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Ernst Moritz Arndt (December 26, 1769 - January 29, 1860), was a German patriotic author and poet. Early in his life, he fought for the abolition of serfdom, later against Napoleonic dominance over Germany, and had to flee to Sweden for some time due to his anti-French positions. He is one of the main founders of German nationalism and the movement for German unification. After the Carlsbad Decrees, the forces of the restauration counted him as a demagogue and he was only rehabilitated in 1840. Image File history File links Stop_hand. ... Encyclopædia Britannica, the 11th edition The 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... Motto: Dieu et mon droit (Royal motto; French for God and my right) 3 Anthem: God Save the Queen4 Capital London Most populous conurbation London Official language(s) English de facto 5 Government  â€¢ Queen  â€¢ Prime Minister Constitutional monarchy HM Queen Elizabeth II The Rt Hon Tony Blair MP Establishment January... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... December 26 is the 360th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, 361st in leap years. ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix Nationalism is an ideology that holds that (ethnically or culturally defined) nations are the fundamental units for human social life, and makes certain cultural and political claims based upon that belief; in particular, the claim that the nation is the only legitimate... The Carlsbad Decrees were a set of social restrictions introduced in Germany by Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich of Austria in July 1819. ...

Arndt played an important role for the early national and liberal Burschenschaft movement and for the unification movement, and his song "Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland?" acted as an inofficial anthem. German Burschenschaften are a special type of Studentenverbindungen (student fraternities); they were founded in the 19th century as associations of university students inspired by liberal and nationalistic ideas. ...

Long after his death, his anti-French war propaganda was used again by nationalists in both World Wars. This together with some strongly antisemitic statements has led to a rather ambivalent view of Arndt today.

Early life and studies

Arndt was born at Schoritz on the island of Rügen, which at that time belonged to Sweden, as the son of a prosperous farmer, and emancipated serf of the lord of the district, Count Putbus; his mother came of well-to-do German yeoman stock. In 1787 the family removed to the neighbourhood of Stralsund, where Arndt was enabled attend the academy. After an interval of private study he went in 1791 to the University of Greifswald as a student of theology and history, and in 1793 removed to Jena, where he fell under the influence of Fichte. Map of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania highlighting the district Rügen Rügen (Polish: Rugia) is an island located off the coast of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in the Baltic Sea. ... Costumes of Slaves or Serfs, from the Sixth to the Twelfth Centuries, collected by H. de Vielcastel, from original Documents in the great Libraries of Europe. ... Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald is located in Greifswald, Germany, between the Islands Rügen and Usedom, and is the second oldest university in Northern Europe. ... Theology is reasoned discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, word or reason). It can also refer to the study of other religious topics. ... Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (FSU) is located in Jena, Thuringia in Germany and was named for the German writer Friedrich Schiller. ... Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Gottlieb Fichte (May 19, 1762 - January 27, 1814) has significance in the history of Western philosophy as one of the progenitors of German idealism and as a follower of Kant. ...

On the completion of his university course he returned home, was for two years a private tutor in the family of Ludwig Koscgarten (1758-1818), pastor of Wittow, and having qualified for the ministry as a candidate of theology, assisted in the church services. At the age of twenty eight he renounced the ministry, and for eighteen months he led wandering life, visiting Austria, Hungary, Italy, France and Belgium. Returning homewards up the Rhine, he was moved by the sight of the ruined castles along its banks to intense bitterness against France. The impressions of this journey he later described in Reisen durch einen Teil Deutschlands, Ungarns, Italiens und Frankreichs in den Jahren 1798 und 1799 (1802-1804). Loreley At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ...

Opposition of serfdom and Napoleonic rule

In 1800 he settled in Greifswald as privat-docent in history, and the same year published Über die Freiheit der alten Republiken. In 1803 appeared Germanien und Europa, a fragmentary ebullition, he himself called it, of his views on the French aggression. This was followed by one of the most remarkable of his books, Geschichte der Leibeigenschaft in Pommern und Rügen (Berlin, 1803), a history of serfdom in Pomerania and on Rügen, which was so convincing an indictment that King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden in 1806 abolished the evil. 1800 (MDCCC) was an common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Historic Pomerania (outlined in yellow) on the background of modern country borders. ... Map of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania highlighting the district Rügen Rügen (Polish: Rugia) is an island located off the coast of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in the Baltic Sea. ... Gustav IV Adolf (November 1, 1778 – February 7, 1837), was King of Sweden from 1792 until his abdication in 1809. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Arndt had meanwhile risen from privat-docent to extraordinary professor, and in 1806 was appointed to the chair of history at the university. In this year he published the first part of his Geist der Zeit, which, he flung down the gauntlet to Napoleon and called on countrymen to rise and shake off the French yoke. So great is the excitement it produced that Arndt was compelled to take refuge in Sweden to escape the vengeance of Napoleon. For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...

Settling in Stockholm, he obtained government employment, and devoted himself to the great cause which was nearest his art, and in pamphlets, poems and songs communicated his enthusiasm to his countrymen. Schill's heroic death at Stralsund compelled him to return to Germany and, under the disguise of Aßmann, teacher of languages, be reached Berlin in December. Stockholm panorama from the City Hall is the capital of Sweden, located on the south east coast of Sweden. ... Ferdinand Baptista von Schill (1776 - 1809), was a Prussian soldier who revolted unsuccessfully against French domination in May of 1809. ... For other uses, see Berlin (disambiguation). ...

Ernst Moritz Arndt shown on a statue in front of the Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald main building

In 1810 he returned to Greifswald, but only for a few months. He again set out on his adventurous travels, lived in close contact, with the first men of his time, such as Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, August von Gneisenau and Heinrich Friedrich Karl Stein, and in 1812 was summoned by the last named to St Petersburg to assist in the organization of the final struggle against France. Meanwhile, pamphlet after pamphlet, and his stirring patriotic songs, such as "Was ist das deutsche Vaterland?" "Der Gott, der Eisen wachsen ließ," and "Was blasen Trompeten?" were on all lips. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2304x1728, 1914 KB) Beschreibung Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ernst Moritz Arndt Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald Metadata This file contains additional information, probably... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2304x1728, 1914 KB) Beschreibung Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ernst Moritz Arndt Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald Metadata This file contains additional information, probably... Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald is located in Greifswald, Germany, between the Islands Rügen and Usedom, and is the second oldest university in Northern Europe. ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (December 16, 1742 in Rostock (Mecklenburg) - September 12, 1819 in Krieblowitz (Silesia) (now Krobielowice in Poland)), Graf (Count), later elevated to Fürst von Wahlstatt, was a Prussian general who led his army against Napoleon I at the Battle of... August Wilhelm Antonius Graf Neidhardt von Gneisenau (en: August Wilhelm Anton, Count Neithardt von Gneisenau) (27 October 1760 – 24 August 1831) was a Prussian field marshal. ... Heinrich Friedrich Karl, baron von und zum Stein Heinrich Friedrich Karl, baron von und zum Stein (October 26, 1757 - June 29, 1831), German statesman, was born at the family estate near Nassau. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland...

When, after the peace, the University of Bonn was founded in 1818, Arndt was appointed to impart of his Geist der Zeit, in which he criticized the reactionary policy of the German powers. The boldness of his demands for reform offended the Prussian government, and in the summer in 1819 he was arrested and his papers confiscated. The main building, viewed from the Hofgarten. ... 1819 common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Although speedily liberated, he was in the following year, at the instance of the Central Commission of Investigation at Mainz, established in accordance with the Carlsbad Decrees, arraigned before a specially constituted tribunal. Although not found guilty, he was forbidden to exercise the functions of his professorship, but he was allowed to retain the stipend. The next twenty years he passed in retirement and literary activity. Mainz is a city in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. ... A stipend is a form of payment or salary, such as for an internship or apprenticeship. ...

In 1840 he was reinstated in his professorship, and in 1841 was chosen rector of the university. The revolutionary outbreak of 1848 rekindled in the venerable patriot his old hopes and energies, and he took seat as one of the deputies to the National Assembly at Frankfurt. He formed one of the deputation that offered the Imperial crown to Frederick William IV, and indignant at the king's refusal to accept it, he retired with the majority of von igerns adherents from public life. 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Photograph of Frederick King Frederick William IV of Prussia (October 15, 1795 - January 2, 1861), the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia, reigned as King of Prussia from 1840 to 1861. ...

He continued to lecture and to write with freshness and vigour, and on his 90th birthday received from all parts of Germany good wishes and tokens of affection. He died at Bonn. Arndt was twice married, first in 1800, his wife dying in the following year; a second time in 1817. His youngest son drowned in the Rhine in 1834.

Arndts untiring labour for his country rightly won for him the title of the most German of all Germans. His lyric poems are not, however, all confined to politics. Many among the Gedichte are religious pieces of great of amy. Among his other works are Reise durch Schweden (1797); Nebenstunden, Beschreibung und Geschichte der Shetländischen Inseln und Orkaden (1820); Die Frage über die Niederlande (1831); Erinnerungen aus dem äusseren Leben (an autobiography, and the most valuable source of information for Arndt's life, 1840); Rhein und Ahrwanderungen (1846), Wanderungen and Wandlungen auf dem Reichsfreiherrn von Stein (1858), and Pro populo germanico (1854), which was originally intended to form the fifth part of the "Geist der Zeit".

Biographies have been written by E. Langenberg (1869) and Wilhelm Baur (1882); see also H. Meisner and R. Geerds, E. M. Arndt, Ein Lebensbild in Briefen (1898), and R. Thiele, B. M. Arndt (1894). There are monuments to his memory at Schoritz, his birthplace, and in Bonn, where he is buried.

See also: Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald (old German university named after him) Greifswald (German Greif=griffin, Wald=forest) is a city in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. ... Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald is located in Greifswald, Germany, between the Islands Rügen and Usedom, and is the second oldest university in Northern Europe. ...

References

• O.C. Hiss, Kleine Geschichte der geheimen Presse, Vanitas Presse: Berlin, 1946

External links

• Works by Ernst Moritz Arndt at Project Gutenberg
• Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald

This entry incorporates public domain text originally from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. Project Gutenberg (often abbreviated as PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works. ... Supporters contend that the Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1910-1911) represents the sum of human knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century; indeed, it was advertised as such. ...