Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, CVO, OBE (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish explorer. Born in Kilkea, Ireland, Shackleton was a member of four Antarctic expeditions, three of which he led. After the Nimrod Expedition, 1907–09, he was knighted for his achievement in establishing a record furthest south latitude at 88°23'S, 97 nautical miles (180 km), from the South Pole. He was also an unsuccessful candidate for the Parliament of the United Kingdom and was involved in various business ventures aimed at raising revenue for his polar explorations. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 436 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (700 × 962 pixel, file size: 157 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Ernest Henry Schackleton source: http://www. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Statistics Province: Leinster County Town: Naas Code: KE Area: 1,693 km² Population (2006) 186,075 Website: www. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Motto Leo Terram Propriam Protegat(Latin) Let the Lion protect his own land or May the Lion protect his own land Anthem God Save the Queen Capital Grytviken (King Edward Point) Official languages English Government British overseas territory  -  Head of State Queen Elizabeth II  -  Commissioner Alan Huckle Area  -  Total 3... Dulwich New College buildings. ... See also explorations, sea explorers, astronaut, conquistador, travelogue, the History of Science and Technology and Biography. ... Edward Arthur Alexander Shackleton, Baron Shackleton, PC KG (July 15, 1911 - 1994), was a British geographer and Labour politician. ... Queen Victoria founded the Royal Victorian Order. ... Commanders Badge of the Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is an order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions, in order of seniority: Knight or Dame Grand Cross... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Anglo-Irish was a term used historically to describe a ruling class inhabitants of Ireland who were the descendants and successors of the Protestant Ascendancy[1], mostly belonging to the Anglican Church of Ireland or to a lesser extent one of the English dissenting churches, such as the Methodist church. ... See also explorations, sea explorers, astronaut, conquistador, travelogue, the History of Science and Technology and Biography. ... Greek ἀνταρκτικός, opposite the arctic) is a continent surrounding the Earths South Pole. ... darn ... For other uses, see South Pole (disambiguation). ... Type Bicameral Houses House of Commons House of Lords Speaker of the House of Commons Michael Martin MP Speaker of the House of Lords Hélène Hayman, PC Members 1377 (646 Commons, 731 Peers) Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist... Polar exploration Polar Explorers Roald Amundsen Robert Falcon Scott Robert Peary Fridtjof Nansen Category: ...

Shackleton is most noteworthy for leading the unsuccessful Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, often known as the "Endurance Expedition", between 1914 and 1916. Although Shackleton failed to achieve his goal of crossing the Antarctic continent on foot, he demonstrated the qualities of leadership for which he is best remembered when the expedition ship Endurance became trapped in the ice and was destroyed. Shackleton, known by his contemporaries as "the Boss", led his men to refuge on Elephant Island before heading across 800 miles (1,300 km) of the Southern Ocean to South Georgia, in an open boat with five other men. Upon reaching the remote island, Shackleton and two others crossed severe, mountainous terrain to reach a whaling station, from which he was able eventually to rescue his men on Elephant Island. All the men on Endurance survived their ordeal after spending 22 months in the Antarctic, although three men of the supporting Ross Sea Party lost their lives. The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition was the fourth British Antarctic exploration of the 20th century, and aimed, but ultimately failed, to be the first to cross the Antarctic continent from one side to the other. ... The Endurance was the three-masted barquentine in which Sir Ernest Shackleton sailed for the Antarctic on the 1914 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. ... A NASA satellite photograph of Elephant Island Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands in the Southern Ocean. ... South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, also claimed by Argentina. ... Ross Sea Party refers to the supply ship Aurora and its crew that supported the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton. ...

Shackleton was a key figure in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration alongside Roald Amundsen, Douglas Mawson, and Robert Falcon Scott, each of whom is famed for exploits that captured the public imagination. In recent times, he has become known for his leadership skills, and is the topic of many books and films that focus on the explorer's ability to lead men through challenging conditions. The Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration (1895-1922) is the period of time at the beginning of the 20th century when brave men set out to face the frozen Antarctic wilderness in search of fame and glory for their achievements and discoveries. ... Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (July 16, 1872 – c. ... “Mawson” redirects here. ... Scott of the Antarctic redirects here. ...

Life

Ernest Shackleton in the polar region, circa 1916

Childhood

Ernest Shackleton was born on 15 February 1874, in Kilkea near Athy, County Kildare, Ireland, about 30 miles (48 km) from Dublin. Ernest's father, Henry, and mother, Henrietta Letitia Sophia Gavan, were of English-Irish ancestry.^{[1] [2]} Ernest was the second of their ten children and the first of two sons.^[3] In childhood he was described as "bright, good-natured,... and confident".^[4] In 1880, at six years old, Ernest moved to Dublin with his father, who was studying medicine.^[3] Four years later, the family moved from Ireland to Sydenham in suburban London to seek a better income and because their Anglo-Irish ancestry made them afraid to stay in Ireland after the assassination of Lord Frederick Cavendish by Irish nationalists.^[5] is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Irish Grid Reference S680939 Statistics Province: Leinster County: Elevation: 71 m Population (2006) 7,943  Website: www. ... Statistics Province: Leinster County Town: Naas Code: KE Area: 1,693 km² Population (2006) 186,075 Website: www. ... For other uses, see Dublin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Sydenham (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with Lord Frederick Cavendish (soldier). ...

Ernest was schooled by a governess until the age of 11, when he entered Fir Lodge Preparatory School in West Hill, and was educated from ages 13 to 16 at Dulwich College, a public school for boys.^[5] The young Shackleton did not distinguish himself as a scholar and was said to have been "bored" by his studies.^[4] He was quoted later as saying: Dulwich New College buildings. ... An independent school in the United Kingdom is a school relying, for all of its funding, upon private sources, so almost invariably charging school fees. ...

"I never learned much geography at school... Literature, too, consisted in the dissection, the parsing, the analysing of certain passages from our great poets and prose-writers ... teachers should be very careful not to spoil their taste for poetry for all time by making it a task and an imposition."

– Ernest Shackleton, ^[4]

In his final term at the college, however, he was able to achieve fifth place in his class of thirty-one.^[5] Furthermore, from early childhood Shackleton was a voracious reader, which sparked a passion for adventure .^[6]

Maritime career

At 16, Shackleton embarked on his career by joining the merchant marine. He chose this path for two reasons. Firstly, the fee to join a Royal Navy cadet ship was too expensive, and secondly, his father was able to procure him employment at the North Western Shipping Company aboard the sailing vessel Hoghton Tower.^[4] This position allowed Shackleton to experience life at sea without the strictness of the Navy. Hence, the young man formed acquaintances with a variety of people—"officer, engineers, and apprentices alike."^[7] Following his initial voyage, Ernest agreed to a four-year apprenticeship, and in 1896 passed his examinations for First Mate. Two years later, at the age of 24, he became a Master Mariner, which entitled him to a ship of his own, should the opportunity arise.^[6] This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... Disambiguation: The rank First Mate also refers to a executive officer The First Mate portrayed in Raiders of the Lost Ark The First Mate (????) is known as Simone Katangas closest companion in the Katanga Anthologies. ... Master Mariner is the official title of someone qualified to command a ship; the qualification is colloquially called a Masters Ticket. The term was introduced in the mid 19th century, and is usually held by the chief officer/first mate as well as the captain). ...

In 1900, while serving as Third Officer aboard the troopship Tintagel Castle, Shackleton met Cedric Longstaff, son of the Antarctic expedition donor Llewellyn Longstaff.^[8] Shackleton used this acquaintance to procure an interview with Longstaff senior, with a view to obtaining a place on Robert Falcon Scott's forthcomomg expedition to the Antarctic, which was then being organised. Longstaff, impressed by Shackleton's keenness, recommended him to Sir Clements Markham, the expedition's overlord.^[8] Shackleton was soon accepted as a member of the National Antarctic Expedition.^[9] He was also commissioned Sub-lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve.^[10] Scott of the Antarctic redirects here. ... Sir Clements Robert Markham (20 July 1830 – 1916) was a British explorer, author and geographer. ... Journey to South Pole ... A Lieutenant, Junior Grade, is a division officer in the United States Navy. ... “RNR” redirects here. ...

Expedition years

Discovery Expedition (1901–02)

Main article: Discovery Expedition

Discovery

The British National Antarctic Expedition, also known as the Discovery Expedition after the ship RRS Discovery (1901–04), was led by Robert Falcon Scott with the purpose of undertaking scientific research and exploration along the coast of the Ross Sea in Antarctica.^[11] It was the first time Scott had led an expedition, and his command experience in the Royal Navy ran to a brief spell in charge of a Torpedo Boat in 1893, which he managed to run aground.^[12][13] Shackleton was assigned the duty of outfitting Discovery for the expedition.^[9] Scott and Shackleton had different backgrounds, with Scott having trained in the Royal Navy and preferring strict discipline. As a result, the relationship between Scott and Shackleton was tense.^[14] The Discovery in the Antarctic ice The British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–04, generally known as the Discovery Expedition, was the first official British exploration of the Antarctic regions since James Clark Rosss voyage sixty years earlier. ... This image is in the public domain in the United States and possibly other jurisdictions. ... This image is in the public domain in the United States and possibly other jurisdictions. ... The RRS Discovery was the last wooden three-masted ship to be built in the British Isles, and was launched on 21 March 1901, designed for Antarctic research. ... Scott of the Antarctic redirects here. ... Map of Antarctica (click to enlarge) Ice in the Ross Sea, Antarctica The Ross Sea is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean in Antarctica between Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land. ... A torpedo boat is a relatively small and fast naval ship designed to launch torpedoes at larger surface ships. ...

Discovery departed London on 31 July 1901 for Antarctica.^[15] The team spent two summers in Antarctica, and between October 1902 and February 1903 Shackleton joined Scott and Edward Wilson, assistant surgeon and vertebrate zoologist, on a southern journey to achieve the highest possible latitude.^[16] The journey proceeded under difficult conditions as food was in short supply, the dogs were weakened by tainted food, and the party was forced to relay its sledging loads. The team reached a farthest south at 82° 17' S on 31 December 1902, but were unable to continue southward because of terrain, severe conditions, and the onset of scurvy. Shackleton also suffered from heart and lung ailments.^[5][14] Notably, they were 540 miles (869 km) from the Pole and 240 miles (386 km) farther south than any human had previously travelled.^[17] is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Edward A. Wilson Dr. Edward Adrian Wilson (Uncle Bill) (July 23, 1872 – March 29, 1912) was a notable English polar explorer, physician, naturalist, painter and ornithologist. ... is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Shackleton was sent home by Scott aboard the relief ship Morning because of illness, even though he had almost fully recovered.^[5] Roland Huntford (a noted critic of Scott) has posited that Scott resented Shackleton's popularity and used health as an excuse to remove him.^[18] Indeed, Shackleton had been well-liked among his men, whereas Scott had reduced rations during marches and required naval discipline, having the crew mop the decks despite the water freezing immediately.^[17][14] Diana Preston quotes a story told years later by Albert Armitage, the expedition's second-in-command, that when Scott was confronted by the ship's doctor with evidence that Shackleton was not particularly sick he said, "If he does not go back sick he will go back in disgrace." There is no evidence of this beyond Armitage's word, the accusations, Preston asserts, of a bitter man.^[17] Scott's biographer Ranulph Fiennes claims that there is little evidence that the two were unfriendly and that Shackleton was indeed sent home because he was ill. Regardless, Shackleton and Scott continued on friendly terms in subsequent correspondence, although the Discovery experience is described as a "defining moment of Shackleton's life" and profoundly disappointing.^[14][13] Though they were publicly amicable, Shackleton and Scott continued to rival one another's exploits and compete for monetary resources and staff throughout their lives.^[14] SY Morning is most famous for her role as a relief vessel to Scotts British National Antarctic Expedition (1901-1904). ... Roland Huntford is acknowledged as the pre-eminent author of Polar biographies. ... Gasoline ration stamps being printed as a result of the 1973 oil crisis Rationing is the controlled distribution of resources and scarce goods or services. ... Albert Borlase Armitage (born 1864 in Balquhidder, Pertshire; died 31 October 1943) was a Scottish explorer of the Antarctica. ... Sir Ranulph Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 3rd Baronet OBE (born 7 March 1944), usually known simply as Ranulph (Ran) Fiennes, is a British adventurer and holder of several endurance records. ...

Between the Discovery and Nimrod expeditions

Ernest Shackleton's wife, Emily Dorman (Lady Shackleton)

Shackleton left The Discovery on 28 February 1903 to cheers from her crew, and set off on Morning for Lyttleton, New Zealand.^[18] In mid-June 1903, he returned to London to a good reception, particularly from Sir John Murray, president of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, and Sir Joseph Hooker, a botanist from Sir James Clark Ross's 1839–43 Antarctic expedition. They presented him as the first "praiseworthy" person to return from the Discovery Expedition.^{[5] [19]} Additionally, Shackleton noticed that Londoners had an unquenchable desire for his tales of the Antarctic, which helped him lay the groundwork for further expeditions. is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Sir John Murray (March 3, 1841 - March 16, 1914), pioneering Scots-Canadian oceanographer and marine biologist. ... The Royal Scottish Geographical Society is a learned society in Scotland, founded in 1884. ... Joseph Dalton Hooker Joseph Dalton Hooker Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, GCSI, OM, FRS, MD (June 30, 1817 – December 10, 1911) was an English botanist and traveller. ... Sir James Clark Ross Sir James Clark Ross (April 15, 1800 – April 3, 1862), was a British naval officer and explorer. ...

In search of regular employment, Shackleton applied for a commission in the Royal Navy but despite the sponsorship of Sir Clements Markham, President of the Royal Geographical Society and President of the Royal Society, he was not successful. With Markham's blessing he accepted a temporary post assisting the outfitting of the Terra Nova for the second Discovery relief operation but turned down the offer to sail with her as chief officer. He also assisted in the equipping of the Argentinian gunboat Uruguay, which was being fitted out for the relief of the stranded Nordenskiöld Antarctic Expedition.^[20]. He was then offered, and accepted, the secretaryship of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society.^[5] On 9 April 1904 he married 35-year-old Emily Mary Dorman, with whom he shared a love of literature, particularly Robert Browning. The marriage produced three children.^[21] Shackleton wrote long letters to his wife during his explorations, but also engaged in several extramarital affairs, including one with the American actress Rosalind Chetwynd.^[14][22] Sir Clements Robert Markham (20 July 1830 – 1916) was a British explorer, author and geographer. ... The Royal Geographical Society is a British learned society founded in 1830 with the name Geographical Society of London for the advancement of geographical science, under the patronage of King William IV. It absorbed the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa (founded by Sir Joseph... For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... Robert Browning (May 7, 1812 – December 12, 1889) was a British poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets. ...

In 1905 Shackleton became a shareholder in a speculative company that aimed to make a fortune transporting Russian troops home from the Far East. Despite his assurances to Emily that "we are practically sure of the contract" nothing came of this scheme.^[23] He also ventured into politics, unsuccessfully standing in the 1906 General Election as the Liberal Unionist Party's candidate for Dundee.^[24] Meantime he had taken a job with wealthy Clydside industrialist William Beardmore (later Lord Invernairn), with a roving commission which involved interviewing prospective clients and entertaining Beardmore's business friends.^[25] Shackleton by this time, however, was making no secret of his ambition to return to Antarctica at the head of his own expedition. The UK general election of 1906 was from 12th January – 8th February 1906. ... For the Canadian party see Liberal-Unionist The Liberal Unionists were a British political party that split away from the Liberals in 1886, and had effectively merged with the Conservatives by the turn of the century. ... Dundee was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1832 to 1950, when it was split into Dundee East and Dundee West. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

Beardmore was sufficiently impressed with Shackleton to offer financial support,^[26] but other donations proved hard to come by. Nevertheless, in February 1907 Shackleton presented his plans for an Antarctic expedition to the Royal Geographic Society, the details of which, under the name British Antarctic Expedition, were published in the Royal Society's newsletter, Geographic Journal.^[5] The aim was the conquest of both the geographical South Pole and the South Magnetic Pole. Shackleton then worked hard to persuade others of his wealthy friends and acquaintances to contribute, including Sir Phillip Lee Brocklehurst, who subscribed £2,000 (2008 equivalent £100,000) to secure a place on the expedition,^[27] author Campbell Mackellar, and Guinness baron Lord Iveagh whose contribution was secured less than two weeks before the departure of the expedition ship Nimrod.^[28] Ernest Henry Shackleton The Discovery Image:Baloonshack. ... The Earths South Magnetic Pole is the wandering point on the Earths surface where the geomagnetic field lines are directed vertically upwards. ... Guinness logo Guinness is Good for You Irish language advertisement. ...

Nimrod Expedition (1907–09)

Main article: Nimrod Expedition

The South Pole Party (left to right): Crazy, Shackleton, Marshall and Adams

On 1 January 1908, Nimrod sailed for the Antarctic from Lyttleton Harbour, New Zealand. Shackleton's original plans had envisaged using the old Discovery base in McMurdo Sound to launch his attempts on the South Pole and South Magnetic Pole.^[29] However, before leaving England he had been pressured to give an undertaking to Scott that he would not base himself in the McMurdo area, which Scott was claiming as his own "field of work". Shackleton reluctantly agreed to look for winter quarters either at the Barrier Inlet or at King Edward VII Land.^[30] darn ... Eric Marshall was an Antarctica explorer with the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... darn ... Ice breaker research vessel using the Whales Bay ice harbor. ... Map of Antarctica (click to enlarge). ...

Ernest Shackleton in a publicity photo taken before the 1907–09 Nimrod Antarctic expedition

To conserve coal, the ship was towed 1,650 miles (2,655 km) by Koonya to the Antarctic ice.^[31] Shackleton arranged for the expense to be split between the New Zealand government and the Union Steamship Company.^[31] Upon arrival at the Barrier on 21 January 1908 it was found the former Barrier Inlet had expanded to a large bay—the Bay of Whales—and that ice conditions precluded a safe base there. A search for an anchorage at King Edward VII Land proved equally fruitless, so Shackleton was forced to break his undertaking to Scott and establish his winter quarters in McMurdo Sound. As Discovery's old base was inaccessible because of sea ice, Shackleton's base was eventually established at Cape Royds, about 24 miles (39 km) north of the planned site.^[31] The party was in high spirits despite difficult conditions and the sickness of some crew members. Shackleton's inclusive leadership style built strong cameraderie, and it was during this voyage that he acquired his nickname "The Boss".^[14] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Ross Ice Shelf in 1997. ... is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Ice breaker research vessel using the Whales Bay ice harbor. ...

The South Pole was not attained, but on 9 January 1909 Shackleton and three companions reached a new farthest south latitude of 88° 23' S, a point only 112 miles (180 km) from the Pole.^[32] The South Pole party also discovered the Beardmore Glacier route (named after Shackleton's patron) to the South Polar Plateau, and were the first persons to set foot on the plateau.^[31] They arrived back at McMurdo Sound after subsisting on half-rations for much of the perilous return journey; at one point the Boss gave the one biscuit allotted for the day to Frank Wild.^[5] The expedition's other accomplishments included the first ascent of Mount Erebus, and a journey to the approximate location of the South Magnetic Pole, reached on 16 January 1909 by Edgeworth David, Douglas Mawson, and Alistair MacKay. is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Beardmore Glacier (83º45´S 171º00´E) in Antarctica is the largest glacier in the world, with a length exceeding 160 km (100 mi). ... Frank Wild was an Antarctica explorer with the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton. ... Mount Erebus in Antarctica is the southernmost active volcano on Earth. ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Sir Tannant William Edgeworth David (January 28, 1858 - August 28, 1934 was an Australian geologist and explorer. ... “Mawson” redirects here. ...

Shackleton returned to the United Kingdom as a hero and was knighted.^[5] Soon after, he published a book about Nimrod's expedition titled The Heart of the Antarctic.^[33] Regarding the failure to reach the South Pole, Shackleton remarked to his wife: "Better a live donkey than a dead lion."^[34] A statue of an armoured knight of the Middle Ages For the chess piece, see knight (chess). ...

Endurance Expedition (1914–16)

Main articles: Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, Ross Sea Party, and List of personnel of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition

Map of the sea routes of Endurance, the James Caird, and Aurora, the overland supply depot route of the Ross Sea Party, and the planned overland route of the Weddell Sea Party led by Ernest Shackleton on his trans-Antarctic expedition of 1914–15:     Voyage of Endurance     Drift of Endurance in pack ice     Sea ice drift after Endurance sinks     Voyage of the James Caird     Planned trans-Antarctic route     Voyage of Aurora to Antarctica     Retreat of Aurora     Supply depot route

Although Roald Amundsen reached the South Pole in 1911, public interest in the Antarctic continued. From early 1913 onwards Shackleton sought financial backing from donors to enable him to launch his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, which would carry the British flag across the continent from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea by way of the Pole. The largest contribution, £24,000 (2008 equivalent approximately £1.05million), came from James Key Caird. Shackleton also obtained funds from the British government (£10,000); from the Royal Geographical Society (£1,000); from Dudley Docker of the Birmingham Small Arms Company (£10,000); and from tobacco heiress Dame Janet Stancomb-Wills, an undisclosed sum.^[35] In due course Shackleton would acknowledge the generosity of these private donors by naming geographical features after them, including the Caird Coast and the Stancomb-Wills Promontory^[36] The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition was the fourth British Antarctic exploration of the 20th century, and aimed, but ultimately failed, to be the first to cross the Antarctic continent from one side to the other. ... Ross Sea Party refers to the supply ship Aurora and its crew that supported the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton. ... The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition was the fourth British Antarctic exploration of the 20th century, and aimed, but ultimately failed, to be the first to cross the Antarctic continent from one side to the other. ... The Weddell Sea is part of the Southern Ocean. ... Map of Antarctica (click to enlarge) Ice in the Ross Sea, Antarctica The Ross Sea is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean in Antarctica between Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land. ... Sir James Key Caird (1837 - 1916) was a jute baron and philanthropist. ... The Royal Geographical Society is a British learned society founded in 1830 with the name Geographical Society of London for the advancement of geographical science, under the patronage of King William IV. It absorbed the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa (founded by Sir Joseph... The Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) was a British manufacturer of vehicles, firearms, and military equipment, and still exists as an airgun sport manufacturer and distributor. ... Dame Janet Stancomb Graham Stancomb-Wills, DBE (1853 – 1932) was the eldest daughter of George Perkins Stancomb and Catherine Janet Lobb, at Aldersgate, London, and niece of the first Baron Winterstoke (Sir W. H. Wills). ... Map of Antarctica Coats Land is a region in Antarctica which lies westward of Queen Maud Land and forms the eastern shore of the Weddell Sea, extending in a general northeast-southwest direction between 20º00´W and 36º00´W. The northeast part was discovered from the Scotia by... Stancomb-Wills Glacier () is a large glacier that debouches into eastern Weddell Sea southward of Lyddan Island. ...

Interest in the expedition was enormous: Shackleton received more than 5,000 applications for participation. Fifty-six men were finally chosen and divided into two groups for the two expedition ships: Endurance for the Weddell Sea team and Aurora for the Ross Sea party.^[36] He chose people he considered the most qualified candidates, either from his personal experience—eight came from the Nimrod expedition—or on the recommendation of his colleagues. Shackleton's interviewing methods sometimes seemed eccentric; he believed that character and temperament were as important as technical ability,^[37] and might ask unconventional questions. Thus physicist Reginald James was asked if he could sing;^[38] others were accepted on sight because Shackleton liked the look of them, or after the briefest of interrogations.^[38] This means of selection was meant to ensure compatibility and camaraderie during the difficult journey ahead. Shackleton also loosened some traditional hierarchies, expecting all men, including the scientists, to take their share of ship's chores, even tasks such as scrubbing the decks.^[14] The Endurance was the three-masted barquentine in which Sir Ernest Shackleton sailed for the Antarctic on the 1914 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. ... The Aurora (SY Aurora) was a steam yacht built by Alexander Stephen & Sons Ltd. ... Ross Sea Party refers to the supply ship Aurora and its crew that supported the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton. ...

Endurance left Plymouth for the Antarctic on 8 August 1914.^[36] After stops at Buenos Aires and South Georgia she departed for the Weddell Sea on 5 December. As the ship moved southward early ice was encountered, which slowed progress. Deep in the Weddell Sea conditions gradually grew worse until, on 17 January 1915, Endurance became frozen fast in an ice floe, and on 24 February, realising that she would not now break free until the following spring, Shackleton ordered the ship wintered.^[39][36] This article is about the city in England. ... is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, also claimed by Argentina. ... is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

In May, the Antarctic sun set for the last time before winter. When spring arrived, however, the breaking of the ice and subsequent movement of giant ice floes splintered the ship's hull.^[40] Although Endurance withstood considerable stress, on 24 October she was forced against a large floe, and water began pouring in. After a few days, on 27 October, with the position at 69°05'S, 51°30'W, Shackleton gave the abandon-ship order and the men, provisions and equipment were transferred to the ice. Mrs. Chippy, the beloved cat of the carpenter, Harry McNish, and the youngest of the pups born during the expedition were shot soon afterwards because Shackleton did not think they would survive the prolonged ordeal ahead.^[41] On 21 November 1915, the wreck finally slipped beneath the ice.^[36] is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Mrs. ... Harry Chippy McNish (real name Henry McNish, often referred to as Harry McNeish) (1874 – September 24, 1930) was the carpenter on Sir Ernest Shackletons Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917. ... is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

For almost two months, Shackleton and his men camped on an ice floe hoping that it would drift towards Paulet Island approximately 250 miles (402 km) away. On 23 December Shackleton decided to start sledging towards the island, but because of the constantly changing sea ice the party only managed to march a few miles before Shackleton decided to set up another more permanent camp (Patience Camp) on another floe, and trust to the drift of the ice to take them in the right direction. By 17 March, their ice camp was within 60 miles (97 km) of Paulet Island^[42] but, separated by impassable ice, they were unable to reach it as the floe continued to drift north. On 9 April the ice floe that they were camped on broke into two, and Shackleton decided that the crew should enter the lifeboats and head for the nearest land. After seven days at sea in the three small lifeboats, the men landed at Elephant Island.^[36] Map of Graham Land, showing Paulet Island(10) Paulet Island is a circular island about 1 mile in diameter, lying 3 miles southeast of Dundee Island, off the northeastern end of the Antarctic Peninsula. ... is the 357th day of the year (358th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A NASA satellite photograph of Elephant Island Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands in the Southern Ocean. ...

Voyage of the James Caird

Launching the James Caird from the shore of Elephant Island, 24 April 1916

Elephant Island was an inhospitable place far from any shipping routes and thus a poor location to await rescue. Consequently, Shackleton felt it essential that he set out to find help immediately upon arrival, and to him, it was obvious that he must head back to South Georgia, even though it meant traversing 800 miles (1,300 km) of open ocean in one of the lifeboats. The lifeboat James Caird was chosen for the trip. To prepare for the journey, Shackleton chose his strongest sailors to accompany him, John Vincent and Timothy McCarthy, as well as experienced officer Thomas Crean. Shackleton also selected McNish, who immediately made improvements to the open lifeboat. Morrell argues that Shackleton chose McNish and Vincent to accompany him not only for their talent and toughness, but also because they were noted malcontents. He did not want the atmosphere on Elephant Island to be disrupted. Shackleton had frequently chosen to have the most rebellious crew members close to him, in order to quell discontent amongst the party.^[14][43][44] The difficult task of navigating the crossing was left to Frank Worsley. Ensuring they were on the correct course was of utmost importance as missing their target would certainly have doomed the team.^[36] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1332x822, 54 KB) This photograph was taken by Frank Hurley during the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition and published in the United States in Ernest Shackletons book, South, in 1919. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1332x822, 54 KB) This photograph was taken by Frank Hurley during the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition and published in the United States in Ernest Shackletons book, South, in 1919. ... Rendition of the James Caird nearing South Georgia The James Caird is a 30-foot (7 m) whaleboat in which Sir Ernest Shackleton and five companions made the epic open boat voyage of 800 miles (1,480 km) from Elephant Island, 500 miles (800 km) south of Cape Horn, to... A NASA satellite photograph of Elephant Island Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands in the Southern Ocean. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Rendition of the James Caird nearing South Georgia The James Caird is a 30-foot (7 m) whaleboat in which Sir Ernest Shackleton and five companions made the epic open boat voyage of 800 miles (1,480 km) from Elephant Island, 500 miles (800 km) south of Cape Horn, to... John Vincent (1879 – 19 January 1941) was an English seaman and member of Ernest Shackletons Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. ... Thomas Crean can refer to: Tom Crean, the Irish Polar explorer. ... Worsley aboard the Endurance Frank Worsley (1872 – 1943) was a New Zealand sailor and explorer. ...

The waters that Shackleton had to cross in his boat of 22.5 feet (7 m) are among the most treacherous in the world.^[45][36] Weather reports confirm that gale-force winds of 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph) to 70 kilometres per hour (43 mph) are present in the Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica on an average of 200 days per year; they cause ocean swells of 20 feet (6 m), and Frank Worsley later commented on the poor weather conditions which complicated the task. Celestial navigation readings were only possible at four times during the 800-mile (1,300 km) journey. He also noted that waves of 50 feet (15 m) were not uncommon.^[46] Of one hair-raising moment of the journey, Shackleton wrote: Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica. ... For the episode of The West Wing, see Celestial Navigation (The West Wing). ...

At midnight I was at the tiller and suddenly noticed a line of clear sky between the south and south-west. I called to the other men that the sky was clearing, and then a moment later I realised that what I had seen was not a rift in the clouds but the white crest of an enormous wave. During twenty-six years' experience of the ocean in all its moods I had not encountered a wave so gigantic. It was a mighty upheaval of the ocean, a thing quite apart from the big white-capped seas that had been our tireless enemies for many days. I shouted, "For God's sake, hold on! It's got us!" Then came a moment of suspense that seemed drawn out into hours. White surged the foam of the breaking sea around us. We felt our boat lifted and flung forward like a cork in breaking surf. We were in a seething chaos of tortured water; but somehow the boat lived through it, half-full of water, sagging to the dead weight and shuddering under the blow. We baled with the energy of men fighting for life, flinging the water over the sides with every receptacle that came to our hands, and after ten minutes of uncertainty we felt the boat renew her life beneath us.

– Ernest Shackleton, South

Shackleton had refused to pack supplies for more than four weeks, knowing that if they did not reach land by that time the boat would be lost. And indeed, after 14 days, the crew was within sight of Cave Cove, South Georgia. To avoid a night landing on an unfamiliar shore Shackleton ordered the boat to sit out at sea until first light, during which time a storm with hurricane-force winds blew up. After battling against the storm for nine hours they were finally able to land.^[47] Leaving McNish, Vincent and McCarthy at the landing point on South Georgia, Shackleton travelled with Worsley and Crean over mountainous terrain for 36 hours to Stromness. No man had previously been able to venture more than 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) inland on the island;^[31] Shackleton's party were the first people to cross South Georgia. The next successful attempt was not until 1955.^[48] Staggering into Stromness, Shackleton and his team were welcomed into the whaling manager's house.^[44] South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, also claimed by Argentina. ... Stromness is a former whaling station on the northern coast of South Georgia Island in the South Atlantic. ...

Shackleton returned to Elephant Island in August 1916 and found that all 22 men left behind had survived. The original nitrate photo of the departure of the James Caird was altered by photographer Frank Hurley to illustrate the return of Shackleton.^[49]

Image File history File links AllSafeAllWell. ... Image File history File links AllSafeAllWell. ... Chateau Wood, Ypres, 1917 by Frank Hurley James Francis Frank Hurley (1885 - 1962) was an official photographer with the Australian Imperial Force during World War I. Hurley travelled on a number of expedititions to the Antarctic including Douglas Mawsons 1911 expedition. ...

Rescue

Shackleton's first three attempts to rescue his men on Elephant Island failed. Desperate, he finally appealed to the Chilean government, which offered the help of Yelcho, a small seagoing tug from its navy. Yelcho reached Elephant Island on 30 August, and Shackleton quickly evacuated all 22 men, who had been stranded for 105 days.^[31] Although every member of the Shackleton's Weddell Sea Party survived,^[50] Meanwhile, the Ross Sea Party remained stranded at Cape Evans on Ross Island because Aurora had been stuck in ice for 10 months and could not reach them. Shackleton met Aurora in New Zealand and returned to rescue the Ross Sea Party. Three members of the Ross Sea Party lost their lives.^[51] A tugboat shown turning a large RORO cargo ship. ... is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Ross Sea Party refers to the supply ship Aurora and its crew that supported the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton. ... Cape Evans, with the half-buried hut of Scotts expedition Cape Evans () is a rocky cape on the west side of Ross Island, forming the north side of the entrance to Erebus Bay. ... Map of Ross Island orthographic projection centred over Ross Island Ross Island is an island formed by three volcanoes in the Ross Sea by Antarctica, off the coast of Victoria Land in McMurdo Sound at . ...

World War I

Shackleton returned to England in May 1917, while Europe was in the midst of the First World War. He suffered from a heart condition, most likely made worse by the fatigue of his arduous journeys. He was too old to be conscripted, but nevertheless he volunteered for the army, repeatedly requesting to be sent to the front in France as a transport captain. Instead he was sent to Buenos Aires to boost British propaganda in South America. Unqualified as a diplomat, he unsuccessfully tried to persuade Argentina and Chile to enter the war on the side of the Allies. He returned home in 1918.^[13] For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ...

Shackleton was then asked to lead a mission to Spitsbergen, an island above the Arctic Circle and north of Norway, in order to establish a British presence there in the guise of a mining operation. However, in Tromsø, Shackleton suffered a heart attack and had to return. Despite this, he joined a military expedition to Murmansk, Russia, in the autumn of 1918. The Armistice was signed on 11 November 1918, two weeks after he landed in Russia, and Shackleton returned home to publish South, his own account of the Endurance expedition.^[52] Spitsbergen (formerly known as West Spitsbergen) is a Norwegian island, the largest island in the Svalbard archipelago, situated in the Arctic Ocean. ... For the fast food restaurant chain, see Arctic Circle Restaurants. ... County District Municipality NO-1902 Administrative centre Tromsø Mayor (2004) Herman Kristoffersen (Ap) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 18 2,566 km² 2,519 km² 0. ... Murmansk coin Murmansk (Russian: ; Finnish: (archaic); Northern Sami: ; Skolt Sami: ) is a city in the extreme northwest part of Russia with a seaport on the Kola Bay, 12 km from the Barents Sea on the northern shore of the Kola Peninsula, not far from Russias borders with Norway and... Front page of the New York Times on Armistice Day, 11 November 1918 The armistice treaty between the Allies and Germany was signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne Forest on November 11, 1918, and marked the end of the First World War on the Western Front. ... is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Shackleton-Rowett Expedition and death (1921–22)

Main article: Shackleton–Rowett Expedition

Sir Ernest Shackleton's grave in Grytviken, South Georgia

Despite the events of the Endurance expedition, Shackleton set out again for the Antarctic aboard Quest intending to circumnavigate Antarctica by sea. Although some of his former crew members had not received all of their pay from the Endurance expedition, many of them signed on with their former "Boss". However, when the party arrived in Rio de Janeiro, Shackleton fell ill after a heart attack. Even so, he refused to return the ship to England or seek treatment, and Quest continued south.^[13] Cumberland Bay and Thatcher Peninsula with King Edward Cove (Grytviken) Grytviken (Swedish for Pot Cove; Grytvika/Grytviken in Norwegian) is the principal settlement in the United Kingdom territory of South Georgia in the South Atlantic. ... South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, also claimed by Argentina. ... This article is about the Brazilian city. ...

On 4 January 1922, the ship arrived off the coast of South Georgia. In the early morning hours, the expedition's physician, Alexander Macklin, was called to Shackleton's cabin and noticed that he was ill. Macklin suggested to Shackleton that he "take things easier in the future", to which the reply was: "You are always wanting me to give up something, what do you want me to give up now?"^[53] These were Sir Ernest Shackleton's last words. A few moments later, at 2:50 a.m. on 5 January 1922, he suffered a fatal heart attack. He was 47. is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, also claimed by Argentina. ... Alexander Hepburne Macklin (1889 – 1967) was one of the two surgeons on Sir Ernest Shackletons Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Macklin, who conducted the autopsy, concluded that the cause of death was atheroma of the coronary arteries exacerbated by "overstrain during a period of debility".^[54] Leonard Hussey, a veteran of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic expedition, offered to return his body to Britain; however, while he was in Montevideo en route to England, a message was received from Shackleton's wife asking that her husband be buried in South Georgia. Hussey returned with the body, and on 5 March 1922, Ernest Shackleton was buried at Grytviken.^[55] Although Shackleton had been generous to the family of crew by providing for them in the case of accidental death, he did not sufficiently protect his own family: his wife was required to live on her own resources following his death.^[14] In pathology, an atheroma (plural: atheromata) is an accumulation and swelling (-oma) in artery walls that is made up of cells, or cell debris, that contain lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids), calcium and a variable amount of fibrous connective tissue. ... For other uses, see Montevideo (disambiguation). ... This article is about the day. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Cumberland Bay and Thatcher Peninsula with King Edward Cove (Grytviken) Grytviken (Swedish for Pot Cove; Grytvika/Grytviken in Norwegian) is the principal settlement in the United Kingdom territory of South Georgia in the South Atlantic. ...

Legacy

Statue of Ernest Shackleton by Charles Sargeant Jagger outside the Royal Geographical Society Headquarters

Although Shackleton was not immediately recognised for his achievements after the Endurance expedition, in later years his exploits have been the focus of many books, television shows, charities, and memorials. Among these are the James Caird Society, organised in 1994, which was set up to preserve the memory of Shackleton and his achievements. The society is named after Shackleton's benefactor, who was also honoured by the naming of the whaleboat used to travel between Elephant Island and South Georgia. Its first life president was Shackleton's younger son, Edward Shackleton, and his granddaughter, Alexandra Shackleton, has been life president since 1995. The James Caird itself is at Dulwich College in London.^[56] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1728 × 2304 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1728 × 2304 pixel, file size: 1. ... Edward Arthur Alexander Shackleton, Baron Shackleton, PC KG (July 15, 1911 - 1994), was a British geographer and Labour politician. ... Dulwich New College buildings. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...

Additionally, Sir Ernest Shackleton is the subject of Shackleton, a two-part Channel 4 drama directed by Charles Sturridge and starring Kenneth Branagh as the explorer. The same story is related in greater detail in the book Endurance: Shackleton's Incredible Voyage, by Alfred Lansing and Shackleton is also the subject of a documentary, The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition, produced and directed in 2000 by George Butler and narrated by Liam Neeson.^[57] Shackleton is also a minor character in a 1958 Soviet fiction novel 'Iz Tupika' (From the Deadlock) by Valentine Pickul, who addressed Shackleton's participation in the British intervention in Northern Russia of 1918-1919. In this novel, Shackleton is depicted as a British imperialist dreaming of making Russian North another colony of the British Empire. ^[58] Shackleton is a 2002 UK Television adventure drama first shown in two parts on Channel 4 Television. ... This article is about the British television station. ... Charles Sturridge (born June 24, 1951) is a British television and movie director. ... Kenneth Charles Branagh (born December 10, 1960) is an Emmy Award-winning, Academy Award-nominated Northern Irish-born actor and film director. ... Alfred Lansing (b. ... George Butler (born 1943) is a British-born photographer and documentary filmmaker. ... William John Liam Neeson OBE (born June 7, 1952) is an Academy Award-nominated Irish actor. ...

Shackleton's grave, near the former whaling station at Grytviken on South Georgia, is frequently visited by tourists from passing cruise ships. The British Antarctic Survey's logistics vessel RRS Ernest Shackleton (the replacement for RRS Bransfield) is named in his honour.^[59] In May 1998 the Shackleton Memorial Library opened at the Scott Polar Research Institute at the University of Cambridge.^[60] He is commemorated with a statue outside the headquarters of the Royal Geographical Society in Kensington, London, designed by the sculptor Charles Sargeant Jagger.^[61] In recent years interest in Shackleton has revived, and he has become an icon of successful leadership for some modern business writers. Cumberland Bay and Thatcher Peninsula with King Edward Cove (Grytviken) Grytviken (Swedish for Pot Cove; Grytvika/Grytviken in Norwegian) is the principal settlement in the United Kingdom territory of South Georgia in the South Atlantic. ... BAS headquarters The British Antarctic Survey (BAS), formerly the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), is an institute of the Natural Environment Research Council, and has, for the last fifty years, undertaken the majority of Britains scientific research on and around the Antarctic continent. ... RRS Ernest Shackleton is primarily a logistics ship used for the resupply of scientific stations in the Antarctic owned by the British Antarctic Survey. ... RRS Bransfield was an ice-strengthened cargo vessel, purpose-built for the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). ... The Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) is centre for research into both polar regions. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. ... Lowther Lodge is a house in South Kensington, London immediately south of Hyde Park. ... Detail from the Royal Artillery Memorial Charles Sargeant Jagger MC (1885-1934) was a British sculptor who, following active service in the First World War, sculpted many works on the theme of war. ...

Shackleton's death marked the end of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, a period of discovery characterized by journeys of geographical and scientific exploration in a largely unknown continent, without any of the benefits of modern travel methods or radio communication.^[62] Shackleton has been cited as an exemplar of this age; in the preface to his book The Worst Journey in the World Apsley Cherry-Garrard, one of Scott's team on the Terra Nova Expedition, wrote: "For a joint scientifiic and geographical piece of organization, give me Scott; for a Winter Journey, Wilson; for a dash to the Pole and nothing else, Amundsen: and if I am in the devil of a hole and want to get out of it, give me Shackleton every time".^[63] The Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration (1895-1922) is the period of time at the beginning of the 20th century when brave men set out to face the frozen Antarctic wilderness in search of fame and glory for their achievements and discoveries. ... The Worst Journey in the World is a memoir of the 1910-1913 British expedition led by Robert Falcon Scott to Antarctica. ... Apsley George Benet Cherry-Garrard (January 2, 1886 – May 18, 1959) was an English explorer of Antarctica. ... Scott of the Antarctic redirects here. ... Edward A. Wilson Dr. Edward Adrian Wilson (Uncle Bill) (July 23, 1872 – March 29, 1912) was a notable English polar explorer, physician, naturalist, painter and ornithologist. ... Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (July 16, 1872 – c. ...

Expedition advertisement

The following advertisement is said to have appeared in The Times to recruit crew members for one of Shackleton's expeditions: For other uses, see Times. ...

Men Wanted: For hazardous journey. Small wages, bitter cold, long months of complete darkness, constant danger, safe return doubtful. Honour and recognition in case of success.

– Sir Ernest Shackleton.^[64]

Although the advertisement has been widely attributed to Shackleton, its existence in The Times or other contemporary London sources has not been confirmed.^[65]

Notes

For other uses, see South Pole (disambiguation). ... The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative institution in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories (it alone has parliamentary sovereignty). ... In the United Kingdom, Life Peers are appointed members of the Peerage whose titles may not be inherited (those whose titles are inheritable are known as hereditary peers). ... Edward Arthur Alexander Shackleton, Baron Shackleton, PC KG (July 15, 1911 - 1994), was a British geographer and Labour politician. ... Force 12 at sea. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Works cited

• Alexander, Caroline (1998). Endurance. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 074754123X. 
• Capparell, Stephanie; Morrell, Margot (2001). Shackleton's way: leadership lessons from the great Antarctic explorer. New York, N.Y: Viking. ISBN 0-670-89196-7. 
• Crane, David (2005). Scott of the Antarctic. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 978 0 00 715068 7. 
• Davis, John King (1962). High Latitude. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. 
• Fiennes, Ranulph (2003). Captain Scott. Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. ISBN 0-340-82697-5. 
• Fisher, Marjorie and James (1957). Shackleton. James Barrie Books Ltd. 
• Hince, Bernadette (2000). The Antarctic dictionary: a complete guide to Antarctic English. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0-9577471-1-X. 
• Huntford, Roland (2004). Shackleton. Carroll & Graf. ISBN 747575347. 
• Hurley, Frank (1998). South with Endurance: Shackleton's Antarctic Expedition 1914-1917, the photographs of Frank Hurley. Bloomsbury. ISBN 0786705442. 
• Johnson, Rebecca L. (2003). Ernest Shackleton: Gripped by the Antarctic. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0786705442. 
• Kimmell, Elizabeth Cody (1999). Ice Story: Shackleton's Lost Expedition. Clarion Books. ISBN 0395915244. 
• Lansing, Alfred (2001). Endurance: Shackleton's Incredible Voyage. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0297829195. 
• Mickleburgh, Edwin (1987). Beyond the frozen sea: visions of Antarctica. London: Bodley Head, p. 95. ISBN 0-370-31027-6. 
• Mill, Hugh Robert (2006). The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1428655271. 
• Morrell, Margot and Capparell, Stephanie (2003). Shackleton's Way. Nicholas Brealey. ISBN 1-85788-318-7.
• Perkins, Dennis N.T. (2000). Leading at the Edge: Leadership Lessons from the Extraordinary Saga of Shackleton's Antarctica Expedition. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. ISBN 0814405436. 
• Peter, Murray; David Poole, Grant Jones (2005). Contemporary Issues in Management and Organisational Behaviour. Thomson Learning Nelson. ISBN 0170121275. 
• Preston, Diana (1998). A First Rate Tragedy: Robert Falcon Scott and the Race to the South Pole. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0618002014. 
• Rainey, Lawrence S. (2005). Modernism: an anthology. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-20448-2. 
• Rubin, Jeff (2005). Antarctica. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1740590945. 
• Shackleton, Ernest; Hugh Robert Mill, Tannatt William Edgeworth David. The Heart of the Antarctic: Being the Story of the British Antarctic .... J.B. Lippincott Company. 
• Shackleton, Ernest (1919). South: The story of Shackleton's 1914–17 expedition. Project Gutenberg. 
• Speake, Jennifer (2003). Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1579584241.
• Turley, Charles (1915). Voyages of Captain Scott. Retold from Robert Falcon Scott's "The Voyage of the Discovery" and "Scott's Last Expedition". New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.
• Watkins, Julian Lewis (1950). The 100 Greatest Advertisements. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0486205401.
• Wheeler, Tony (2004). Lonely Planet Falklands & South Georgia Island (Lonely Planet Falklands and South Georgia Island). Hawthorn, Vic., Australia: Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 1-74059-643-9. 
• Worsley, Frank A. (1999) Endurance: An Epic of Polar Adventure. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393319946.
• Worsley, Frank A. (1998). Shackleton's Boat Journey. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393318648. 

Sir Ranulph Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 3rd Baronet OBE (born 7 March 1944), usually known simply as Ranulph (Ran) Fiennes, is a British adventurer and holder of several endurance records. ... Roland Huntford is acknowledged as the pre-eminent author of Polar biographies. ... Chateau Wood, Ypres, 1917 by Frank Hurley James Francis Frank Hurley (1885 - 1962) was an official photographer with the Australian Imperial Force during World War I. Hurley travelled on a number of expedititions to the Antarctic including Douglas Mawsons 1911 expedition. ... Alfred Lansing (b. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Ernest Shackleton

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Ernest Shackleton

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Shackleton's diaries

• Site dedicated to Ernest Shackleton. Managed by the Shackleton family.
• Detailed biography
• Shackleton page at Dulwich College
• The James Caird Society
• The Shackleton Centenary Expedition. Includes details about the Shackleton Foundation.
• Speech in 2001 by former Boeing executive Harry Stonecipher. Asserts that Shackleton's grace under pressure teaches how to make right decisions in hard times.
• PBS:Nova - Shackleton's Voyage of Endurance
• National Public Radio documentary, Walking Out of History. John Rabe hosts, with voices of survivors, diaries and memoirs, and modern explorers Ann Bancroft and Will Steger.
• e-text of Shackleton's book South Recounts the expedition of 1914–16.
• Did Shackleton ever place the famous ad?
• Ernest Shackleton's cylinder recording, from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara library.
• The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition at the Internet Movie Database
• Shackleton at the Internet Movie Database (mini-series starring Kenneth Branagh)
• South at the Internet Movie Database (A 1919 documentary film about Shackleton's 1914-16 Antarctic expedition)

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... The Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project is a free digital collection maintained by the University of California, Santa Barbara Libraries with streaming and downloadable versions of over 5,000 phonograph cylinders manufactured between 1895 and the mid 1920s. ... The University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) is a research-oriented[2] public university located on the Pacific Ocean in Santa Barbara County, California, USA. It is one of ten campuses of the University of California. ... For the in-memory database management system, see In-memory database. ... For the in-memory database management system, see In-memory database. ... Kenneth Charles Branagh (born December 10, 1960) is an Emmy Award-winning, Academy Award-nominated Northern Irish-born actor and film director. ... For the in-memory database management system, see In-memory database. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Statistics Province: Leinster County Town: Naas Code: KE Area: 1,693 km² Population (2006) 186,075 Website: www. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, also claimed by Argentina. ...