Erich von Holst (November 28, 1908 - May 26, 1962), was a German behavioral physiologist who was a native of Riga, and was related to historian Hermann Eduard von Holst (1841-1904). In 1955 he founded the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology at Seewiesen, Bavaria. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... is the 146th day of the year (147th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... A historian is an individual who studies history and who writes on history. ... Hermann Eduard von Holst (June 1841 - 20 January 1904) was a German-American historian He was born at Fellin (now Viljandi, Estonia). ... The Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology is located in Seewiesen, Germany. ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ...

Holst is remembered for his work with zoologist Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989) concerning the processes of endogenous generation of stimuli and of central coordination as a basis of physiological behavior. This idea refuted the existing "reflex theory" which stated that this behavior was based on a chain of reflexes. Zoology (Greek zoon = animal and logos = word) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ... Lorenz being followed by his imprinted geese Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (November 7, 1903 in Vienna – February 27, 1989 in Vienna) was an Austrian zoologist, animal psychologist, and ornithologist. ... The word endogenous means arising from within. Compare exogenous. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Holst postulated that the basic central nervous configuration consisted of a "cell" permanently producing endogenous stimulation, but prevented from activating its effector by another "cell" that also produced endogenous stimulation which contained an inhibition effect. This inhibiting "second cell" was influenced by the receptor, and stopped its inhibitory functionality precisely at the biologically right moment. In this fashion normal physiological stability was achieved. A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ... The EFFector Newsletter is a weekly publication of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), dedicated to keeping the organization members and subscribers informed of current issues, urging action through Action Alert, and providing a variety of background information and links. ... Look up Receptor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

From his studies of fish that use rhythmic, synchronized fin motions while maintaining an immobile body, he developed two fundamental principles to describe the coordinative properties of "neural oscillators": Oscillation is the periodic variation, typically in time, of some measure as seen, for example, in a swinging pendulum. ...

• Baharrungstendenz: a tendency of an oscillator to maintain a steady rhythm. This would include movements such as breathing, chewing and running, which Holst called states of absolute coordination.
• Magneteffect: described as an effect that one oscillator exercises over another oscillator of a different frequency so that it appears "magnetically" to draw and couple it to its own frequency.

The result of the interaction and struggle between Beharrungstendenz and Mageneteffect create an infinite number of variable couplings, and in essence form a state of relative coordination. now. ... FreQuency is a music video game developed by Harmonix and published by SCEI. It was released in November 2001. ...

In 1950, with Horst Mittelstaedt, Holst demonstrated the "Reafference Principle" (Das Reafferenzprinzip) concerning how an organism is able to separate reafferent (self-generated) sensory stimuli from exafferent (externally generated) sensory stimuli. This concept largely dealt with interactive processes between the central nervous system and its periphery. The mechanism of the reflex arc In the nervous system, afferent neurons--otherwise known as sensory or receptor neurons--carry nerve impulses from receptors or sense organs toward the central nervous system. ...

At the University of Goettingen, Holst did extensive research involving the mechanics of winged flight, and constructed numerous life-like replicas of birds and other flying creatures, which included models of pterosaurs and dragonflies. The Georg-August University of Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, often called the Georgia Augusta) was founded in 1734 by George II, King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover, and opened in 1737. ... Suborders Pterodactyloidea Rhamphorhynchoidea * Pterosaurs (, from the Greek πτερόσαυρος, pterosauros, meaning winged lizard, often referred to as pterodactyls, from the Greek πτεροδάκτυλος, pterodaktulos, meaning winged finger ) were flying reptiles of the clade Pterosauria. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

With earthworms, Holst demonstrated internal, autonomous, rhythmic behavior that is independent of environmental factors. By slicing a worm into separate segments, and attaching each segment to a sensitive voltmeter, he noticed distinct, consecutive deflections on the meter which demonstrated a potentional wave moving through the severed parts from the front to the end of the entire cut-up specimen at approximately the speed of a contraction wave of a crawling earthworm. Families   Acanthodrilidae   Ailoscolecidae   Alluroididae   Almidae   Criodrilidae   Eudrilidae   Exxidae   Glossoscolecidae   Lumbricidae   Lutodrilidae   Megascolecidae   Microchaetidae   Ocnerodrilidae   Octochaetidae   Sparganophilidae Earthworm is the common name for the largest members of the Oligochaeta (which is either a class or subclass depending on the author) in the phylum Annelida. ... Two digital voltmeters. ...

References

• This article is based on a translation of an article from the German Wikipedia.
• Model Birds Learn to Fly
• 'Beharringstendenz' and 'Magnetefekt'