NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Eric Shinseki

General Eric Ken Shinseki (born November 28, 1942) was the 34th Chief of Staff of the United States Army (1999 - 2003). He is the first Asian American in U.S. history to be a four-star general, and the first to lead one of the four U.S. military services. During his tenure, Shinseki initiated an innovative but controversial plan to make the Army more strategically deployable and mobile in urban terrain by creating Stryker Interim-Force Brigade Combat Teams. His long-term initiative was called Objective Force and the main long-term weapons program he pushed was the Future Combat Systems. is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 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Shinseki is famous for his remarks to the U.S. Senate Armed Services committee before the war in Iraq in which he said "something in the order of several hundred thousand soldiers" would probably be required for post-war Iraq. Then Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz publicly disagreed with his estimate.^[1] The Committee on Armed Services is a committee of the United States Senate empowered with legislative oversight of the nations military, including the Department of Defense, military research and development, nuclear energy (as pertaining to national security), benefits for members of the military, the Selective Service System and other... This article is about the 2003 invasion of Iraq. ... The United States Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) is the head of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), concerned with the armed services and military matters. ... Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) is a businessman, a U.S. Republican politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President Gerald Ford from 1975 to 1977, and the 21st Secretary of Defense under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2006. ... The United States Deputy Secretary of Defense is the second-highest ranking official in the United States Department of Defense. ... Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, working on issues of international economic development, Africa and public-private partnerships. ...

When the insurgency took hold in post-war Iraq, Shinseki's comments and their public rejection by the civilian leadership were often cited by those who felt the Bush administration deployed too few troops to Iraq. On November 15, 2006, in testimony before Congress, CENTCOM Commander Gen. John Abizaid said that General Shinseki's estimate had proved correct.^[2] The Iraqi insurgency denotes groups using armed resistance against the US-led Coalition occupation of Iraq. ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Emblem of the United States Central Command. ... John Philip Abizaid (born April 1, 1951) is a retired General in the United States Army and former Commander of the United States Central Command (CENTCOM), overseeing American military operations in a 27-country region, from the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, to South and Central Asia, covering much...

Education and military service

Shinseki was born in Lihue, Kauai in the then-Territory of Hawaii, to a Japanese American family. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1965 with a Bachelor of Science degree and a commission as a second lieutenant. He earned a Master of Arts degree in English Literature from Duke University. He was also educated at the Armor Officer Advanced Course, the United States Army Command and General Staff College, and the National War College. Līhu‘e is the largest town on the Hawaiian Island of Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i It is a census-designated place and the county seat of Kaua‘i County. ... Kauai (Hawaiian IPA pron. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Serving from 1999 to 2003, Army General Eric Shinseki of Hawaii became the first Asian American military chief of staff. ... USMA redirects here. ... Duke University is a private coeducational research university located in Durham, North Carolina, United States. ... The National War College (NWC) of the United States is a school in the National Defense University. ...

Shinseki served in a variety of command and staff assignments in the Continental United States and overseas, including two combat tours with the 9th and 25th Infantry Divisions in the Republic of Vietnam as an artillery forward observer and as commander of Troop A, 3rd Squadron, 5th Cavalry Regiment. During one of those tours, he stepped on a land mine, which blew off the front of one of his feet. Image File history File links Shinseki_1965. ... Image File history File links Shinseki_1965. ... USMA redirects here. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... The 5th Cavalry Regiment is a historical unit of the United States Army that began its service in the decade prior to the American Civil War and continues in modified organizational format in the modern army. ... â€œMinefieldâ€ redirects here. ...

He has served in Hawaii at Schofield Barracks with Headquarters, United States Army Hawaii, and Fort Shafter with Headquarters, United States Army Pacific. He has taught at the U.S. Military Academy’s Department of English. During duty with the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment at Fort Bliss, Texas, he served as the regimental adjutant and as the executive officer of its 1st Squadron. Schofield Barracks is a United States Army installation (and census-designated place or CDP) located in the City & County of Honolulu and in the Wahiawa District of the island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. ... // Also known as USARPAC, the U.S. Army Pacific Command is the army component unit of the U.S. Pacific Command, except the units in Korea. ... Fort Shafter is in Honolulu, Hawai‘i extending up the interfluve (ridgeline) between Kalihi and Moanalua valleys, as well as onto the coastal plain (as Shafter Flats) at Māpunapuna. ... Also known as USARPAC, the U.S. Army Pacific Command is the army component unit of the U.S. Pacific Command, except the units in Korea. ... The 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment is a regiment of the United States Army currently stationed at Fort Hood, near the city of Killeen, Texas. ... Fort Bliss is a census-designated place and US Army post located in El Paso County, Texas. ...

Shinseki’s ten-plus years of service in Europe included assignments as Commander, 3rd Squadron, 7th Cavalry, 3rd Infantry Division (Schweinfurt); Commander, 2nd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division (Kitzingen); Assistant Chief of Staff, G3, 3rd Infantry Division (Operations, Plans and Training) (Würzburg); and Assistant Division Commander for Maneuver, 3rd Infantry Division (Schweinfurt). The 3rd ID was organized at that time as a heavy mechanized division. He also served as Assistant Chief of Staff, G3 (Operations, Plans and Training), VII Corps (Stuttgart). Shinseki served as Deputy Chief of Staff for Support, Allied Land Forces Southern Europe (Verona), an element of the Allied Command Europe.

From March 1994 to July 1995, Shinseki commanded the 1st Cavalry Division at Fort Hood, Texas. In July 1996, he was promoted to lieutenant general and became Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans, United States Army. In June 1997, Shinseki was appointed to the rank of general before assuming duties as Commanding General, United States Army Europe; Commander, Allied Land Forces Central Europe; and Commander, NATO Stabilization Force in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Shinseki became the Army's 28th vice chief of staff on 24 November 1998, then became its 34th chief of staff on 22 June 1999.^[3] He retired on 11 June 2003, at the end of his four-year term. The 1st Cavalry Division (1st Cav Div) is a heavy armored division of the United States Army with base of operations in Fort Hood, Texas. ... is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Shinseki is the only Japanese American to be promoted to the Army's top position. Serving from 1999 to 2003, Army General Eric Shinseki of Hawaii became the first Asian American military chief of staff. ...

Tensions with Rumsfeld while Chief of the Army

Shinseki's tenure as Chief of Staff was marked by tensions with Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld. As incoming secretary, Rumsfeld publicly addressed and ultimately supported Shinseki's controversial decision on March 16, 2001 to issue all Army troops the black berets that had previously been worn only by the United States Army Rangers.^[4] Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... The United States Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) is the head of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), concerned with the armed services and military matters. ... Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) is a businessman, a U.S. Republican politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President Gerald Ford from 1975 to 1977, and the 21st Secretary of Defense under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2006. ... is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... The 75th Ranger Regimentâ€”also known as the United States Army Rangersâ€”is an elite light infantry special operations force of the United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) headquartered in Fort Benning, Georgia. ...

In 2001, Shinseki reportedly staved off suggestions by Rumsfeld and his aides that the Army be reduced in size.^[5] According to one source, at their first meeting Shinseki told Rumsfeld that his orders would not be implemented.^[6] The Quadrennial Defense Review issued in 2001 maintained the existing size of the Army. Another fight ensued in 2002, when Rumsfeld cancelled the XM2001 Crusader, an artillery system supported by Shinseki and members of Congress. The XM2001 Crusader was to be the United States Armys next-generation self-propelled howitzer (SPH), designed to improve survivability, lethality, mobility, and effectiveness and planned to be introduced by 2008. ...

Defense strategist Thomas P. M. Barnett, in a 2005 piece for Esquire magazine, captured the thoughts of Rumsfeld's aides in the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Aides felt Shinseki became "too fixated on improving the Army's efficiency in combat without questioning the relevance of the capabilities he was developing, as in, Great force, wrong war." Rumsfeld and his aides believed systems like Crusader, while superb for a Cold War-era fight, were not relevant to 21st-century threats that required speed and precision.^[8] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... August 2005 issue of Esquire Esquire is a mens magazine by the Hearst Corporation. ...

In April 2002, 14 months before Shinseki was due to retire, The Washington Post reported, quoting "Pentagon officials", that his replacement had already been selected. "In another unusual move, Rumsfeld has tapped Army Gen. Jack Keane, the No. 2 officer in the Army, to succeed the current chief of that service, Gen. Eric Shinseki, whose term runs out next year. Selecting a successor for the current chief so far in advance is highly unusual."^[9] This reported departure from precedent somewhat undercut Shinseki's authority within the Army. However, it has never been established where this report came from, or whether it had any basis in fact; in the event, Shinseki's successor was not Keane, but Peter Schoomaker. The Washington Post is the largest newspaper in Washington, D.C.. It is also one of the citys oldest papers, having been founded in 1877. ... John (Jack) Keane (born 1945) is a retired four-star general and former Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army, and a defense analyst. ... General Peter Schoomaker (b. ...

The personality clash between Shinseki and Rumsfeld was well known. Shinseki had a reputation as a quiet, reserved officer, while Rumsfeld had a history of his tough questioning and "wire-brushing" senior officers. (Barnett describes wire-brushing as "chewing them out, typically in a public way that's demeaning to their stature. It's pinning their ears back, throwing out question after question you know they can't answer correctly and then attacking every single syllable they toss up from their defensive crouch.") Shinseki and other army officers resented Rumsfeld's rough treatment of officers, while Rumsfeld and his aides felt the military had to be challenged vigorously in order for the civilians to exercise effective control of the department and steer it in the right direction.^[8]

Commenting on the personality clash on MSNBC's Hardball with Chris Matthews , General Tommy Franks (ret.) said, "I think, Chris, you will find personalities that get along and you find personalities that do not get along...It was sort of like oil and water...there certainly was friction there". Franks also said that the media had blown Shinseki's comments and his treatment out of proportion. He said Shinseki's concerns about the war plan focused on the logistics support for the invasion and occupation of Iraq.^[10] For the news website, see msnbc. ... Hardball with Chris Matthews is a talk show on MSNBC broadcast weekdays at 5 and 7 PM hosted by Chris Matthews. ... Tommy Ray Franks (born June 17, 1945 in Wynnewood, Oklahoma) is a retired General in the United States Army, previously serving as the Commander of the United States Central Command, overseeing United States Armed Forces operations in a 25-country region, including the Middle East. ...

Regarding the 2003 invasion of Iraq

Personality clashes apart, Shinseki and Rumsfeld had significantly different approaches to military doctrine. For example, following September 11, 2001, Rumsfeld was in a meeting whose subject was the review of the Department of Defense's (Contingency) Plan in the event of a war with Iraq (U.S. Central Command OPLAN 1003-98).^[11] The plan (as it was then conceived) contemplated troop levels of up to 500,000, which Rumsfeld opined was far too many. Gordon and Trainor wrote: is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

While Shinseki was not at the OPLAN 1003-98 review mentioned above, he no doubt hewed to the traditional military view concerning force levels necessary for an Iraq invasion. It is, however, unclear how strongly Shinseki communicated to the DOD head views which diverged from those which Rumsfeld had forcefully communicated to the military command structure. While Shinseki's reticence to publicly speak on the questions of possible conflicts between himself and the Bush administration is well-known, he is on record as stating that it is "probably fair" to say that he should have banged on the table and pushed harder to stop Rumsfeld from going into Iraq with too few troops.^[13]

On February 25, 2003, four months before the end of his term as Chief of Staff of the Army, Shinseki told the Senate Armed Services Committee that he thought an occupying force of several hundred thousand men would be needed to stabilize postwar Iraq. He was pressed to provide a range by Senator Carl Levin (D-MI). Below is an excerpt from the exchange:^[14] This work is copyrighted. ... This work is copyrighted. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Committee on Armed Services is a committee of the United States Senate empowered with legislative oversight of the nations military, including the Department of Defense, military research and development, nuclear energy (as pertaining to national security), benefits for members of the military, the Selective Service System and other... Carl Milton Levin (born June 28, 1934) is a Democratic United States Senator from Michigan and is the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Armed Services. ...

In a public rebuke to Shinseki, Rumsfeld and his deputy, Paul Wolfowitz, called Shinseki's estimate "far off the mark"^[15] and "wildly off the mark". Wolfowitz said it would be "hard to believe" more troops would be required for post-war Iraq than to remove Saddam Hussein from power.^[1] Specifically, Wolfowitz said to the House Budget Committee on February 27, 2003: Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, working on issues of international economic development, Africa and public-private partnerships. ...

On November 15, 2006, Gen. John P. Abizaid, chief of the U.S. Central Command, in testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committtee, acknowledged that in his view, and with hindsight, Shinseki had been correct in his view that a larger post-war force was needed. Abizaid noted that this force could have included Iraqi or international forces in addition to American force:^[16]^[17] is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contrary to Democratic candidate John Kerry's claim, in the first debate of the 2004 presidential election, Shinseki was not "retired" for his testimony before Congress. His official term as Chief of the Army ended four months later and he retired as scheduled.^[18] However, the tension between the civilians in the Office of the Secretary of Defense and Shinseki were apparent. No senior civilians attended Shinseki's retirement ceremony. Some Army officers, such as Major General Batiste (ret.) who called for Rumsfeld's resignation, saw this as an intentional slight and sign of disrespect directed toward Shinseki by the civilian leadership.^[19] The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ... John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the junior United States Senator from Massachusetts, in his fourth term of office. ... Major General John Batiste is a retired officer of the United States Army. ...

Secretary Rumsfeld, on the other hand, suggests that Shinseki did not invite any civilians to his retirement ceremony, although that claim cannot be verified since Shinseki has not commented on the issue.^[20]

Show of support by Army officers

Shinseki has been cited by numerous retired Army officers as a prime example of Secretary Rumsfeld's disregard for military advice and abrasive treatment of senior officers. Newsweek magazine reports "ERIC WAS RIGHT" caps were on display at the 40th annual reunion of the West Point Class of 1965 (Shinseki's class).^[13] Retired generals such as John Batiste who called for Rumsfeld's resignation have cited the treatment of Shinseki.

Shinseki, for his part, is not comfortable with this "martyr's" role. He has declined to make public comments on the Iraq war, Rumsfeld, or troop levels since his retirement. But at his retirement, Shinseki said of the administration's policy on troop strength, "Beware the 12-division strategy for a 10-division Army. Our soldiers and families bear the risk and the hardship of carrying a mission load that exceeds what force capabilities we can sustain, so we must alleviate risk and hardship by our willingness to resource the mission requirements."^[21]

The professional military consensus of some military officers is that the United States did not send enough troops to Iraq to secure the country after the invasion.^[22] The apparent success that even the relatively modest troop surge has had in abating violence in Iraq seems to validate the accuracy of Shinseki's opinion on the number of troops that should have been deployed.^[23] In an interview with leading field-grade officers at the US Army's elite Combined Arms Center,^[24] admiration of Shinseki's professional judgement and willingness to speak out was evident:

However it's also clear to these officers that publicly stating contrary opinions comes with a high cost:

Decorations and badges

The Defense Distinguished Service Medal is a United States military award which is presented for exceptionally distinguished performance of duty contributing to national security or defense of the United States. ... This article concerns the United States Army Distinguished Service Medal. ... The Navy Distinguished Service Medal is a military award of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps which was first created in 1919. ... The Air Force Distinguished Service Medal was created by an act of the United States Congress on July 6, 1960. ... The Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal is a decoration of the United States Coast Guard which was created in August 1949 by order of the United States Congress. ... The Legion of Merit is a military decoration of the United States armed forces that is awarded for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services and achievements. ... The Bronze Star Medal is a United States Armed Forces individual military decoration and is the fourth highest award for bravery, heroism or meritorious service. ... For other uses, see Purple Heart (disambiguation). ... The Meritorious Service Medal is a military award presented to members of the United States Armed Forces who distinguished themselves by outstanding non-combat meritorious achievement or service to the United States subsequent to January 16, 1969. ... Air Medal Ribbon The Air Medal is a military decoration of the United States which was established by Executive Order 9158, signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt, on May 11, 1942. ... The Commendation Medal is a mid-level United States military award which is presented for sustained acts of heroism or meritorious service. ... The Achievement Medal is the lowest of the United States military’s non-combat meritorious service medals. ... The Parachutist Badge, also commonly referred to as Jump Wings or Snow Cone, is a military badge of the United States Armed Forces which is awarded to members of the United States Army, Air Force, Marine Corps and Navy. ... Ranger Tab The Ranger Tab is a military decoration of the United States Army which signifies completion of the U.S. Army Ranger School, a three month course providing instruction in small-unit combat tactics in woodland, mountain, and swamp operations. ... The Office of the Secretary of Defense Identification Badge is a U.S. military badge of the Department of Defense issued to members of the U.S. military who are permanently assigned as military aides to the Secretary of Defense in the Department of Defense. ... The Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge is a U.S. military badge presented to the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff upon appointment to position as either a Service Head, Vice Chairman, or Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. ... The Army Staff Identification Badge is a decoration of the United States Army and is awarded to those personnel who serve for one year as a member of the Army General Staff. ...

Notes

^ ^a ^b Schmitt, Eric. "Pentagon Contradicts General on Iraq Occupation Force's Size", New York Times, February 28, 2003.
^ Thomas E. Ricks and Ann Scott Tyson. "Abizaid Says Withdrawal Would Mean More Unrest", Washington Post, November 16, 2006, p. A22. Retrieved on 2006-12-13. "General [Eric] Shinseki was right that a greater international force contribution, U.S. force contribution and Iraqi force contribution should have been available immediately after major combat operations."
^ Fahrig, Jody T. "Army welcomes Shinseki as new chief", Army News Service, June 23, 1999. (URL retrieved May 27, 2006)
^ Kozaryn, Linda D. "Defense Leaders Uphold Army's Black Beret Decision", DefenseLINK News, March 16, 2001. (URL retrieved May 27, 2006)
^ O'Hanlon, Michael E. "History Will Credit Shinseki", The Japan Times, June 19, 2003.
^ Babbin, Jed "Purge of the Princelings?" National Review Online, August 14, 2003.
^ Testimony of Donald H. Rumsfeld "Testimony by Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld on Crusader Artillery System before Senate Armed Services Committee (transcript).", United States Department of Defense, May 16, 2002.
^ ^a ^b Barnett, Thomas P. M. "Donald Rumsfeld: Old Man in a Hurry", Esquire, July 1, 2005.
^ Ricks, Thomas E. "Bush Backs Overhaul of Military's Top Ranks", Washington Post, April 11, 2002. Page A01.
^ Interview with General Tommy Franks, on Hardball with Chris Matthews, April 14, 2006.
^ See, for example, Chapter 1 of Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq (Gordon and Trainor, 2006)
^ Gordon, Michael R. and Bernard E. Trainor, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq], 2006. Book excerpt from the Denver Post.
^ ^a ^b Hastings, Michael, et al. "Anatomy of a Revolt", Newsweek, April 24, 2006.
^ Rumsfeld's War: Transcript. PBS (November 10, 2004). Retrieved on 2007-11-18.
^ Engel, Matthew. "Scorned general's tactics proved right: Profile of the army chief sidelined by Rumsfeld", The Guardian, March 29, 2003.
^ Senate Armed Services Committee Holds Hearing on Current Situation in Iraq and Afghanistan. CONGRESSIONAL TRANSCRIPTS, Congressional Hearings, Nov. 15, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
^ U.S. Senate Armed Services Hearing "Armed Services Hearing Transcript", November 15, 2006.
^ Burlas, Joe. "Shinseki bids farewell to Army", Army New Service, June 12, 2003. (URL retrieved on May 27, 2006)
^ Generals Speak Out on Iraq, NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, PBS, April 13, 2006.
^ Radio interview with Secretary Rumsfeld on the Bill Cunningham Show, 700 WLW, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 17, 2006.
^ Gregg K. Kakesako. "Banquet at Sheraton will honor Shinseki", Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 6, 2003. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
^ Brigadier General Mitchell M. Zais, U.S. Army, Retired, Ph.D.. "U.S. Strategy in Iraq", Military Review, March-April, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.
^ "A rare moment of calm in the capital", Economist, October 18, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
^ Elisabeth Bumiller. "Blunt Talk About Iraq at Army School", New York Times, October 13, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.

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References

Contents

Education and military service

Tensions with Rumsfeld while Chief of the Army

Regarding the 2003 invasion of Iraq

Show of support by Army officers

Decorations and badges

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Contents

Education and military service GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Tensions with Rumsfeld while Chief of the Army

Regarding the 2003 invasion of Iraq

Show of support by Army officers

Decorations and badges

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Education and military service