Father Ernesto Balducci (6 August 1922, Santa Fiora, Tuscany, Italy - 25 April 1992) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and peace activist. August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... Santa Fiora is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Grosseto in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 110 km southeast of Florence and about 40 km east of Grosseto. ... Tuscany (Italian: ) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. ... April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (116th in leap years). ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... ... A peace activist is a political activist who strives for peace, and against war. ...

Biographical notes

When Ernesto Balducci was twelve, his father was laid off and the Scolopi, a religious foundation dedicated to the education of the poor, offered him a free place in seminary. He studied theology at Rome, then Letters and Philosophy at Florence. A seminary or theological college is a specialized and often live-in higher education institution for the purpose of instructing students (seminarians) in philosophy, theology, spirituality and the religious life, usually in order to prepare them to become members of the clergy. ... Theology (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογια, logia, words, sayings, or discourse) is reasoned discourse concerning religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban... Florence (Italian: ) is the capital city of the region of Tuscany, Italy. ...

The foundation of the Centro d'Impegno Cristiano "Cenacolo" (Centre for Christian Commitment) in 1952 gave him the chance to intensify both his friendship with the charismatic mayor of Florence Giorgio La Pira ,and his relationship with the author-priest Lorenzo Milani and the disciples of Jacques Maritain, known as the 'Little Brothers'. In 1958 Balducci founded the monthly review Testimonianze (“Testimonies”), which he directed for 34 years. In 1963 he openly defended the first Italian conscientious objector, Giuseppe Gozzini. His articles, and the subsequent trial, gave the bishop of Florence, monsignor Florit, the opportunity to “exile” Balducci. He stayed in Rome, very near the Second Vatican Council, until 1965 when, thanks to the direct intervention of Pope Paul VI, he went back to Tuscany. Not in Florence, however, where bishop Florit was still involved in his confrontation against La Pira, but at the abbey named Badia Fiesolana, two hundred yards from the border of the diocese of Florence. 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Florence (Italian: ) is the capital city of the region of Tuscany, Italy. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Jacques Maritain Jacques Maritain (November 18, 1882 – April 28, 1973) was a French Catholic philosopher. ... Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... John T. Neufeld was a WWI conscientious objector sentenced to 15 years hard labour in the military prison at Leavenworth. ... This article is about a title or office in religious bodies. ... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban... The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was an Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church opened under Pope John XXIII in 1962 and closed under Pope Paul VI in 1965. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... His Holiness Pope Paul VI (Latin: ), (Italian: Paolo VI), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (September 26, 1897 – August 6, 1978), reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 1963 to 1978. ... Tuscany (Italian: ) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. ... This article is about a title or office in religious bodies. ... Pope Pius XI blesses Bishop Stephen Alencastre as fifth Apostolic Vicar of the Hawaiian Islands in a Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace window. ... Florence (Italian: ) is the capital city of the region of Tuscany, Italy. ...

Despite the isolation of the abbey, he had less and less time for his studies, as most of his days were taken up by the magazine Testimonianze, by the publishing house “Cultura della pace”, (“Peace culture”), by his cooperation with daily papers and other periodical and by his direct and unflagging attendance at dozens of demonstrations and debates all over Italy. A peace dove, widely known as a symbol for peace, featuring an olive branch in the doves beak. ... Debate is a formalized system of (usually) logical argument. ...

He campaigned against the grounds of war, both before and after the Gulf war, and used the five hundredth anniversary in 1992 of the Christopher Columbus’ discovery of America, as the occasion to put the very foundations of modernity in question, and these campaigns became a point of reference for the large Italian peace movement. Combatants UN Coalition Republic of Iraq Commanders Norman Schwarzkopf, Peter de la Billière, Khalid bin Sultan, Saleh Al-Muhaya, Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Saddam Hussein Strength 883,863 360,000 Casualties 378 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 dead, 75,000 wounded The Gulf War or the Persian Gulf War... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... Christopher Columbus (1451 – May 20, 1506) was a navigator and maritime explorer credited as the discoverer of the Americas. ... You might find what you are looking for in any of the following pages Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. ... Modernity is a term used to describe the condition of being modern. Since the term modern is used to describe a wide range of periods, modernity must be understood in its context. ... A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars), minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation, often linked to the goal of achieving world peace. ...

It was while returning from one of these debates that Ernesto Balducci was involved in a car accident. He was admitted to hospital in coma, and died on 25 April 1992. In medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep) is a profound state of unconsciousness. ... April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (116th in leap years). ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...

The Planetary Human

Ernesto Balducci analyses religions in relation to their capacity to be or not to be sources of a historic salvation. A salvation that does not remain in the alienating extra-historic and existential level.

The most modern themes of the protestant theology come together in this reflection, from Karl Barth to Dietrich Bonhoeffer, with their intention of dividing religion and faith and overturning the point of view focused on God for showing up the Human, instead. The post-religious human. Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Theology (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογια, logia, words, sayings, or discourse) is reasoned discourse concerning religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ... Karl Barth. ... Dietrich Bonhoeffer Dietrich Bonhoeffer [] (February 4, 1906 – April 9, 1945) was a German Lutheran pastor, theologian and participant in the German resistance movement against Nazism and founding member of the Confessing Church. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) under the family Hominidae (the great apes). ...

In Balducci’s view, the religions are the millenary legacy of cultural particularisms, as ideological, political, cultural and spiritual cohesion tools for cultural monads that, however, have lost their individuality. By facing up to the apocalyptic threats of modern war, now religions have two possible functions. Either a regressive function of protective recall to particular identities, or a prophetic ferment function for the transiction to the “planetary era”. A ferment in deeper affinity with their very founding intuitions. In the writings of the philosopher Gottfried Leibniz, monads are atomistic mental objects which experience the world from a particular point of view. ... Look up war in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

According to Balducci, the reclamation of religious identities has to be based on a lay approach to the peace question in order to bring into play each of the various memories of mankind. All this without abandoning certain universal achievements of the Western culture, like the principle of the preeminence of conscience with respect to any law, the correlative principle of the State of Right and the Scientific Method. In religious organizations, the laity comprises all lay persons collectively. ... Conscience is a faculty or sense that leads to feelings of remorse when we do things that go against our moral values, or which informs our moral judgment before performing such an action. ... A right is the power or privilege to which one is justly entitled or a thing to which one has a just claim. ... Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. ...

The synthesis of the “Planetary Human” aims to involve disparate subjects in the name of a fundamental subjectivity that identifies itself with the species. Synthesis (from the ancient Greek σύν (with) and θεσις (placing), is commonly understood to be an integration of two or more pre-existing elements which results in a new creation. ... This article is in need of attention. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ...

The crisis of modernity drives Balducci to define the terms of a newly-grounded Social contract of the World community. The Reason, stripped of the Western people’s «hyperbolic subjectivity», plays a fundamental role, so far. Modernity is a term used to describe the condition of being modern. Since the term modern is used to describe a wide range of periods, modernity must be understood in its context. ... The term social contract describes a broad class of philosophical theories whose subject is the implied agreements by which people form nations and maintain social order. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... It has been suggested that reasoning be merged into this article or section. ...

By taking the suggestions of Ernesto de Martino, Balducci believes that the long “prehistory” of narrow communication among cultural “islands”, in witch the fear of the different has been a reflex that has cemented the tribe, is over. Even the aggressiveness against the other groups made sense as long as there were not the unifying frameworks of the planet. But the menaces to the survival of the human species unify the destiny of everyone. The mankind, from the “homination phase”, goes on to the planetarization (globalization) phase. http://www. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and make it easier to understand, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) under the family Hominidae (the great apes). ... A KFC franchise in Kuwait. ...

Balducci observes that Anthropology – originally based on the ontology of the “difference” (the others and us, peoples of culture and peoples of nature, civilized and primitives) – then discovered the possibility of different ways to be humans in the time and the space. By repudiating its own earlier assumptions, Anthropology recognizes the longing of each peculiar human expression towards an universal rule that joins humans, and them with nature. This is the sense that Balducci catches in various cultural itineraries: the structuralism of Claude Lévi-Strauss, the “ecology of mind” of Gregory Bateson, the generative grammar of Noam Chomsky. Anthropology is the study of the physical and social characteristics of humanity through the examination of historical and present geographical distribution, cultural history, acculturation, and cultural relationships. ... In philosophy, ontology (from the Greek , genitive : of being (part. ... Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning to cultivate), generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... Galunggung in 1982, showing a combination of natural events. ... For other uses, see Civilization (disambiguation). ... In older anthropology texts and discussions, a primitive culture is one that lacks major signs of economic development or modernity. ... Anthropology is the study of the physical and social characteristics of humanity through the examination of historical and present geographical distribution, cultural history, acculturation, and cultural relationships. ... Structuralism as a term refers to various theories across the humanities, social sciences and economics many of which share the assumption that structural relationships between concepts vary between different cultures/languages and that these relationships can be usefully exposed and explored. ... Claude Lévi-Strauss Claude Lévi-Strauss (IPA pronunciation ); born November 28, 1908) is a Jewish-French anthropologist who developed structuralism as a method of understanding human society and culture. ... Gregory Bateson (9 May 1904–4 July 1980) was a British anthropologist, social scientist, linguist and cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Generative linguistics. ... Avram Noam Chomsky, Ph. ...

Balducci bases his thought on such yearning towards the universal. Many of its symbolizations are about the dialectic between particular and universal dimensions of the human. In philosophy, a proposition is said to have universality if it can be conceived as being true in all possible contexts without creating a contradiction. ... In classical philosophy, dialectic (Greek: διαλεκτική) is an exchange of propositions (theses) and counter-propositions (antitheses) resulting in a synthesis of the opposing assertions, or at least a qualitative transformation in the direction of the dialogue. ...

He borrows from Ernst Bloch the dialectic between the “cultured human” (homo editus) and the “hidden human” (homo absconditus), a dialectic between the being and the being able to of the human, an aspiration that is a transcendence without transcending, a «transcendence in the immanence» Ernst Simon Bloch (IPA: , July 8, 1885 – August 4, 1977) was a German Marxist philosopher and atheist theologian. ... In classical philosophy, dialectic (Greek: διαλεκτική) is an exchange of propositions (theses) and counter-propositions (antitheses) resulting in a synthesis of the opposing assertions, or at least a qualitative transformation in the direction of the dialogue. ... In religion, transcendence is a condition or state of being that surpasses, and is independent of, physical existence. ... In religion, transcendence is a condition or state of being that surpasses, and is independent of, physical existence. ... Immanence, derived from the Latin in manere to remain within, refers to philosophical and metaphysical theories of the divine as existing and acting within the mind or the world. ...

The Balducci crossing appears to be a sort of anthropologic teleology witch represents an evolutionary trend that the human being can support or disclaim in its path. The reason, as said by Balducci, finds a brand-new categorical imperative: Teleology (telos: end, purpose) is the philosophical study of design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in nature or human creations. ... This article is about biological evolution. ... It has been suggested that reasoning be merged into this article or section. ... The really big super duper huge greg is gay categorical imperative is the central philosophical concept of the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant, and to modern deontological ethics. ...

«Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that the human species would find the reasons and the guarantees of its survival» (in La terra del tramonto).

Balducci recognizes in the declining freedom of action of states and in the growth of the cosmopolitan right an element deeply rooted in the evolutionary laws of human species. Tha faith in Man (a Pierre Teilhard de Chardin concept), the consideration that our species has always creatively got over many severe and extreme challenges, the chance of the “planetary human”: all this things make sense to Balducci if the sense of belonging with a supranational community will generate a planetary political project. A project that matches the world community, an entity arising «on the strength of the evolutionary laws of the species, the same laws that lead from the tribe to the city, from the city to the nation-state.» Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single moral community. ... It has been suggested that noogenesis be merged into this article or section. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... http://www. ... The city of Chicago, as seen from the sky A city is an urban area that is differentiated from a town, village, or hamlet by size, population density, importance, or legal status. ... The term nation-state, while often used interchangeably with the terms unitary state and independent state, refers properly to the parallel occurence of a state and a nation. ...

In order to decipher the momentum towards the establishment of a world community, Balducci recalls two categories of the natural law: the pactum unionis and the pactum subjectionis. This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Natural law or the law of nature (Latin lex naturalis) is a law whose content is set by nature, and that therefore has validity everywhere. ...

The former momentum is identified in view of the anthropologic pacifism, which horizon is a society that is made compact by relationships of spontaneous reciprocity and by the preferential option for non-violence. Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes. ... Young people interacting within an ethnically diverse society. ... Nonviolence (or non-violence) is a set of assumptions about morality, power and conflict that leads its proponents to reject the use of violence in efforts to attain social or political goals. ...

The second momentum relies on the perspective of the political realism, oriented to extend to the entire planet the process of unification relying upon the monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force. The dialectic between these two momentums has to give birth to the «new child» of the new era, the world community. It has been suggested that Defensive realism be merged into this article or section. ... The monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force designs an essential attribute of the states sovereignty. ... In classical philosophy, dialectic (Greek: διαλεκτική) is an exchange of propositions (theses) and counter-propositions (antitheses) resulting in a synthesis of the opposing assertions, or at least a qualitative transformation in the direction of the dialogue. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...

«Novelty depends upon the womb of necessity. No wonder if there is the darkness on the intermediate stages of its birth. As Ernst Bloch wrote, "at the foot of the lighthouse, there is not light"».(in La terra del tramonto) Ernst Simon Bloch (IPA: , July 8, 1885 – August 4, 1977) was a German Marxist philosopher and atheist theologian. ...