Ernst Haeckel.

Haeckel (left) with Nicolaus von Miclucho-Maclay, his assistant, in the Canaries, 1866.

Sea anemones from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur (Artforms of Nature) of 1904.

Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (February 16, 1834 — August 9, 1919),^[1] also written von Haeckel, was an eminent German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist. Ernst Haeckel named thousands of new species (see below), mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including phylum, phylogeny, ecology and the kingdom Protista (details below). Haeckel promoted Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the controversial "recapitulation theory" claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarizes its species' entire evolutionary development, or phylogeny: "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" (see below). From http://wwwihm. ... From http://wwwihm. ... Image File history File links Ernst_Haeckel_and_von_Miclucho-Maclay_1866. ... Image File history File links Ernst_Haeckel_and_von_Miclucho-Maclay_1866. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2276x3244, 2258 KB) Summary The 49th plate from Ernst Haeckels Kunstformen der Natur of 1904, showing various sea anemones classified as Actiniae. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2276x3244, 2258 KB) Summary The 49th plate from Ernst Haeckels Kunstformen der Natur of 1904, showing various sea anemones classified as Actiniae. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kunstformen der Natur Kunstformen der Natur (Artforms of Nature) is a book of lithographic prints by German biologist Ernst Haeckel. ... February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of organisms. ... -1... A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ... The Doctor by Samuel Luke Fildes This article is about the term physician, a type of doctor; for other uses of the word doctor see Doctor (disambiguation). ... A professor giving a lecture The meaning of the word professor (Latin: one who claims publicly to be an expert) varies. ... Look up artist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... Genealogy is the study and tracing of family pedigrees. ... Biology (from Greek βίος λόγος, see below) is the branch of science dealing with the study of life. ... Phylum (plural: phyla) is a taxon used in the scientific classification of life. ... In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e. ... Ernst Haeckel coined the term oekologie in 1866. ... Typical phyla Rhodophyta (red algae) Chromista Heterokontophyta (heterokonts) Haptophyta Cryptophyta (cryptomonads) Alveolates Pyrrhophyta (dinoflagellates) Apicomplexa Ciliophora (ciliates) Excavates Euglenozoa Percolozoa Metamonada Rhizaria Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa Amoebozoa Choanozoa Many others; classification varies The Kingdom Protista or Protoctista is one of the commonly recognized biological kingdoms, including all the eukaryotes except for... Charles Robert Darwin FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist who achieved lasting fame by producing considerable evidence that species originated through evolutionary change, at the same time proposing the scientific theory that natural selection is the mechanism by which such change occurs. ... The theory of recapitulation, also called the biogenetic law or ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, is a theory in biology which attempts to explain apparent similarities between humans and other animals. ... Ontogeny (also ontogenesis or morphogenesis) describes the origin and the development of an organism from the fertilized egg to its mature form. ... In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e. ...

The published artwork of Haeckel includes over 100 detailed, multi-color illustrations of animals and sea creatures (see: Kunstformen der Natur, "Artforms of Nature"). As a philosopher, Ernst Haeckel wrote Die Welträthsel (1895-1899, in English, The Riddle of the Universe, 1901), as genesis for the term "World Riddle" (Welträthsel); Haeckel also wrote Freedom in Science and Teaching (1877, English 1879, ISBN 1410211754) to support teaching evolution. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kunstformen der Natur Kunstformen der Natur (Artforms of Nature) is a book of lithographic prints by German biologist Ernst Haeckel. ... Ernst Haeckel wrote about the World Riddle in 1895 The term world riddle or world-riddle has been associated, for over 100 years, with the biologist-philosopher Ernst Haeckel, who as a professor of zoology at the University of Jena,[1] wrote the book Die Welträthsel in 1895-1899... 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

[edit] Research

Haeckel was a zoologist, an accomplished artist and illustrator, and later a professor of comparative anatomy. He was one of the first to consider psychology as a branch of physiology. He also proposed many now ubiquitous terms including "phylum" and "ecology." His chief interests lay in evolution and life development processes in general, including development of nonrandom form, which culminated in the beautifully illustrated Kunstformen der Natur (Art forms of nature). Zoology (Greek zoon = animal and logos = word) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ... A professor giving a lecture The meaning of the word professor (Latin: one who claims publicly to be an expert) varies. ... Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms. ... Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of the human mind, brain, and behavior. ... Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Ernst Haeckel coined the term oekologie in 1866. ... A phylogenetic tree of all extant organisms, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data, showing the evolutionary history of the three domains of life, bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kunstformen der Natur Kunstformen der Natur (Artforms of Nature) is a book of lithographic prints by German biologist Ernst Haeckel. ...

Haeckel advanced the "recapitulation theory" which proposed a link between ontogeny (development of form) and phylogeny (evolutionary descent), summed up in the phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". He supported the theory with embryo drawings that have since been shown to be oversimplified and in part inaccurate, and the theory is now considered an oversimplification of quite complicated relationships. It is thought by some critics of Haeckel, particularly creationists, that Haeckel deliberately faked the images to get more support for his ideas. Haeckel introduced the concept of "heterochrony", which is the change in timing of embryonic development over the course of evolution. The theory of recapitulation, also called the biogenetic law or ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, is a theory in biology which attempts to explain apparent similarities between humans and other animals. ... Ontogeny (also ontogenesis or morphogenesis) describes the origin and the development of an organism from the fertilized egg to its mature form. ... In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Ernst Haeckel. ... In biology, heterochrony is defined as a developmental change in the timing of events, leading to changes in size and shape. ... Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo is formed and develops. ...

Haeckel was also known for his "biogenic theory", in which he suggested that the development of races paralleled the development of individuals. He advocated the idea that "primitive" races were in their infancies and needed the "supervision" and "protection" of more "mature" societies. In biology, a law stating that the earlier stages of embryos of species advanced in the evolutionary process, such as humans, resemble the embryos of ancestral species, such as fish. ... The term Untermensch (German for under man, sub-man) is the term from Nazi racial ideology used to describe inferior nations. ...

Haeckel extrapolated a new religion or philosophy called "monism" from evolutionary science. In Haeckel's view of monism, which postulates that all aspects of the world form an essential unity, all economics, politics, and ethics are reduced to "applied biology." ^[2] Haeckel's writings and lectures on monism were later used to provide scientific (or quasi-scientific) justifications for racism, nationalism, and social Darwinism.^[2] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Face-to-face trading interactions among on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor Economics, as a social science, studies human choice behavior and how it affects the production, distribution, and consumption of scarce resources. ... Politics is the process by which groups make decisions. ... Ethics (from the Ancient Greek ethikos, meaning arising from habit), a major branch of philosophy, is the study of value or quality. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix Nationalism is an ideology [1] that holds that a nation is the fundamental unit for human social life, and takes precedence over any other social and political principles. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

A quote from Haeckel:

"In order to be convinced of this important result, it is above all things necessary to study and compare the mental life of wild savages and of children. At the lowest stage of human mental development are the Australians, some tribes of the Polynesians, and the Bushmen, Hottentots, and some of the Negro tribes.

In many of these languages there are numerals only for one, two, and three: no Australian language counts beyond four. Very many wild tribes can count no further than ten or twenty, whereas some very clever dogs have been made to count up to forty and even beyond sixty."

–Ernst Haeckel, The History of Creation (1868/1883), pp. 362, 363.

1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

[edit] Biography

Ernst Haeckel: Christmas of 1860 (age 26)

Ernst Haeckel was born on February 16, 1834, in Potsdam (then part of Prussia). ^[3] In 1852, Haeckel completed studies at Cathedral High School (Domgymnasium) of Mersburg.^[3] He then studied medicine in Berlin, particularly with Albert von Kölliker, Franz Leydig, Rudolf Virchow (with whom he later worked briefly as assistant), and with anatomist-physiologist Johannes Müller/Mueller (1801-1858).^[3] In 1857, Haeckel attained a doctorate in medicine (M.D.), and afterwards he received a license to practice medicine. The occupation of physician appeared less worthwhile to Haeckel, after contact with suffering patients.^[3] Image File history File links Ernst_Haeckel_1860. ... Image File history File links Ernst_Haeckel_1860. ... Christmas or Christmas Day is a holiday celebrating the birth of Jesus, the central figure of Christianity. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Potsdam is the capital city of the state of Brandenburg in Germany. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Merseburg is a city in the south of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt on the river Saale, approx. ... Medicine is the branch of health science and the sector of public life concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, treatment and possible prevention of disease and injury. ... Berlin is the capital city and a state of Germany. ... Albert von Kölliker Rudolph Albert von Kölliker (July 6, 1817 - November 2, 1905) was a Swiss anatomist and physiologist. ... Media:Example. ... Dr. R.L.K. Virchow Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow (born October 13, 1821, in Schivelbein, Pomerania; died September 5, 1902, in Berlin) was a German doctor, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician. ... Johannes Müller von Königsberg (June 6, 1436 – July 6, 1476), known by his Latin pseudonym Regiomontanus, was an important German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Medicine is the branch of health science and the sector of public life concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, treatment and possible prevention of disease and injury. ... The Medicinæ Doctor or Doctor of Medicine (M.D. or D.M.) is a doctorate level degree held by medical doctors. ... The Doctor by Samuel Luke Fildes This article is about the term physician, a type of doctor; for other uses of the word doctor see Doctor (disambiguation). ...

Haeckel studied under Carl Gegenbaur at the University of Jena for three years, earning a doctorate in zoology,^[3] before becoming a professor of comparative anatomy at the University of Jena, where he remained 47 years, from 1862-1909. Between 1859 and 1866, Haeckel worked on many "invertebrate" groups, including radiolarians, poriferans (sea sponges) and annelids (segmented worms).^[2] During a trip to the Mediterranean, Haeckel named nearly 150 new species of radiolarians.^[2] "Invertebrates" provided the data for most of his experimental work on evolutionary development, leading to his "law of recapitulation." ^[2] Haeckel named thousands of new species from 1859 to 1887. ^[4] Carl Gegenbaur: photograph Carl Gegenbaur (August 21, 1826 - June 14, 1903), [1] also Karl Gegenbaur, was a German anatomist and professor who demonstrated that the field of comparative anatomy offers important evidence supporting of the theory of evolution. ... Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (FSU) is located in Jena, Thuringia in Germany and was named for the German writer Friedrich Schiller. ... Zoology is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ... Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms. ... Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (FSU) is located in Jena, Thuringia in Germany and was named for the German writer Friedrich Schiller. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Classes Polycystinea Acantharea Sticholonchea Radiolarians (also radiolaria) are amoeboid protozoa that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into inner and outer portions, called endoplasm and ectoplasm. ... Classes Calcarea Hexactinellida Demospongiae The sponges or poriferans (from Latin porus pore and ferre to bear) are animals of the phylum Porifera. ... Classes Calcarea Hexactinellida Demospongiae The sponges or poriferans (from the Greek poros pore and Latin ferre to bear) are animals of the phylum Porifera. ... Classes and subclasses Class Polychaeta      (paraphyletic?) Class Clitellata    Oligochaeta -      (Earthworms, etc. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... In the scientific method, an experiment (Latin: ex-+-periri, of (or from) trying), is a set of actions and observations, performed in the context of solving a particular problem or question, to support or falsify a hypothesis or research concerning phenomena. ... The theory of recapitulation, also called the biogenetic law or ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, is a theory in biology which attempts to explain apparent similarities between humans and other animals. ... 1859 (MDCCCLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ...

In 1866 to 1867, Haeckel made an extended journey to the Canary Islands and during this time, Haeckel met with Charles Darwin, Thomas Huxley and Charles Lyell.^[3] 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Charles Robert Darwin FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist who achieved lasting fame by producing considerable evidence that species originated through evolutionary change, at the same time proposing the scientific theory that natural selection is the mechanism by which such change occurs. ... Thomas Henry Huxley, FRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist, known as Darwins Bulldog for his defence of Charles Darwins theory of evolution. ... Charles Lyell The frontispiece from Principles of Geology Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet Kt (November 14, 1797 – February 22, 1875), British lawyer, geologist, and popularizer of uniformitarianism. ...

In 1867, Haeckel married Agnes Huschke. Their son Walter was born in 1868, their daughter Elizabeth in 1871, and their daughter Emma in 1873.^[3] 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1869, Haeckel traveled as a researcher to Norway, in 1871 to Dalmatien, and in 1873 to Egypt, Turkey, and to Greece.^[3] 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

Haeckel was also a free-thinker who went beyond biological studies, dabbling in anthropology, psychology, and cosmology.^[2] Haeckel's speculative ideas and possible fudging of data or diagrams, plus the lack of empirical support for many of his ideas, have tarnished his scientific credentials; however, Ernst Haeckel remained a very popular figure in Germany and was considered a hero by many of his countrymen.^[2] Anthropology (from the Greek word , human or person) consists of the study of humanity (see genus Homo). ... Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of the human mind, brain, and behavior. ... // Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) order + λογια (logia) discourse) is the study of the Universe in its totality, and by extension, humanitys place in it. ... Empirical research is any activity that uses direct or indirect observation as its test of reality. ...

Haeckel was a flamboyant figure. He sometimes took great (and non-scientific) leaps from available evidence. For example, at the time that Darwin first published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859), no remains of human ancestors had yet been found. Haeckel postulated that evidence of human evolution would be found in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), and described these theoretical remains in great detail. He even named the as-of-yet unfound species, Pithecanthropus alalus, and charged his students to go find it. (Richard and Oskar Hertwig were two of Haeckel´s many important students.) The 1859 edition of On the Origin of Species First published in 1859, The Origin of Species (full title On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life) by British naturalist Charles Darwin is one of the pivotal... 1859 (MDCCCLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië) was the name of the colonies set up by the Dutch East India Company, which came under administration of the Netherlands during the 19th century (see Indonesia). ... Oskar Hertwig (April 21, 1849, Friedberg, Hessen - October 25, 1922, Berlin) was a German zoologist. ...

One student did find the remains: a young Dutchman named Eugene Dubois went to the East Indies and dug up the remains of Java Man, the first human ancestral remains ever found. These remains originally carried Haeckel's Pithecanthropus label, though they were later reclassified as Homo erectus. Eugene Dubois (January 28, 1858 - December 16, 1940) was a Dutch anthropologist, who earned world-wide fame with the discovery of Homo erectus in Java in 1891. ... The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and South-East Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and... Java Man was one of the first specimens of Homo erectus to be discovered. ... Pithecanthropus erectus was the name first given to the Homo erectus specimen, also known as Java Man, by its discoverer Eugene Dubois. ... Binomial name †Homo erectus (Dubois, 1892) Synonyms † Pithecanthropus erectus † Sinanthropus pekinensis † Javanthropus soloensis † Meganthropus paleojavanicus Homo erectus (Upright Man) is an extinct species of genus Homo. ...

Haeckel's controversial embryological drawings: It is claimed he emphasised the similarities unduly.

Although Haeckel's ideas are important to the history of evolutionary theory, and he was a competent invertebrate anatomist most famous for his work on radiolaria, many speculative concepts that he championed are now considered incorrect. For example, Haeckel described and named hypothetical ancestral microorganisms that have never been found. His concept of recapitulation has been disputed in the form he gave it (now called "strong recapitulation"). Haeckel did not support natural selection, rather believing in a Lamarckian inheritance of acquired characteristics (Darwin considered both of these paths for evolution viable). ^[5] It has also been claimed (Richardson 1998) that Haeckel's drawings of 1874 were substantially fabricated; ^{[6] [7]} however, it was later claimed that "there is evidence of sleight of hand" on both sides of the feud between Haeckel and Wilhelm His (Richardson & Keuck 2001).^[7] Those controversial drawings are still used in many British and American biology textbooks today; however, there were multiple versions of the embryos drawings, and Haeckel himself rejected the claims of fraud.^{[7] [8]} The controversy involves several different issues (see more details at: recapitulation theory). Download high resolution version (915x800, 187 KB)Embryo drawings drawn by Haeckel in 1866 for his Recapitulation theory. ... Download high resolution version (915x800, 187 KB)Embryo drawings drawn by Haeckel in 1866 for his Recapitulation theory. ... This article is about biological evolution. ... Invertebrate is a term coined by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck to describe any animal without a spinal column. ... Greek anatome, from ana-temnein, to cut up), is the branch of biology that deals with the structure and organization of living things; thus there is animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytonomy). ... Possible classes Polycystinea Acantharea Taxopodea Radiolaria are amoeboid protozoa that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into inner and outer portions, called endoplasm and ectoplasm. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Galápagos Islands hold 13 species of finches that are closely related and differ most markedly in the shape of their beaks. ... Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (August 1, 1744 – December 28, 1829) was a French naturalist and an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. ... The inheritance of acquired characters (or characteristics) is the hereditary mechanism by which changes in physiology acquired over the life of an organism (such as muscle enlarged through use) are transmitted to offspring. ... 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Wilhelm His is the name of: Wilhelm His, Sr. ... The theory of recapitulation, also called the biogenetic law or ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, is a theory in biology which attempts to explain apparent similarities between humans and other animals. ...

Although best known for "recapitulation theory" with the famous dictum "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny," Haeckel also coined many words commonly used by biologists today, such as phylum, phylogeny, ecology ("oekologie"),^[4] and proposed the kingdom Protista.^[3] The theory of recapitulation, also called the biogenetic law or ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, is a theory in biology which attempts to explain apparent similarities between humans and other animals. ... Typical phyla Rhodophyta (red algae) Chromista Heterokontophyta (heterokonts) Haptophyta Cryptophyta (cryptomonads) Alveolates Pyrrhophyta (dinoflagellates) Apicomplexa Ciliophora (ciliates) Excavates Euglenozoa Percolozoa Metamonada Rhizaria Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa Amoebozoa Choanozoa Many others; classification varies The Kingdom Protista or Protoctista is one of the commonly recognized biological kingdoms, including all the eukaryotes except for...

Haeckel also stated that "politics is applied biology",^[2] a quote used by various Nazis. The Nazi party used not only Haeckel's quotations, but also Haeckel's broader philosophy of "Monism," which they used as justification for racism, nationalism and social Darwinism.^[2] National Socialism redirects here. ... The Nazi swastika The National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), better known as the NSDAP or the Nazi Party was a political party that was led to power in Germany by Adolf Hitler in 1933. ...

In 1909, Haeckel retired from teaching, and in 1910 he withdrew from the Evangelist church.^[3] Haeckel's wife, Agnes, died in 1915, and Ernst Haeckel became substantially more frail, with a broken leg (thigh) and broken arm.^[3] He sold the mansion Medusa ("Villa Medusa") in 1918 to the Carl Zeiss foundation.^[3] Ernst Haeckel died on August 9, 1919. 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Evangelism is the proclaiming of the Christian Gospel. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Carl Zeiss Carl Zeiss (September 11, 1816 – December 3, 1888) was an optician commonly known for the company he founded, Zeiss. ... August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

In the U.S., Mount Haeckel, a 13,418-ft (4,090 m) summit in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, overlooking the Evolution Basin, and another Mount Haeckel, a 2,941-m (9,649-ft) summit in New Zealand, are named in honor of Ernst Haeckel, as is the asteroid 12323 Häckel. For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... Ft is an abbreviation that may refer to the following: The foot, a unit of length, see foot (unit of length) The Hungarian Forint A fort, especially when used as a placename, for example Ft. ... The letter M is the thirteenth letter in the Latin alphabet. ... The Sierra Nevada is a mountain range that is almost entirely in eastern California. ... Asteroid, minor planet, and planetoid are synonyms, and are used to indicate a diverse group of small celestial bodies that drift in the solar system in orbit around the Sun. ... 12323 Häckel is an asteroid named in honor of Ernst Haeckel, a biologist. ...

The Ernst Haeckel house ("Villa Medusa") in Jena, Germany contains a historic library. Jena is a town in central Germany on the River Saale. ...

[edit] Publications

Kunstformen - plate 72: Muscinae

Kunstformen - plate 96: Chaetopoda

Haeckel's literary output was extensive, working as a professor at the University of Jena for 47 years, and even at the time of the celebration of his sixtieth birthday at Jena in 1894, Haeckel had produced 42 works with nearly 13,000 pages, besides numerous scientific memoirs and illustrations. ^[9] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2346x3281, 2020 KB) Summary The 72nd plate from Ernst Haeckels Kunstformen der Natur (1904), depicting organisms classified as Muscinae. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2346x3281, 2020 KB) Summary The 72nd plate from Ernst Haeckels Kunstformen der Natur (1904), depicting organisms classified as Muscinae. ... Tribes Azeliini Muscini Reinwardtiini Stomoxyini Within the taxonomy of biology, the subfamily Muscinae includes two of the more familiar genera within the Muscidae family; Musca and Stomoxys. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2356x3303, 1670 KB) The 96th plate from Ernst Haeckel Kunstformen der Natur (1904), depicting organisms classified as Chaetopoda. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2356x3303, 1670 KB) The 96th plate from Ernst Haeckel Kunstformen der Natur (1904), depicting organisms classified as Chaetopoda. ... Classes and subclasses Class Polychaeta (paraphyletic?) Class Clitellata*    Oligochaeta - earthworms, etc. ... Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (FSU) is located in Jena, Thuringia in Germany and was named for the German writer Friedrich Schiller. ... Jena is a town in central Germany on the River Saale. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... As a literary genre, a memoir (from the Latin memoria, meaning penial) forms a subclass of autobiography, although it is an older form of writing. ...

Haeckel's monographs include: Radiolaria (1862), Siphonophora (1869), Monera (1870) and Calcareous Sponges (1872), as well as several Challenger reports: Deep-Sea Medusae (1881), Siphonophora (1888), Deep-Sea Keratosa (1889), and another Radiolaria (1887), the last being illustrated with 140 plates and enumerating over four thousand (4000) new species.^[9] A monograph is a scholarly book or a treatise on a single subject or a group of related subjects. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ...

Among his many books, Ernst Haeckel wrote General Morphology (1866); Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (1868, in English, The Natural History of Creation reprinted 1883); Freie Wissenschaft und freie Lehre (1877, in English, Freedom in Science and Teaching) in reply to a speech in which Virchow objected to the teaching of evolution in schools, on the grounds that evolution was an unproven hypothesis;^[9] Die systematische Phylogenie (1894, "Systematic Phylogeny"), which has been considered as his best book,^[9] Anthropogenie (1874, 5th and enlarged edition 1903), dealing with the evolution of man; Die Welträthsel (1895-1899, also spelled Die Welträtsel ("world-riddle"), in English The Riddle of the Universe, 1901);^[9] Über unsere gegenwärtige Kenntnis vom Ursprung des Menschen (1898, translated into English as The Last Link, 1808); Der Kampf um den Entwickelungsgedanken (1905, English version, Last Words on Evolution, 1906); Die Lebenswunder (1904, "Wonder of Life"), a supplement to the Riddle of the Universe; also books of travel, such as Indische Reisebriefe (1882, "Travel notes of India") and Aus Insulinde: Malayische Reisebriefe (1901, "Travel notes of Malaysia"), the fruits of journeys to Ceylon and to Java; Kunstformen der Natur (1904, Artforms of Nature), with plates representing detailed marine animal forms; and Wanderbilder (1905, "travel images"), with reproductions of his oil-paintings and water-color landscapes.^[9] 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow (1821–1902). ... A phylogenetic tree of all extant organisms, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data, showing the evolutionary history of the three domains of life, bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Ernst Haeckel wrote about the World Riddle in 1895 The term world riddle or world-riddle has been associated, for over 100 years, with the biologist-philosopher Ernst Haeckel, who as a professor of zoology at the University of Jena,[1] wrote the book Die Welträthsel in 1895-1899... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kunstformen der Natur Kunstformen der Natur (Artforms of Nature) is a book of lithographic prints by German biologist Ernst Haeckel. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

[edit] See also

Stephen Jay Gould - biologist.

Alfred Ploetz - on eugenics and racial hygiene.

Stephen Jay Gould Stephen Jay Gould fart fart fart fart(September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science. ... Alfred Ploetz (March 22, 1860 – March 20, 1940) was a German physician, biologist, eugenicist known for introducing the concept of racial hygiene (Rassenhygiene). ... Eugenics is the self-direction of human evolution: Logo from the Second International Congress of Eugenics, 1921, depicting it as a tree which unites a variety of different fields. ... Racial hygiene (often labeled a form of scientific racism) is the selection, by a government, of the most physical, intellectual and moral persons to raise the next generation (selective breeding) and a close alignment of public health with eugenics. ...

[edit] Notes

1. ^ "Ernst Haeckel - Britannica Concise" (biography), Encyclopædia Britannica Concise, 2006, Concise.Britannica.com webpage: CBritannica-Haeckel.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} "Ernst Haeckel" (biography), UC Berkeley, 2004, webpage: BerkeleyEdu-Haeckel.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} "Ernst Haeckel" (article), German Wikipedia, October 26, 2006, webpage: DE-Wiki-Ernst-Haeckel: last paragraph of "Leben" (Life) section.
4. ^ ^a b "Rudolf Steiner and Ernst Haeckel" (colleagues), Daniel Hindes, 2005, DefendingSteiner.com webpage: Steiner-Haeckel.
5. ^ Ruse, M. 1979. The Darwinian Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
6. ^ Michael K. Richardson. 1998. "Haeckel's embryos continued." Science 281:1289, quoted in NaturalScience.com webpage Re: Ontogeny and phylogeny: A Letter from Richard Bassetti; Editor's note.
7. ^ ^a b c "Haeckel's embryos" (of drawings, with detailed quotes by Haeckel & others), Tony Britain, 2001, AntiEvolution.org webpage: AE-myths.
8. ^ "The Controversy over Evolution in Biology Textbooks" (Texas, Textbooks and Evolution), Dr. Raymond G. Bohlin (President), Probe Ministries, 2003, Probe.org webpage: ProbeOrg-Textbook-Controversy: mentions Haeckel drawings, peppered moth story and Cambrian explosion.
9. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Biography of Ernst Heinrich Haeckel, 1834-1919" (article), Missouri Association for Creation, Inc., based on 1911 Britannica, webpage: Gennet-Haeckel: life, career & beliefs.

The University of California, Berkeley (also known as Cal, UC Berkeley, UCB, or simply Berkeley) is a prestigious, public, coeducational university situated in the foothills of Berkeley, California to the east of San Francisco Bay, overlooking the Golden Gate and its bridge. ... Rudolf Steiner. ... Binomial name Biston betularia Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is a temperate species of night-flying moth often used by educators as an example of natural selection (see theory of evolution, industrial melanism). ... The Cambrian explosion refers to the geologically sudden appearance in the fossil record of animals, starting about 542 million years ago (Mya). ... Look up article in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... (Redirected from 1911 Britannica) The Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) in many ways represents the sum of knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century. ...

[edit] References

• Charles Darwin (1859). On the Origin of Species (by Means of Natural Selection). London: John Murray.
• Charles Darwin (2003 edition). The Origin of Species (with introduction by Julian Huxley). Signet Classics. ISBN 0-45-152906-5.

• Ernst Haeckel, Freedom in Science and Teaching (1879), reprint edition, University Press of the Pacific, February 2004, paperback, 156 pages, ISBN 1410211754.

• Ernst Haeckel, The History of Creation (1868), translated by E. Ray Lankester, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., London, 1883, 3rd edition, Volume 1.

• Ernst Haeckel, Kunstformen der Natur ("Artforms of Nature"), 1904, (from series published 1899-1904): over 100 detailed, multi-color illustrations of animals and sea creatures.

• Ernst Haeckel, The Riddle of the Universe (Die Weltraetsel, 1895-1899), Publisher: Prometheus Books, Buffalo, NY, 1992, reprint edition, paperback, 405 pages, illustrated, ISBN 0879757469.

• Richard Milner, The Encyclopedia of Evolution: Humanity's Search for Its Origins, Henry Holt, 1993.

• Michael K. Richardson, "Haeckel's embryos continued" (article), Science Volume 281:1289, 1998.
• Richardson, M. K. & Keuck, G. (2001) "A question of intent: when is a 'schematic' illustration a fraud?," Nature 410:144 (vol. 410, no. 6825, page 144), March 8, 2001.

• M. Ruse, The Darwinian Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.

Sir Julian Sorell Huxley, FRS (June 22, 1887 – February 14, 1975) was a English biologist, author, Humanist and internationalist, known for his popularisations of science in books and lectures. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... London (pronounced ) is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. ... 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kunstformen der Natur Kunstformen der Natur (Artforms of Nature) is a book of lithographic prints by German biologist Ernst Haeckel. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Ernst Haeckel wrote about the World Riddle in 1895 The term world riddle or world-riddle has been associated, for over 100 years, with the biologist-philosopher Ernst Haeckel, who as a professor of zoology at the University of Jena,[1] wrote the book Die Welträthsel in 1895-1899... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... See Buffalo for other places with this name. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... March 8 is the 67th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (68th in Leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... Nickname: The Windy City, The Second City, Chi Town Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in Chicagoland and Illinois Coordinates: Country United States State Illinois County Cook Incorporated March 4, 1837 Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area    - City 606. ... The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ... This page refers to the year 1979. ...

[edit] Further reading

• Art Forms from the Ocean: The Radiolarian Atlas of 1862, by Ernst Haeckel, Prestel Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-7913-3327-5.
• Works by Ernst Haeckel at Project Gutenberg.
• Richardson, Michael K., "Haeckel, embryos, and evolution," Science Vol. 280, no. 5366 (May 15, 1998) p. 983, 985-986.

Project Gutenberg (often abbreviated as PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works. ...

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Ernst Haeckel

• Marine Biological Laboratory Library - An exhibition of material on Haeckel, including background on many Kunsformen der Natur plates
• University of California, Berkeley - Ernst Haeckel biography
• Ernst Haeckel – Evolution's controversial artist. A slide-show essay about Ernst Haeckel.
• Kunstformen der Natur, Wikimedia Commons: over 100 detailed animal drawings.
• Kunstformen der Natur, scanned (from biolib.de Stuebers Online Library)
• PNG alpha-transparencies of Haeckel's "Kustformen der natur"
• Proteus - An animated documentary film on the life and work of Ernst Haeckel
• Ernst Haeckel Haus and Ernst Haeckel Museum in Jena

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Jena is a town in central Germany on the River Saale. ...