Ernst Fraenkel (1898 – 1975) was a German-American political scientist. He was one of the founding fathers of German political science after World War Two. 1898 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... The Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the worlds leading industrialised countries, located in the heart of Europe. ... The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America, the States, or (archaically) Columbia—is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii). ... See also: Political Science Notable political scientists Kenneth Arrow - Nobel Memorial Prize winning economist who published influential paper on his widely cited Arrows Impossibility Theorem Robert Axelrod Duncan Black - Responsible for unearthing the work of many early political scientists, including Charles Dodgson Jean-Charles de Borda - 18th century mathematician... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...

During the Weimar Republic Fraenkel was a member of the social democrats and one of the few jurists who held socialist opinions. According to some historians in the 1930s he was designated to be Attorney General of a possible social-democratic German government. In 1939 he emigrated to the USA where he began to develop his respect for the politics of the United States, especially its pluralism and its checks and balances. The period of German history from 1919 to 1933 is known as the Weimar Republic (Pronounced Vye-Mar, and in German it is known as the Weimarer Republik). It is named after the city of Weimar, where a national assembly convened to produce a new constitution after the German monarchy... The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD – Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands) is the second oldest political party of Germany still in existence and also one of the oldest and largest in the world, celebrating its 140th anniversary in 2003. ... A jurist is a professional who studies, develops, applies or otherwise deals with the law. ... In most common law jurisdictions, the Attorney General is the main legal adviser to the government, and in some jurisdictions may in addition have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions. ... 1939 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Federal Government of the United States was established by the United States Constitution. ... In the social sciences, pluralism is a framework of interaction in which groups show sufficient respect and tolerance of each other, that they fruitfully coexist and interact without conflict or assimilation. ... In politics, the principle of checks and balances underlies many democratic governments. ...

Life

Fraenkel served during the First World War from 1914 to 1918 in the German Army. He wrote his dissertation in law about the void labour contract (Der nichtige Arbeitsvertrag) with the help of Hugo Sinzheimer. During the Weimar Republic he worked as a lawyer for labor law, published scientific publications and was engaged in socialist politics. As a soldier in World War One he was still allowed to work to a limited extent even after the Nazis came to power in 1933. He was connected to several resistance groups such as the Internationaler Sozialistischer Kampfbund (International Socialist Fighting Alliance). In 1938 he finally emigrated to the United Kingdom, in 1939 to the US. Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... This article is about the thesis in dialectics and academia. ... Labor law or labour law is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which address the relationship between and among employers, employees, and labor organizations, often dealing with issues of public law. ... The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G8, the European Union, and NATO. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, the UK, or (inaccurately) as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent...

After studying American law he lectured at the New School for Social Research . In 1941 he published The Dual State in which he analysed the political system of the Nazi state. For Fraenkel it was a "normative state" (Normenstaat) which secured the continuation of capitalist society for those Germans not threatened by Nazism coexisted alongside a "prerogative state" (Maßnahmenstaat) that used legal sanctions as well as brutal violence against people considered to be enemies of Nazism and Nazi Germany. New School University is an institute of higher learning in New York City. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

From 1945 on he was an adviser to the US government but was soon dissatisfied with their policy of occupation in Korea. For the United Nations he was supposed to be one of the people to prepare free elections in Korea, but the Korean War made the elections impossible and forced Fraenkel to leave the country. 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization made up of 191 states established in 1945. ... The Korean War (Korean: 한국전쟁), from June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953, was a conflict between North Korea and South Korea. ...

In 1951 Fraenkel returned to Germany. He became a lecturer at the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik (German University for Politics) in Berlin and later a professor at the Freie Universität Berlin. He considered his writings to be normative, his concept of pluralism was meant to criticize the existing political system. Those among his students who were active in the 1968 movement, however, saw his American-influenced theories as defending monopolistic capitalism. Global Metrics Human security Major Armed Conflicts: Total Deaths in Battle: 700,000 people Violent Deaths caused by Government (Other than War): Violent Deaths caused by other humans: Juvenile Violent Crime: Political security Nations Holding Multi-party Elections: Percentage Living under a Fully Democratic System of Governance: Free Countries: Percentage... Berlin (pronounced: , German ) is the capital of Germany and its largest city, with 3,387,404 inhabitants (as of September 2004); down from 4. ... The Free University of Berlin ( German Freie Universität Berlin) is a university in Berlin, Germany. ... May 1968 poster: Be young and keep quiet In May 1968 a general insurrection broke out across France. ...

Works

• 1927 - Zur Soziologie des Klassenkampfes (Sociology of Class Warfare)
• 1931-1933 - "Chronik" des republikanischen Richterbundes (Chronicles of the Republikanischer Richterbund)
• 1941 - The Dual State
• 1960 - Das amerikanische Regierungssystem (The American System of Government)
• 1964 - Deutschland und die westlichen Demokratien (Germany and the Western Democracies)