A child receives oral polio vaccine during a 2002 campaign to immunize children in India.

The global eradication of poliomyelitis is a public health effort to eliminate all cases of poliomyelitis infection. The global effort, begun in 1988 and led by the World Health Organization, UNICEF and The Rotary Foundation, has reduced the number of annual diagnosed cases from the hundreds of thousands to around a thousand. Should the effort be successful, the eradication of polio will represent only the second time mankind has ever completely eliminated a disease. The first such disease was smallpox, which was officially eradicated in 1979.^[1] This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ... Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ... The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. ... UNICEF Logo The United Nations Childrens Fund or UNICEF (Arabic: ; French: ; Spanish: ) was established by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946. ... The Rotary Foundation is a not-for-profit corporation that supports the efforts of Rotary International to achieve world understanding and peace through international humanitarian, educational, and cultural exchange programs. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ...

Factors influencing eradication

Poliomyelitis, is a viral paralytic disease. The causative agent, a virus, called poliovirus, enters the body orally, infecting the intestinal wall. It may proceed to the blood stream and into the central nervous system causing muscle weakness and often paralysis. Paralysis is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle groups. ... A common alternate meaning of virus is computer virus. ... Poliomyelitis (polio) is a viral paralytic disease. ... With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual, and contrasts with soul, personality and behavior. ... The intestine is the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ... Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ... A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ... Bold text == A top-down view of skeletal muscle Muscle (from Latin musculus little mouse[1]) is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. ...

Polio is one of few diseases with potential for eradication: the virus is transmitted only through person-to-person contact, (there is no animal reservoir, insects play no role in transmission) and the virus cannot persist in the environment for long periods of time in the absence of a human host (a few weeks at room temperature, and a few months between 0–8° Celsius (32–46° Fahrenheit).^[2] Natural reservoir or nidus, refers to the long-term host of the pathogen of an infectious disease. ... In medicine, transmission is the passing of a disease from an infected individual or group to a previously uninfected individual or group. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale (previously known as the centigrade scale). ... Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ...

Another factor that has bolstered efforts to eradicate polio is that the oral polio vaccine is both highly effective and cheap (about $1 per dose, or $3 per child); vaccination generally provides lifelong immunity to the virus.^[3] A study carried out in an isolated Eskimo village showed that antibodies produced from subclinical wild virus infection persisted for at least 40 years.^[4] Because the immune response to oral polio vaccine is very similar to natural polio infection, it is expected that oral polio vaccination provides similar long term immunity.^[5] Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat polio. ... Immunity is medical term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. ... Distribution of Inuit language variants across the Arctic. ...

Among the greatest obstacles to global polio eradication are the lack of basic health infrastructure, which limits vaccine distribution, the crippling effects of civil war and internal strife, and a philosophical objection to vaccination based on religious reasons in the remaining polio endemic countries. Another challenge has been maintaining the potency of live (attenuated) vaccines in extremely hot or remote areas. The oral polio vaccine must be kept at 2-8° Celsius for vaccination to be successful.^[3] Erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence, is the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis for satisfactory sexual intercourse regardless of the capability of ejaculation. ...

Early efforts

In 1960 Czechoslovakia became the first country in the world scientifically demonstrate nationwide eradication of poliomyelitis.^[11]

In 1962, just one year after Sabin's oral polio vaccine (OPV) was licensed in most industrialized countries, Cuba began using the oral vaccine in a series of nationwide polio campaigns. The early success of these mass vaccination campaigns suggested that polioviruses could be globally eradicated.^[12] Sabin may refer to: Albert Sabin, who developed the oral vaccine for Polio Dwight M. Sabin, U.S. Senator from Minnesota Florence R. Sabin, American medical scientist Sabin René Figaro, fictional character from Final Fantasy VI The city of Sabin, Minnesota This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid...

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), under the leadership of Dr. Ciro de Quadros launched an initiative to eradicate polio from the Americas in 1985. ^[13] The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is an international public health agency with 100 years of experience in working to improve health and living standards of the countries of the Americas. ... Portrait of Ciro de Quadros // Ciro de Quadros, M.D., M.P.H., has dedicated his career to the control of infectious diseases, especially those that disproportionately affect the health and social development of the world’s poorer countries. ... World map showing the Americas CIA map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...

1988-1991

In 1988, the World Health Organization, together with Rotary International, UNICEF, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention passed the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, with the goal of eradicating polio by the year 2000. The Initiative was inspired by Rotary International's 1985 pledge to raise $120 million toward immunising all of the world's children against the disease.^[13] The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. ... Rotary International is an organization of Rotary Clubs (service clubs) located all over the world (more than 32,000 clubs in more than 200 countries and geographical areas). ... UNICEF Logo The United Nations Childrens Fund or UNICEF (Arabic: ; French: ; Spanish: ) was established by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, is recognized as the leading United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people. ... Rotary International is an organization of Rotary Clubs (service clubs) located all over the world (more than 32,000 clubs in more than 200 countries and geographical areas). ...

The last case of wild poliovirus poliomyelitis in the Americas was reported in Peru, August 1991.^[13]

1994-2000

On 20 August 1994 the Americas were certified as polio-free.^[14] This achievement was an incredible new milestone in efforts to eradicate the disease.

In 1994 the Indian Government launched the Pulse Polio Campaign to eliminate polio. The current campaign involves annual vaccination of all children under age five.^[15] Most families have allowed their children to take the vaccine. Pulse Polio is an immunization campaign established by the government of India in 1994 to eradicate poliomyelitis (polio) in India by vaccinating annually all children under age five against poliovirus. ...

In 1995 Operation Mecacar (Mediterranean, Caucasus, Central Asian Republics and Russia) were launched; National Immunization Days were coordinated in 19 European and Mediterranean countries.^[16] In 1998, Melik Minas of Turkey, became the last case of polio reported in Europe.^[17] This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...

In 1997 Mum Chanty of Cambodia became the last person to contract polio in the Indo-West Pacific region.^[18] In 2000 the Western Pacific Region (including China) was certified Polio-free.^[18] The Indo-West Pacific, or IWP, is a zoogeographical region spanning the entire Indian Ocean including the Red Sea and the Pacific Ocean as far as the Caroline Islands but short of the Marshall Islands. ...

2001-2004

By 2001, 575 million children (almost one-tenth the world's population) had received some 2 billion doses of oral polio vaccine.^[7] The World Health Organization announced that Europe was polio-free on June 21, 2002 in the Copenhagen Glyptotek.^[19] June 21 is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 193 days remaining. ... For other uses, see Copenhagen (disambiguation). ... The Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek is an art museum in Copenhagen, Denmark. ...

In 2002, an outbreak of polio in India occurred after the number of planned polio vaccination campaigns was reduced, the state of Uttar Pradesh accounted for nearly two-thirds of total worldwide cases reported.^[20](See Global polio incidence map (2002).) Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: ‎, translation: Northern Province, IPA: ,  ), also popularly known by its abbreviation U.P., is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Republic of India. ...

In the Kano province in Northern Nigeria, which operates under Sharia (Muslim religious law), the immunization campaign was suspended in September 2003 when prominent Muslim leaders claimed vaccines supplied by Western donors were adulterated to reduce fertility and spread HIV as part of a U.S.-led drive against Islam. On June 30, 2004, after a 10-month ban on polio vaccinations, the WHO announced that Kano had pledged to restart the campaign in early July. During the ban the virus spread across Nigeria and into 12 neighboring countries that had previously been polio-free.^[13] By 2006, this ban would be blamed for 1,500 children being paralyzed and having caused $450 million for emergency activities. In addition to the rumors of sterility and the ban by Nigeria's Kano state, civil war and internal strife in the Sudan and Ivory Coast have complicated WHO's polio eradication goal. In 2004, almost two-thirds all the polio cases in the world occurred in Nigeria (760 out of 1170 total). For other uses of the word Kano see Kano (disambiguation). ... Sharia (Arabic: transliteration: ) is the body of Islamic law. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... Adulterants are chemical impurities or substances that by law do not belong in a food or pesticide. ... Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... June 30 is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 184 days remaining. ... Côte dIvoire (often called Ivory Coast in English; see below about the name) is a country in West Africa. ...

2005

Reported Polio Cases in 2005
Country	Cases	Transmission Status
Nigeria	727	endemic
Yemen	478	importation
Indonesia	299	importation
Somalia	154	importation
India	64	endemic
Pakistan	27	endemic
Sudan	27	re-established transmission
Ethiopia	20	importation
Angola	9	importation
Niger	9	importation
Afghanistan	7	endemic
Nepal	4	importation
Mali	3	importation
Chad, Eritrea, Cameroun	1 ea.	importation

There were 1,831 cases of wild poliovirus (excludes vaccine derived polio viruses) in 2005.^[8] Most remaining polio infections were located in two areas: the Indian sub-continent and Nigeria. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1357x628, 56 KB) Countries that reported polio in 2005. ... The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central Africa. ... A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to establish immunity to a disease. ... Groups I: dsDNA viruses II: ssDNA viruses III: dsRNA viruses IV: (+)ssRNA viruses V: (-)ssRNA viruses VI: ssRNA-RT viruses VII: dsDNA-RT viruses A virus is a microscopic particle (ranging in size from 20 - 300 nm) that can infect the cells of a biological organism. ...

Nigeria experienced a drop in the number of polio cases of nearly a half from last year, according to the World Health Organization. Officials credit the drop in new infections to improved political control in the southern states and resumed immunisation in the north, where Muslim clerics led a boycott of vaccination in late 2003.^[21]

Eradication efforts in the Indian sub-continent have met with a large measure of success. Using the Pulse Polio campaign to increase polio immunization rates, India recorded just 66 cases in 2005; down from 135 cases reported in 2004, 225 in 2003, and 1,600 in 2002.^[9] Pulse Polio is an immunization campaign established by the government of India in 1994 to eradicate poliomyelitis (polio) in India by vaccinating annually all children under age five against poliovirus. ...

Yemen, Indonesia and Sudan, countries which had been declared polio-free since before 2000, each reported hundreds of cases - probably imported from Nigeria.^[21]

On May 5, 2005, news reports broke that a new case of polio was diagnosed in Java, Indonesia and the virus strain was suspected to be the same as the one that has caused outbreaks in Nigeria. New public fears over the safety, which were unfounded, impeded vaccination efforts in Indonesia. In summer 2005 the WHO, UNICEF and the Indonesian government made new efforts to lay the fears to rest, recruiting celebrities and religious leaders in a publicity campaign to promote vaccination.^[22] May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (126th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ...

The first case of the polio outbreak in Sudan was detected in May 2004. The reemergence of polio led to stepped up vaccination campaigns. In the city of Darfur; 78,654 children were immunized and 20,432 more in southern Sudan (Yirol and Chelkou).^[23] Darfur (Arabic دار فور, meaning home of the Fur) is a region of far western Sudan, bordering the Central African Republic, Libya, and Chad. ...

In the United States it was reported that "on September 29, 2005 the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) identified poliovirus type 1 in an unvaccinated, immunocompromised infant girl aged 7 months (the index patient) in an Amish community whose members predominantly were unvaccinated for polio. The patient has no paralysis; the source of the patient's infection is unknown. Subsequently, poliovirus infections in three other children within the index patient's community have been documented."^[24] The Amish (IPA: ), are an Anabaptist Christian denomination in the United States and Ontario, Canada that are known for their plain dress and limited use of modern devices such as automobiles and electricity. ...

2006-present

In 2006 only four countries in the world (Nigeria, India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan) were reported to have endemic polio. Cases in other countries are attributed to importation. Polio re-surfaced in Bangladesh after nearly six years of absence with 17 new cases reported since January 2006. "Our country is not safe, as neighbours India and Pakistan are not polio free," declared Health Minister ASM Matiur Rahman.^[25] Nigeria accounts for the majority of cases to date but India has reported more than ten times the number of cases this year as it had in 2005 (30% of worldwide cases this year). Pakistan reported 8 cases in 2006 in children despite being given the polio vaccine. A total of 1985 cases worldwide were reported in 2006 (by February 23, 2007).^[8] (See: Map of reported polio cases in 2006)

In 2007 Pakistan continued to battle polio. In tribal areas, immunization campaigns are unpopular as Muslim clerics have claimed that the immunizations are part of an American conspiracy designed to sterilize the local Muslim population.^[26] In February 2007, physician Abdul Ghani, who was in charge of polio immunizations in a key area of disease occurrence in northern Pakistan, was killed in a terrorist bombing.^[27] A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... A cleric is a member of the clergy of a religion, especially one that has trained or ordained priests, preachers, or other religious professionals. ... A child being immunized against polio. ... This article is becoming very long. ...

See also

• Eradication of smallpox
• Population health

Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ... Population health is an approach to health that aims to improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health inequities among population groups. ...

References

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 23 is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 22 is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

External links

• Global Polio Eradication
• Rotary International: PolioPlus