Ernesto Bustamante

Ernesto Bustamante, Peruvian scientist born in Lima May 19, 1950. Education: B.S. in Biology,1971 (Universidad Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru); M.S. in Biochemistry,1972 (Universidad Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Ph.D. in Biochemistry, Cellular & Molecular Biology,1978 (The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA). He has contributed to science in both the academic and the corporate worlds. ImageMetadata File history File links ErnestoBustamante1. ... ImageMetadata File history File links ErnestoBustamante1. ... The physicist Albert Einstein is probably historys most widely recognized scientist. ... Lima is the capital and largest city in Peru, as well as the capital of Lima Province. ... May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Biology is the branch of science dealing with the study of life. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ... The Johns Hopkins University is an internationally prestigious private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland. ...

In academia he served as professor of biochemistry at Universidad Cayetano Heredia (Lima, Peru) during eight years (1977-1984). He also was visiting professor, research fellow, visiting researcher, or research scholar at the following institutions: The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Baltimore, Maryland, USA) [1979, 1980, 1981, 1984], Universidad de Chile Facultad de Ciencias (Santiago, Chile) [1980, 1981], and recently at the School of Medicine of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA) [2002-2005]. He was a fellow from The Ford Foundation, The Commonwealth Fund of New York, The Eli Lilly and Company Predoctoral Fellowship in Biology, E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., and The Rockefeller Foundation. In 2002 he was awarded competitively a Breast Cancer Concept Award by the U.S. Department of Defense as recommended by the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs [1] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... The Johns Hopkins University is an internationally prestigious private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland. ... Universidad de Chile may refer to: Universidad de Chile (university) Universidad de Chile (football club) This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is a public, coeducational, research university located in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. ... The Ford Foundation is a charitable foundation based in New York City created to fund programs that promote democracy, reduce poverty and promote international understanding (see mission statement). ... Commonwealth Fund is a charitable fund established in 1918 by Anna Harkness, with Edward Harkness as its first president. ... One of the worlds largest corporations, Eli Lilly and Company NYSE: LLY is a global pharmaceutical company. ... E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (NYSE: DD) was founded in July 1802 as a gun powder mill by Eleuthère Irénée du Pont on Brandywine Creek, near Wilmington, Delaware. ... The Rockefeller Foundation is a charitable organization based in New York City. ... Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. ... The United States Department of Defense, abbreviated DoD or DOD and sometimes called the Defense Department, is a civilian Cabinet organization of the United States government. ...

In the corporate world he was president and managing director [1978-2001) of AB Chimica Laboratorios SA, the first Peruvian company dedicated to manufacturing diagnostic kits for use in clinical laboratories. He also was president and managing director [1985-2001) of BelgaMedica SA, a leading clinical laboratory originally associated with Laboratoire Central, at the time the leading clinical laboratory in Belgium. BelgaMedica was the laboratory that in 1985 identified serologically the first eight cases of HIV infection in Peru. He also was technical and commercial representative of U.S. and European companies in the medical and clinical diagnostics fields; such as with the Société Française d’Équipement Hospitalier [2] managing a French-government funded six-million dollar project that entailed the partial renovation of Hospital Arzobispo Loayza (Lima, Peru) executed between 1996 and 2000. Diagnosis (from the Greek words dia = by and gnosis = knowledge) is the process of identifying a disease by its signs, symptoms and results of various diagnostic procedures. ... A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where tests are done on biological specimens in order to get information about the health of a patient. ... Human immunodeficiency virus (commonly known as HIV, and formerly known as HTLV-III and lymphadenopathy-associated virus[1][2]) is a retrovirus that is the cause of the disease known as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a syndrome where the immune system begins to fail, leading to many life-threatening opportunistic... An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ...

He has published nearly thirty peer-reviewed original research articles in the specialty of mitochondrial bioenergetics and molecular biology [3] His essential contribution to biochemistry and cell biology was to demonstrate that mitochondrial hexokinase is the enzyme responsible for driving the high rates of glycolysis that occur under aerobic conditions characteristic of rapidly-growing malignant tumor cells [4], [5], [6]. Since then, aerobic glycolysis by malignant tumors is utilized clinically to diagnose and monitor treatment responses of cancers by imaging uptake of 2-¹⁸F-2-deoxyglucose (a radioactive modified hexokinase substrate) with positron emission tomography (PET) [7], [8] In 2005 he published a research article that demonstrates that the functional association of glucokinase (a hexokinase isoform) to mitochondrial metabolism and intracellular signaling of apoptosis in normal liver is actually not mediated by a physical association of this enzyme with mitochondria or their membranes [9] as was recently proposed by others. Bioenergetics, loosely defined, is the study of energy investment and flow through living systems. ... Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Cell biology (also called cellular biology or cytology, from the Greek kytos, container) is an academic discipline that studies cells. ... A hexokinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates a six-carbon sugar, a hexose, to a hexose phosphate. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM. TIM is catalytically perfect, meaning its conversion rate is limited, or nearly limited to its substrate diffusion rate. ... Glycolysis is a series of biochemical reactions by which a molecule of glucose (Glc) is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvic acid (Pyr). ... Look up Aerobic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Tumor (American English) or tumour (British English) originally means swelling, and is sometimes still used with that meaning. ... Glycolysis is a series of biochemical reactions by which a molecule of glucose (Glc) is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvic acid (Pyr). ... For other uses, see Cancer (disambiguation). ... Imaging refers to the science of obtaining pictures or more complicated spatial representations, such as animations or 3-D computer graphics models, from physical things. ... Fluorodeoxyglucose is a molecule that is an analogue of glucose. ... Radioactive decay is the set of various processes by which unstable atomic nuclei (nuclides) emit subatomic particles. ... Look up substrate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Image of a typical positron emission tomography (PET) facility Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. ... Glucokinase Glucokinase (EC 2. ... Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from Ars de statica medecina, first published 1614 Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος (metabolismos)) is the biochemical modification of chemical compounds in living organisms anggjgjhnd cell (b). ... A cell undergoing apoptosis. ... The liver is the largest internal organ of the human body. ... In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ... This article or section should include material from Net flux A membrane is a thin, typically planar structure or material that separates two environments. ...

In the area of public diffusion of science, he has given conferences, lectures and written numerous newspaper and magazine articles [10], [11], [12], [13] in the fields of clinical chemistry, medical biotechnology, medical biochemistry, molecular genetics, lipid biochemistry, genetically modified food, transgenic organisms, irradiated food, and in the area of DNA technology for paternity analysis. The conferences and lectures have been given at various universities, during TV shows and special interviews, at radio programs, as well as before professional organizations such as Colegio Médico del Perú, Colegio de Abogados de Lima, Colegio de Biólogos del Perú, Sociedad Peruana de Medicina General, etc. Chemical pathology (also known as clinical biochemistry or clinical chemistry) is the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids. ... Molecular genetics is the field of biology which studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A genetically modified food is a food product derived in whole or part from a genetically modified organism (GMO) such as a crop plant, animal or microbe, such as yeast. ... A transgenic organism is one whose genome has been subject to artificial modification. ... Irradiation is the process whereby an item is exposed to radiation. ... The general structure of a section of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid — usually in the form of a double helix — that contains the genetic instructions monitoring the biological development of all cellular forms of life, and many viruses. ... Paternity is the social and legal acknowledgment of the parental relationship between a father and his child. ...

He has made multidisciplinary contributions to Peruvian society, as these four emblematic cases may show: (a) Campaign against deceitful advertising on labels and inappropriate use of Omega-3 y Omega-6 as food additives in milk and eggs, which resulted in an investigation by the regulatory agency, Indecopi against the food-processing companies Nestlé, Gloria, and Laive [14], [15]. (b) Successful identification of human remains of eleven officers of the Peruvian Navy, disappeared at the Nanay River (a tributary to the Amazon River), using forensic DNA analysis [16]. (c) DNA analysis methodology for the correct identification of hundreds of cadavers of victims of the catastrophic fire that destroyed the "Mesa Redonda" Shopping Center [17]. (d) Food and Products of Transgenic Origin (GMO): their impact on the Peruvian economy [18], [19]]. Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids found in certain fish tissues, and in vegetable sources such as flax seeds, walnuts, and canola oil. ... Omega-6 fatty acids are fatty acids where the term omega-6 signifies that the first double bond in the carbon backbone of the fatty acid, counting from the end opposite the acid group, occurs in the sixth carbon-carbon bond. ... This article is about the company. ... A satellite image of the mouth of the Amazon River, looking south The Amazon River or River Amazon; Spanish: Río Amazonas, Portuguese: Rio Amazonas) of South America is the largest, most voluminous river on earth, having a greater total flow than the next six largest rivers combined. ... Forensics or forensic science is the application of science to questions which are of interest to the legal system. ...

He regularly publishes articles on political analysis in Peruvian newspapers and magazines; he is a political analyst for the leading Peruvian newspaper "El Comercio" [20], [21], [22], [23]. As to his political contributions, during the legislative period 2000-2001 he served as ad honorem consultant on the Comisión de Reforma de Códigos of the Congress of Peru and a member of the Study Group in charge of the Legislative Bill 00203 which proposed norms to protect the human genetic patrimony and to prevent and criminalize discrimination on the basis of genetic factors. This became Law 27636 that modified Art. 324 of the Peruvian Penal Code. During the legislative period 2001-2002 he served as ad honorem consultant on the SubComisión de Ciencia y Tecnología of the Congress of Peru. This became Law 28303 or Law of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation [24]. In 2001 he was elected to serve as national expert on the National Biosafety Group of the CONAM (National Environmental Council) [25]. In 2005 he was designated president of a transitory committee in charge of writing a new Bill to regulate the work of biologists to be presented to the Congress of Perú. The resulting proposal was passed by Congress in 2006 and is now Law 28847 [26] . Between 2001 and 2005 he administered the Internet science interest group Biologia [27] run by the Red Científica Peruana consisting of over 450 members. He is a consultant to the Internet sexuality group Sexalud run by Terra Lycos for Spain and Latin America [28]. In July 2002, he ran as candidate for National Dean of the Colegio de Biólogos del Perú; he lost the election in a clean contest by a margin of 65 valid votes in an electoral population consisting of over 5,100 registered Peruvian biologists. Diario El Comercio is the largest daily newspaper of Peru, with a circulation of over 120,000. ... A legislature is a governmental deliberative body with the power to adopt laws. ... Congress (Spanish: Congreso) is the name given to Perus unicameral legislature under the current (1993) constitution. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Criminal Code. ... Congress (Spanish: Congreso) is the name given to Perus unicameral legislature under the current (1993) constitution. ... Terra Networks, usually referred to as Terra, is an internet multinational company with headquarters in Spain. ...

He is considered an opinion leader in the matter of potential impact of GMOs on biodiversity in Peru [29]. He is currently the scientific director of BioGenomica (http://biogenomica.com), a company specializing in DNA paternity and parentage testing serving the Peruvian and international markets. GMO is an abbreviation with several meanings: Genetically modified organism, an organism the genetic material of which has been altered using recombinant DNA technology Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad (AAR reporting mark GMO), an American railroad carrier This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page... Rainforests are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth Biodiversity or biological diversity is the diversity of life. ... The general structure of a section of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid — usually in the form of a double helix — that contains the genetic instructions monitoring the biological development of all cellular forms of life, and many viruses. ...