Ernest Augustus I of Hanover

Ernest Augustus I, King of Hanover (5 June 1771 – 18 November 1851), also known (1799-1837) as the Duke of Cumberland, was the fifth son and eighth child of King George III of the United Kingdom and Queen Charlotte. Ernest Augustus I of Hanover. ... Ernest Augustus I of Hanover. ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... 1771 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... November 18 is the 322nd day of the year (323rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... George III (George William Frederick) (4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801, and thereafter United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. ... Duchess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Sophia Charlotte) (19 May 1744 - 17 November 1818) as Queen Charlotte was the queen consort of King George III. Coronation portrait of Queen Charlotte by Allan Ramsay, National Portrait Gallery // Birth, youth, and marriage Charlotte was the youngest daughter of Charles Louis Frederick, Prince of...

He served as the fourteenth Chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin from 1805- 1851. The University of Dublin, located in Dublin, Ireland, was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I, making it Irelands oldest university. ... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Early life

British Royalty
House of Hanover
George III
George IV
Frederick, Duke of York
William IV
Charlotte, Queen of Württemberg
Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent
Princess Augusta Sophia
Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg
Ernest Augustus I of Hanover
Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex
Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
Mary, Duchess of Gloucester
Princess Sophia
Prince Octavius
Prince Alfred
Princess Amelia
Grandchildren
Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfield
Princess Charlotte of Clarence
Princess Elizabeth of Clarence
Victoria
George V, King of Hanover
George, Duke of Cambridge
Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck

Field Marshal His Royal Highness The Prince Ernest Augustus, KG, KP, GCB, GCH, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale and Earl of Armagh, later His Majesty Ernest Augustus I, King of Hanover and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was born at Buckingham Palace. He received tutoring at home before proceeding to the University of Göttingen in Germany in summer 1786 along with his younger brothers, Prince Adolphus and Prince Augustus. The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) were a German royal dynasty of Lombard descent which succeeded the House of Stuart as kings of Great Britain in 1714. ... Image File history File links This image depicts a seal, an emblem, a coat of arms or a crest. ... George III (George William Frederick) (4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801, and thereafter United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. ... George IV (George Augustus Frederick) (12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death. ... The Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany (Frederick Augustus) (16 August 1763 - 5 January 1827) was a member of the British Royal Family, the second eldest child, and second son of King George III. From 1820 until his death in 1827, he was the heir presumptive to his elder... William IV (William Henry) (21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death. ... Queen Charlotte of Württemberg,(née Her Royal Highness The Princess Charlotte, Princess Royal) (Charlotte Augusta Matilda), (29 September 1766-5 October 1828) was a member of the British Royal Family, the eldest daughter of King George III. She was later the Queen consort of King Friedrich I of... HRH The Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn The Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (2 November 1767 – 23 January 1820) was a member of the British Royal Family, the fourth son of King George III and the father of Queen Victoria. ... Augusta Sophia (November 8, 1768-September 22, 1840), Princess of Great Britain and Ireland, Princess of Hanover, Duchess of Brunswick and Lüneburg. ... The Princess Elizabeth (22 May 1770 - 10 January 1840) was a member of the British Royal Family, the 7th child and 3rd daughter of George III of the United Kingdom. ... Portrait of Prince Augustus Frederick by Louis Gauffier Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex (27 January 1773 – 21 April 1843), was the sixth son of King George III of the United Kingdom and his consort, Queen Charlotte. ... Prince Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge (24 February 1774-8 July 1850), was the tenth-born child and seventh son of King George III of the United Kingdom and Queen Charlotte. ... The Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh (25 April 1776 - 30 April 1857) was a member of the British Royal Family, the eleventh child and fourth daughter of King George III. // Early life Princess Mary was born, on 25 April 1776, at Buckingham Palace, London. ... The Princess Sophia (Sophia Matilda ) (23 February 1779 - 3 May 1848) was a member of the British Royal Family, the 12th child and 6th daughter of King George III. // Birth The Princess Sophia was born at Buckingham Palace, London. ... For other persons known as Princess Amelia, see Princess Amelia The Princess Amelia (7 August 1783 - 2 November 1810), was a member of the British Royal Family. ... Engraving from a portrait of Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales, in the National Portrait Gallery, attributed to Sir Thomas Lawrence Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales (January 7, 1796 – November 6, 1817) was the only child of the ill-fated marriage between George IV (at that time the Prince of Wales... Her Highness Princess Charlotte of Clarence (Charlotte Augusta Louisa) (March 21, 1819-March 21, 1819) was a member of the British Royal Family, a granddaughter of King George III. At the time of her birth she was third in the line of succession to the British throne. ... Princess Elizabeth of Clarence (Elizabeth Georgiana Adelaide) (10 December 1820 – 4 March 1821) was a member of the British Royal Family, a granddaughter of King George III. At the time of her birth she was third in the line of succession to the British throne. ... Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and the first Empress of India from 1 May 1876, until her death on 22 January 1901. ... George V, King of Hanover and 2nd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August (27 May 1819 – 12 June 1878) was the only son of Ernst August I, King of Hanover and 1st Duke of Cumberland (fifth son of King George III of the United Kingdom... Prince George, 2nd Duke of Cambridge Prince George, Duke of Cambridge (26 March 1819 – 17 March 1904), was a member of the British Royal Family, a male-line grandson of King George III. The Duke was an army officer and served as commander-in-chief of the British Army from... Princess Augusta Caroline Charlotte Elizabeth Mary Sophia Louise of Cambridge (19 July 1822 – 5 December 1916), was a member of the British Royal Family. ... Her Royal Highness Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge (Mary Adelaide Wilhelmina Elizabeth), (November 27, 1833 – October 27, 1897), was a member of the British Royal Family, a granddaughter of King George III. She later held the title of Duchess of Teck by marriage. ... Note: This article is about the military usage of the word marshal. For other usages, see the end of this article. ... Royal Highness (abbreviation HRH) is a style His Royal Highness or Her Royal Highness. ... The insignia of a knight of the Order of the Garter. ... The Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick is an order of chivalry associated with Ireland. ... Military Badge of the Order of the Bath The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. ... The Royal Guelphic Order was a British order of chivalry instituted on 28 April 1815 by the Prince Regent (later George IV). ... Hanover (German: Hannover []), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. ... Brunswick-Lüneburg was an historical state within the Holy Roman Empire. ... Buckingham Palace and the Victoria Memorial. ... The Georg-August University of Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, often called the Georgia Augusta) was founded in 1734 by George II, King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover, and opened in 1737. ... Prince Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge (24 February 1774-8 July 1850), was the tenth-born child and seventh son of King George III of the United Kingdom and Queen Charlotte. ... Portrait of Prince Augustus Frederick by Louis Gauffier Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex (27 January 1773 – 21 April 1843), was the sixth son of King George III of the United Kingdom and his consort, Queen Charlotte. ...

Military career

In 1791, he and Prince Adolphus went to Hanover to receive military training under the supervision of Field Marshal von Freytag. He learned cavalry drill and tactics under Captain von Linsinger of the Queen's Light Dragoons. He proved to be an excellent horseman and good shot, despite his short-sightedness. After only two months of training, von Freytag was so impressed by the prince's progress that he gave him a place with the cavalry as captain.

In March 1792, the Army officially commissioned Prince Ernest Augustus with the rank of colonel in the 9th Hanoverian Light Dragoons. The following year, he gained the command of the 1st Brigade of Cavalry. He served in Flanders during 1793-95 in the War against the French, under his elder brother the Duke of York, then commander of the combined British, Hanoverian and Austrian forces. [He lost his left eye] During the Battle of Tourcoing (Battle of Cayghem) (18 May 1794) his left arm was injured by a passing cannonball, and when the sight of his left eye failed later on, he blamed the cannonball. Doctors, however, blamed 'a humour', and it is significant that his son went blind at 13. Prince Ernest returned to Britain for the first time since 1786 to convalesce. He returned to the continent the following year, and [commanded the rear guard of] saw sharp action during the British army's retreat through the Netherlands. [The Duke of York had reduced him to command of a mere regiment,at which he complained bitterly to the Prince of Wales.] However, his royal status won him [He gained] promotion to lieutenant general in 1798 and to general in 1803. On 29 March 1813, he became a field marshal. He served as honorary colonel of the 15th (The King's) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (Hussars) from 1801 to 1827 and as colonel of the Royal Horse Guards from 1827 to 1830. The name First Coalition (1793–1797) designates the first major concerted effort of multiple European powers to contain Revolutionary France. ... His Royal Highness The Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany (Frederick Augustus) (16 August 1763 - 5 January 1827) was a member of the British Royal Family, the second eldest child, and second son of King George III. From 1820 until his own death in 1827, he was the heir... May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (139th in leap years). ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (89th in leap years). ... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Duke of Cumberland

On 29 August 1799, George III created Prince Ernest Augustus Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale and Earl of Armagh. The Duke of Cumberland became a Knight of the Garter in 1786. His elder brother, the Prince Regent (later King George IV), created him a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1815. In 1831, the Duke of Cumberland became a Knight of St. Patrick. Finally, upon his ascension to the Hanoverian throne in 1837, he became Sovereign and Grand Master of the Royal Guelphic Order. August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Duke of Cumberland is a peerage title that was conferred upon junior members of the British royal family. ... Duke of Cumberland is a peerage title that was conferred upon junior members of the British royal family. ... The insignia of a knight of the Order of the Garter. ... George IV (George Augustus Frederick) (12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death. ... The Royal Guelphic Order was a British order of chivalry instituted on 28 April 1815 by the Prince Regent (later George IV). ...

Marriage

On 29 May 1815, the Duke of Cumberland married his first cousin, Frederica (2 March 1778 – 29 June 1841), the daughter of Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. She was also the former wife of Prince Ludwig of Prussia and the widow of Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Solms-Braunfels. Queen Charlotte opposed the marriage, even though her future daughter-in-law was also her niece. From her first two marriages, the new Duchess of Cumberland had eight children; from her marriage to Ernest, she had a further three children, only one of whom survived — a son, who would become George V of Hanover. May 29 is the 149th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (150th in leap years). ... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Duchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (3 March 1778-29 June 1841), Duchess of Cumberland and later Queen of Hanover, was the consort of Prince Ernest Augustus, 1st Duke of Cumberland (later King Ernst August I of Hanover), the fifth son and eighth child of King George III of the United... March 2 is the 61st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (62nd in leap years). ... 1778 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... June 29 is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 185 days remaining. ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Charles II in 1800 Charles II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (German: ) (October 10, 1741 - November 6, 1816) was first duke, then grand duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. ... Duchess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Sophia Charlotte) (19 May 1744 - 17 November 1818) as Queen Charlotte was the queen consort of King George III. Coronation portrait of Queen Charlotte by Allan Ramsay, National Portrait Gallery // Birth, youth, and marriage Charlotte was the youngest daughter of Charles Louis Frederick, Prince of... George V, King of Hanover and 2nd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August (27 May 1819 – 12 June 1878) was the only son of Ernst August I, King of Hanover and 1st Duke of Cumberland (fifth son of King George III of the United Kingdom...

Politics and popularity

The Duke of Cumberland had a reputation as one of the least pleasant of the sons of George III. Politically an extreme Tory, he opposed the 1828 Catholic Emancipation Bill proposed by the government of the Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington. Rumor strongly suggested that he had murdered his valet (in fact, it appears that the valet was killed while attempting to kill the Duke), and other horrific stories told about him included rumors of incestuous relations with Princess Sophia, his sister. He is also alleged to have made an indecent assault on Sarah, Lady Lyndhurst, the wife of Lord Lyndhurst, three-time Lord Chancellor. Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS (c. ... The Princess Sophia (Sophia Matilda ) (23 February 1779 - 3 May 1848) was a member of the British Royal Family, the 12th child and 6th daughter of King George III. // Birth The Princess Sophia was born at Buckingham Palace, London. ... John Singleton Copley, 1st Baron Lyndhurst (1772-1863), Lord Chancellor of England, was a British politician. ...

A recent biography, "Wicked Ernest", suggests that Cumberland did indeed murder his valet and have a son by his sister. However, most biographers have not taken this position.

King of Hanover

On 20 June 1837, King William IV died, and his niece, Victoria, the only child of the late Duke of Kent, the fourth son of George III, succeeded as queen of the United Kingdom. However, Salic Law still prevailed in Hanover, meaning that William's legitimate male heir, the Duke of Cumberland, became King of Hanover. Hanover and Great Britain thereby gained diverging royal houses. June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... William IV (William Henry) (21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death. ... Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and the first Empress of India from 1 May 1876, until her death on 22 January 1901. ... His Royal Highness The Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (2 November 1767 - 23 January 1820) was the fourth son of King George III and the father of Queen Victoria. ... The King of the Franks, in the midst of the military chiefs who formed his Treuste -- or armed court, dictates the Salic Law (Code of the Barbaric Laws). ... Hanover (German: Hannover []), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. ...

Ernest Augustus is supposed to have asked the advice of the Duke of Wellington as to what course he should take after Victoria's accession, with Wellington supposedly saying "Go, before they pelt you out." One measure of the new King of Hanover's unpopularity in Britain is the fact that "To Hanover" tokens, showing the new King slinking off to his new domain on one side, and with Victoria on the other, were soon struck, and continued to be struck (mostly as game pieces) for most of the rest of the century.[1] When he returned for a visit to England in 1850, though, memories had faded (or at least fears of him succeeding to the throne had, in view of Victoria's fecundity) and he was received warmly. Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS (c. ...

King Ernst proved a reasonably popular ruler, despite revoking the relatively liberal constitution instituted by his brother, the Duke of Cambridge, who served as regent in Hanover under William IV, on the grounds that his consent, as heir to Hanover, had not been asked. Instead, Ernst ruled as an absolute monarch. When several professors at the university protested, he promptly dismissed them from their posts. He eventually granted a constitution after the revolutions of 1848, although Hanover was relatively unshaken by the turmoil. Both he and Queen Frederica lie buried in a mausoleum in the Herrenhausen Gardens. 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Herrenhausen Gardens (German: Herrenhäuser Gärten), located in Lower Saxonys capital of Hanover are made up of the Great Garden (Großer Garten), the Berggarten, the Georgengarten and the Welfengarten. ...

Ernest Augustus was also the Heir Presumptive of his niece from 20 June 1837 until 21 November 1840. On that date came the birth of his grand-niece Princess Victoria, Princess Royal who became Heiress Presumptive in his place. An Heir Presumptive (capitalised) is the person provisionally scheduled to inherit a throne, peerage, or other hereditary honor, but whose position can be displaced by the birth of an Heir Apparent or of a new Heir Presumptive with a better claim to the throne. ... June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Victoria, Empress of Germany and Queen of Prussia (in German: Kaiserin Friedrich, née Her Royal Highness The Princess Victoria, Princess Royal of Great Britain and Ireland) (Victoria Adelaide Mary Louise), (21 November 1840 – 5 August 1901) was German Empress and Queen of Prussia. ...

A large equestrian statue of King Ernest Augustus may be found in a square named after him in front of the railway station in Hanover, inscribed with his name and the words (in German) "To the father of the land from his loyal people". It is a popular meeting place.

Titles, style, honours and arms

Titles

• 1771-1799: His Royal Highness The Prince Ernest Augustus
• 1799-1837: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale
• 1837-1851: His Majesty King Ernst August I of Hanover, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale

Issue

"To Hanover" token or "Cumberland Jack" depicting King Ernest Augustus