the rate drops below 50 beat/min. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Murmurs are abnormal heart sounds that are produced as a result of turbulent blood flow which is sufficient to produce audible noise. ... Hemoptysis (US English) or haemoptysis (International English) is the expectoration (coughing up) of blood or of blood-stained sputum from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs (e. ... Dyspnea (R06. ... Orthopnoea is breathing difficulty which occurs when lying flat. ... Stridor is a high pitched sound heard on inspiration that is indicative of airway obstruction. ... A wheeze is a continuous, coarse, whistling sound produced in the respiratory airways during breathing. ... Cheyne-Stokes respiration is an abnormality of the pattern of breathing. ... In medicine, hyperventilation (or hyperpnea) is the state of breathing faster or deeper (hyper) than necessary, and thereby reducing the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood below normal. ... Mouth breathing refers to the state of inhaling and exhaling through the mouth. ... For information on Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography, see Chromatography. ... Bradypnea refers to an abnormally slow breathing rate. ... In medicine, hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo means below) to perform needed gas exchange. ... In medicine, chest pain is a symptom of a number of conditions and is generally considered a medical emergency, unless the patient is a known angina pectoris sufferer and the symptoms are familiar (appearing at exertion and resolving at rest, known as stable angina). When the chest pain is not... Suffocation redirects here, for the band, see Suffocation (band). ... Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is an inflammation of the pleura, the lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs, which can cause painful respiration and other symptoms. ... Respiratory arrest is the cessation of the normal tidal flow of the lungs due to paralysis of the diaphragm, collapse of the lung or any number of respiratory failures. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Bruit is the term for the unusal sound that blood makes when it rushes past an obstruction in an artery when the sound is observed with a stethoscope. ... A carotid bruit is a bruit or sound heard over the carotid artery area, usually by a nurse or physician during auscultation. ... Rales,crackles or crepitation, are the clicking, rattling, or crackling noises heard on auscultation of the lungs with a stethescope during inhalation. ... what was here was sick and improperly spelled. ... The human abdomen (from the Latin word meaning belly) is the part of the body between the pelvis and the thorax. ... Abdominal pain can be one of the symptoms associated with transient disorders or serious disease. ... The term acute abdomen refers to a sudden, severe pain in the abdomen that is less than 24 hours in duration. ... For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ... Emesis redirects here. ... Dysphagia () is a medical term defined as difficulty swallowing. ... Flatulence is the presence of a mixture of gases known as flatus in the digestive tract of mammals expelled from the rectum. ... Burping, also known as belching, ructus, or eructation is the release of gas from the digestive tract (mainly esophagus and stomach) through the mouth. ... Fecal incontinence is the loss of regular control of the bowels. ... Encopresis is involuntary fecal soiling in children who have usually already been toilet trained. ... Hepatomegaly is the condition of having an enlarged liver. ... Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen, which usually lies in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the human abdomen. ... Hepatosplenomegaly is the simultaneous enlargement of both the liver (hepatomegaly) and the spleen (splenomegaly). ... Jaundice, also known as icterus (attributive adjective: icteric), is a yellowing of the skin, conjunctiva (a clear covering over the sclera, or whites of the eyes) and mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia (increased levels of bilirubin in red blooded animals). ... Fecal occult blood is a term for blood present in the feces that is not visibly apparent. ... Halitosis, oral malodor (scientific term), breath odor, foul breath, fetor oris, fetor ex ore, or most commonly bad breath are terms used to describe noticeably unpleasant odors exhaled in breathing â€“ whether the smell is from an oral source or not. ... For other uses, see Skin (disambiguation). ... The subcutis is the layer of tissue directly underlying the cutis. ... Hypoesthesia refers to a reduced sense of touch or sensation, or a partial loss of sensitivity to sensory stimuli. ... Paresthesia or paraesthesia (in British English) is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of a persons skin with no apparent long-term physical effect, more generally known as the feeling of pins and needles or of a limb being asleep (but not directly related to the phenomenon of... Hyperesthesia (or Hyperaesthesia) is a condition that involves an abnormal increase in sensitivity to stimuli of the senses. ... A rash is a change in skin which affects its color, appearance, or texture. ... Cyanosis refers to the bluish coloration of the skin due to the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood vessels near the skin surface. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For a person to flush is to become markedly red in the face and often other areas of the skin, from various physiological conditions. ... minor Petechia A petechia (IPA pronunciation: ), plural petechiae (IPA pronunciation: ) is a small red or purple spot on the body, caused by a minor hemorrhage (broken capillary blood vessels). ... Desquamation is the shedding of the outer layers of the skin. ... Induration (indoo rÄshÉ™n, -dyoo-), a noun, means, in terms of pathology, (a) hardening of an area of the body as a reaction to inflammation, hyperemia, or neoplastic infiltration, or (b) an area or part of the body that has undergone such a reaction. ... Diaphoresis is excessive sweating commonly associated with shock and other medical emergency conditions. ... The Human Nervous System. ... The musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system) is an organ system that gives animals the ability to physically move using the muscles and skeletal system. ... For the film see Tremors (film). ... A spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ, or a similarly sudden contraction of an orifice. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Twitching. ... Athetosis is a continuous stream of slow, sinuous, writhing movements, typically of the hands and feet. ... Persons suffering from peripheral neuropathy experience numbness and tingling in their hands and feet. ... For other uses, see Ataxia (disambiguation). ... Dysmetria (Greek: dificult to measure) is a symptom exhibited by patients after cerebellar injury. ... Dysdiadochokinesia is the medical term for an inability to perform rapid, alternating movements. ... Hypotonia is a condition of abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle), often involving reduced muscle strength. ... Diseases and other conditions that increase action potential frequency cause unwanted contraction of muscles. ... Meningism is the triad of nuchal rigidity, photophobia (intolerance of bright light) and headache. ... Hyperreflexia is defined as overactive or overresponsive reflexes. ... The urinary system is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. ... In medicine, specifically urology, dysuria refers to any difficulty in urination. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... Urinary retention also known as ischuria is a lack of ability to urinate. ... Oliguria and anuria are the decreased or absent production of urine, respectively. ... Polyuria is the passage of a large volume of urine in a given period. ... Nocturia is the need to get up during the night in order to urinate, thus interrupting sleep. ... Look up Cognition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In psychology and the cognitive sciences, perception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information. ... In psychology and common terminology, emotion is the language of a persons internal state of being, normally based in or tied to their internal (physical) and external (social) sensory feeling. ... Behavior or behaviour refers to the actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment. ... Anxiety is a physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components (Seligman, Walker & Rosenhan, 2001). ... Somnolence (or drowsiness) is a state of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods. ... For other uses, see Coma (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Amnesia (disambiguation). ... Anterograde amnesia is a form of amnesia, or memory loss, in which new events are not transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory. ... Retrograde amnesia is a form of amnesia where someone will be unable to recall events that occurred before the onset of amnesia. ... // Pre-syncope is a sensation of feeling faint. ... For other uses, see Vertigo. ... Anosmia is the lack of olfaction, or a loss of the ability to smell. ... Ageusia (pronounced ay-GOO-see-uh) is the loss of taste functions of the tongue, particularly the inability to detect sweetness, sourness, bitterness, and saltiness. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ... Parageusia is the medical term for a bad taste in the mouth. ... Bold text This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The word voice can be used to refer to: Sound: The human voice. ... Speech disorders or speech impediments, as they are also called, are a type of communication disorders where normal speech is disrupted. ... Dysphasia is a speech disorder in which there is an impairment of speech and of comprehension of speech. ... For other uses, see Aphasia (disambiguation). ... Look up dysarthria in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about developmental dyslexia. ... Alexia (from the Greek , privative, expressing negation, and = word) is an acquired type of sensory aphasia where damage to the brain causes a patient to lose the ability to read. ... Agnosia (a-gnosis, non-knowledge, or loss of knowledge) is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss[1][2]. It is usually associated with brain injury or neurological illness, particularly after... Apraxia is a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned (familiar) movements, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Dysgraphia (or agraphia) is a deficiency in the ability to write, regardless of the ability to read, not due to intellectual impairment. ... Speech disorders or speech impediments, as they are also called, are a type of communication disorders where normal speech is disrupted. ... Lisp may mean: Lisp programming language Lisp (speech) This is a disambiguation page â€” a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... Aphasia is a loss or impairment of the ability to produce or comprehend language, due to brain damage. ... The term symptom (from the Greek meaning chance, mishap or casualty, itself derived from ÏƒÏ…Î¼Ï€Î¹Ï€Ï„Ï‰ meaning to fall upon or to happen to) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health: Strictly, a symptom is a sensation or change in health function experienced by a patient. ... In medicine, a sign is a feature of disease as detected by the doctor during physical examination of a patient. ... An analogue medical thermometer showing the temperature of 38. ... In medicine, hyperpyrexia is an excessive and unusual elevation of body temperature above 107. ... A headache (cephalgia in medical terminology) is a condition of pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ... Chronic pain was originally defined as pain that has lasted 6 months or longer. ... Malaise is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an out of sorts feeling, often the first indication of an infection or other disease. ... Exhaustion redirects here. ... It has been suggested that Central Ischaemic Response be merged into this article or section. ... Vasovagal syncope is the most common cause of syncope, also known as fainting. ... A febrile seizure, also known as a fever fit or febrile convulsion is a generalized convulsion caused by elevated body temperature. ... This article is about the medical condition. ... Cardiogenic shock is based upon an inadequate circulation of blood due to primary failure of the ventricles of the heart to function effectively. ... Lymphadenopathy is a term meaning disease of the lymph nodes. ... This page is about the condition called edema. ... Peripheral edema ... Anasarca is a medical symptom characterised by widespread swelling of the skin due to effusion of fluid into the extracellular space. ... Primary hyperhidrosis is the condition characterized by abnormally increased perspiration, in excess of that required for regulation of body temperature. ... Sleep hyperhidrosis, more commonly known as the night sweats, is the occurrence of excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) during sleep. ... The term Delayed milestone (or developmental delays) is used to describe the condition where a child does not reach one of these stages at the expected age. ... Failure to thrive is a medical term which denotes poor weight gain and physical growth failure over an extended period of time in infancy. ... Anorexia (deriving from the Greek Î±(Î½)- (a(n)-, a prefix that denotes absence) + ÏŒÏÎµÎ¾Î· (orexe) = appetite) is the decreased sensation of appetite. ... Polydipsia is a medical condition in which the patient ingests abnormally large amounts of fluids by mouth. ... Phagy or phagia is an ecological term that is used to identify particular nutritional systems. ... Xerostomia is the medical term for a dry mouth due to a lack of saliva. ... Clubbing is also used to refer to the activity of gathering socially at nightclubs. ...

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