The Eritrean Railway is the only railway system in the African nation of Eritrea (on the Red Sea coast between Sudan and Ethiopia, and independent from the latter in 1993). A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. ... Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea (Arabic البحر الأحمر al-Bahr al-Ahmar; Hebrew ים סוף Yam Suf; Tigrigna ቀይሕ ባሕሪ QeyH baHri) is a gulf or basin of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

The railway is narrow gauge and is slowly being rebuilt after the devastation wreaked upon it by the war of independence (1960-1991). It still manages to operate, however, despite its newest equipment being nearly fifty years old, with most of it predating World War II. It is one of the only railway systems still in existence (excluding tourist railways) using equipment like the 1930s Italian-built 'Littorina' railcars and behind 1930s-vintage Mallet steam locomotives. Narrow-gauge railways are railroads (railways) with track spaced at less than the standard gauge of 4 ft 8 in (1. ... Combatants Allies: • Soviet Union, • UK & Commonwealth, • USA, • France/Free France, • China, • Poland, • ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Japan, • Italy, • ...and others Commanders Strength Casualties Full list Full list World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a large scale military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. ... // Events and trends A public speech by Benito Mussolini, founder of the Fascist movement The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the global depression. ... Not to be confused with Railroad car. ... A typical European Mallet type, a narrow gauge 0-4-4-2 tank locomotive for a mountain railway (in this case, the RhB in Switzerland). ...

Construction

Eritrea was an Italian colony, and its railway was thus built by Italian engineers to Italian standards, using equipment bought from Italy. The gauge chosen was the Italian standard narrow gauge measurement of 950 mm, this to enable the purchase of off-the-shelf and second-hand equipment from Italy. The 950 mm gauge. In Italy in basis to a law of the 28/ 07/ 1879 came instituted an oficial gang for establish her size of the gauge to use on the minor lines. The 28/ 11/ 1879 the gang deliberated that the sizes must be used of: 1500. 1000 and 750 mm measured on the axle of the rail shapes: on the inside faces respectively 1445. 950 and 700 this is the "metric Italian gauge". Official language Italian1 Capital and largest city Rome President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi Prime minister Silvio Berlusconi Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 71st 301,336 km² 2. ... Rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the two parallel rails which make up a railway track. ... The metre, or meter (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. ...

Construction began from the Red Sea port city of Massawa in 1887, heading towards the capital city of Asmara. Progress was slow, thanks to the long climb up the mountains to the high plateau of inland Eritrea, and the substantial civil engineering works required; the line reached Asmara in 1911. It was extended to Keren in 1922, Agat in 1925, Agordat in 1928, and finally Bascia in 1932, for a total length of 280 km (174 miles). Bascia proved to be the end, even though the builders had ambitions of reaching the Sudan Railway at Tessenai; Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia led to resources being diverted elsewhere, including the upgrading of the line from Massawa to Asmara to handle more traffic. Massawa in the 19th century Massawa or Mitsiwa (15° 36′ 33″ N 39° 26′ 43″ E) is a port on the Red Sea coast of Eritrea. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ... Asmara is the capital city and largest settlement in Eritrea, home to a population of around 500,000 people. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Keren is the third largest city in Eritrea, lying north west of Asmara, with a population of around 75,000 people. ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Agat is a village on the American island of Guam located on the west coast. ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Agordat is the capital of the Gash Barka province of Eritrea. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ... Combatants Italy Ethiopia Commanders Strength 800,000 (only ~330,000 mobilized) 100,000 (some ill-equipped) Casualties 15,000 16,000 {{{notes}}} The Second Italo-Abyssinian War, also called the Rape of Ethiopia, lasted seven months in 1935-1936. ...

Building the line from Massawa to Asmara was a significant undertaking. Even with the tighter turns and narrower way needed by a narrow gauge railway, the line required 65 bridges (including a fourteen-arch viaduct crossing the Obel River) and 30 tunnels, the longest being 320 m (.2 mile). Even with such works, the gradients were 3% or worse. The highest point on the railway is just east of Asmara at 2394 m (7856 feet) above sea level.

In Operation

The railway was reasonably busy for such a small line; in 1935, carrying large quantities of supplies for the Italian war effort in Ethiopia, the line saw 30 trains daily, while by 1965 the line was carrying nearly half a million passengers a year as well as 200,000 tons of freight. Things went downhill progressively from there. Improvements to the road from Massawa to Asmara and to the trucks and buses that used it began to take away traffic from the railway. 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ...

Until 1941, the railway was Italian controlled, but the fortunes of war allowed the British to take control. It was at this time that the railway was abandoned from Agordat to Bascia. In 1944 the British dismantled the Italian-built ropeway that supplemented the railway as a means of transportation inland. For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Cable car at Zell am See in the Austrian Alps. ...

In 1953 Eritrea was joined to Ethiopia in federation as the British pulled out, giving Ethiopia a coastline, but starting off 40 years of unrest and eventually war. 1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday. ...

The 1950s and 1960s were successful years for the railway, but the 1970s saw the railway fall more and more out of use as the unrest intensified, and in 1975 the railway was destroyed by the ruling Derg regime in Ethiopia. Much of the infrastructure was destroyed during the following years of war, as both sides used materials salvaged from the railway for fortification and other purposes. // Events and No. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Rebuilding

Eritrea won its independence from Ethiopia in 1993, and in 1994 the Eritrean president declared that rebuilding the railway was a priority for the new nation. During the war years a spirit of self reliance had been built up, and the Eritreans refused foreign loans and expensive rework. Instead, the Eritreans decided, they would rebuild what they had left with their own efforts. Rebuilding the line started, some work going into rebuilding the workshops and station in Asmara while others set to reconstructing the Massawa end. Renovation of the main line began from Massawa westbound, recovering rails and ties (the latter steel; wood does not last in this climate). 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... 1994 (MCMXCIV in Roman) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ...

At the same time, restoration began on the remaining locomotives and rolling stock remaining after the conflict. Eleven steam locomotives survived, and at least six have been rebuilt to working order. In addition, several 1930s vintage Fiat 'Littorina' railcars survive and have been made operational, as well as two 1957-built Krupp Bo-Bo diesels (the line's newest locomotives) and one of three surviving Drewry shunters, brought to the railway by the British during the war years. Finally, several road trucks have been converted to run on rail wheels. Much freight stock and a number of passenger cars also survive.

The line has now been restored from Massawa all the way through to Asmara, but as of 2006 no scheduled services traverse the whole length of the line. Charter trains for tourists now do, and regular train services exist in certain areas where there is demand. While the surviving equipment is sufficient for such a limited service, the purchase or building of more is necessary to provide a serious form of transportation over the length of the line. 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

A small fleet of more modern railcars could provide more serious competition to the current bus services. The surviving freightcars include a number of larger boxcars suitable for a limited freight service, but more, and a few powerful locomotives to haul them, would be most useful.

It is debatable whether it was wise to keep and restore the existing narrow gauge system rather than build a new railway. The decision of the Eritrean government was that the last thing they need is more debt, and the current Eritrean Railway is at least one that can be maintained and run cheaply and with existing, local talent. Against this must be set the limits of such ancient technology.

Equipment

Steam Locomotives

Three classes of steam locomotive still exist; one design of 0-4-0 shunter and two designs of 0-4-4-0 Mallet for line service.

202 Series

These small 0-4-0 tank engines were and are the standard shunter locomotives of the system, built between 1927 and 1937 by the firm of Breda in Milan. They have short side tanks, a rear coal bunker, and a unified, oval dome containing the steam dome inside a larger sand dome - this arrangement, popular worldwide in nations that favored the sand dome, helped both to insulate the steam dome and to keep the sand dry with the warmth. Large, prominent builder's plates adorn the domes. They utilise Walschaerts valve gear with piston valves and superheating, and are painted in the traditional European style of red below the running board, including frames and wheels, and black above, including boiler, cab, tanks etc. The purpose of the red paint is to make cracks and breakages in the locomotive's important running gear more obvious. A tank locomotive (occasionally tank engine) is a steam locomotive that carries its own fuel and water with it, instead of pulling it behind it in a tender. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Milan (Italian: Milano; Milanese dialect: Milán) is the main city in northern Italy, and is located in the plains of Lombardy, the most populated and developed region in Italy. ... The Walschaert valve gear on a Pennyslvania Railroad K4s. ... piston + connecting rod In general, a piston is a sliding plug that fits closely inside the bore of a cylinder. ... General arrangement of a superheater installation in a steam locomotive. ...

Six of these useful little engines still survive, of which two were in running order and four in storage awaiting restoration.

440 Series

One of these early Mallet locomotives, which is a true Mallet and thus a compound, still exists in storage at the Asmara workshops. It was a 1915 product of Ansaldo in Genova.

442 Series

These later, and much larger, compound Mallet locomotives were built by Ansaldo in Genova in 1938 to largely replace the earlier types, both the 440 Series and the unsuccessful 441 Series, which were simple locomotives (i.e. non-compound) and found liable to run out of steam on the heavy grades of the line. Four of them are still in existence of which three are in running order. These are the prime main-line steam locomotives of the railway, and are in high demand for tourist services. Two of them, double headed, are required to scale the steepest grades with a train of any length. Like the other locomotives they are tank engines with large side tanks and a rear coal bunker, under cover of the cab roof in this design. No dainty little locomotives, these are quite hefty and brawny machines, as required by the tough demands of the terrain.

Diesel Locomotives

The railway still possesses five diesel locomotives, which are in the process of being returned to working order.

Krupp Bo-Bo Roadswitchers

The railway purchased two Krupp-built Bo-Bo roadswitchers of typical German offset-cab design in 1957, the newest motive power owned by the system and the only purchased after World War II. They are both still in working order and when the line's replacement is complete it is intended to use them for hauling freight. They are painted in a creamy white with brown frames and trucks. The Krupp family, a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their steel production and for their manufacture of ammunition and armaments. ... A road switcher is a type of railroad locomotive used for delivering or picking up cars outside of a railroad yard. ...

Drewry Shunters

Three Drewry built shunters are owned by the railway, and were brought to Eritrea by the British after their takeover in 1941. They were previously in service in the Sudan and were of a narrower gauge there; they were regauged to the railway's 950 mm gauge by turning them from an outside framed to an inside framed layout. Two are 0-6-0s and one is an 0-4-0; one of each is working while the third is under repair. They are painted in the same scheme as the Krupp units, and recent photographs show that they are lacking their bonnet sides and the engines are exposed. A switcher (the general United States usage; common British terminology is shunter, while the Pennsylvania Railroad used shifter) is a small railroad locomotive intended not for moving trains any great distance but rather for assembling a train ready for a road locomotive to take over, disassembling a train that has...

Railcars

Three Fiat-built 'Littorina' railcars survived the civil war and two are in working order. They're attractive looking, rounded things, very Art Deco in style, with large Fiat radiators on the front. The bodies are painted in creamy white with grey underneath and roofs with red 'bumpers' on the ends and a red stripe separating the body color from the grey below, which looks quite attractive. They're intended for tourist service; new vehicles will be built or bought for regular passenger service. The present Fiat logo The old Fiat logo, still commonly seen, used from 1969 to 1999 Fiat S.p. ... Species , common periwinkle , flat periwinkle , rough periwinkle , checkered periwinkle Periwinkles are mollusks of the genus Littorina. ... Not to be confused with Railroad car. ... Asheville City Hall. ...

In addition, one 4-wheel railcar built by Brown Boveri of Switzerland exists out of service in the Asmara shops, which was apparently being used as a mobile generator car before the civil war.

Rail Trucks

A number of Russian-built light trucks have been converted to run on rail wheels and are being used in the railway's reconstruction.

A carro cisterna (tank car) of the Eritrean Railway, date unknown. The 2-axle car is 7,000 mm (23 feet) long, and has a 6,650 kg (14,660 lb) load capacity.

Image File history File links Carro_cisterno_de_Ferrovie_Eritrea. ... Image File history File links Carro_cisterno_de_Ferrovie_Eritrea. ... A modern tank car in a westbound UP train at Rochelle Railroad Park, Rochelle, Illinois, on May 29, 2005. ... The metre, or meter (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. ... This article is about a foot as a unit of length. ... The international prototype, made of platinum-iridium, which is kept at the BIPM under conditions specified by the 1st CGPM in 1889. ... The pound is the name of a number of units of mass, all in the range of 300 to 600 grams. ...

Passenger Cars

A number of passenger cars, all mounted on two four-wheel trucks, survive. They are fitted with wooden seats and have a platform at each end, one of which is for the brakeman — there are no continuous train brakes on the railway, and braking is either done with the locomotive's brakes or by manually applying the brakes on each car. They are now painted in an attractive livery of white with pale blue in a stripe above the windows and at the bottom of the bodywork. Restored passenger cars on display at the Mid-Continent Railway Museum in North Freedom, WI. A passenger car is a piece of railroad rolling stock that is designed to carry passengers. ... A brakeman is a trainboard rail transport worker. ...

Freight Cars

Large numbers of abandoned freight cars sit on sidings near Asmara, and they are slowly being restored. Priority is being given to the 8-wheel (2 x 4-wheel truck) boxcars and flatcars, but a large number of 4-wheel cars still exist too. A railroad car (or, more briefly, car), also known as an item of rolling stock in British parlance, is a vehicle on a railroad or railway that is not a locomotive - one that provides another purpose than purely haulage, although some types of car are powered. ...

References

• Site on the Eritrean Railway by Ralph Reinhold