Endoscopic still of esophageal ulcers seen after banding of esophageal varices, at time of esophagogastroduodenosocopy

In medicine (gastroenterology), esophagogastroduodenoscopy is a diagnostic endoscopic procedure that visualises the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract up to the duodenum. It is considered a minimally invasive procedure since it does not require an incision into one of the major body cavities and does not require any significant recovery after the procedure (unless sedation or anesthesia has been used). A sore throat is also common [1] [2] [3]. Image File history File linksMetadata Post_banding. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Post_banding. ... In medicine (gastroenterology), esophageal varices are extreme dilations of sub mucosal veins in the mucosa of the esophagus in diseases featuring portal hypertension, secondary to cirrhosis primarily. ... medicines, see Medication. ... Gastroenterology or gastrology is the medical specialty concerned with digestive diseases. ... In general, a diagnosis (plural diagnoses) has two distinct dictionary definitions. ... Endoscopic images of a duodenal ulcer A flexible endoscope. ... Upper and Lower gastrointestinal tract The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), also called the digestive tract, or the alimentary canal, is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ... A minimally invasive medical procedure is defined as one that is carried out by entering the body through the skin or through a body cavity or anatomical opening, but with the smallest damage possible to these structures. ... Sedation is a medical procedure involving administration of sedative drugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure, such as endoscopy, vasectomy, or minor surgery with local anaesthesia. ... Anesthesia or anaesthesia (see spelling differences) has traditionally meant the condition of having the perception of pain and other sensations blocked. ... Pharyngitis (far-in-jī tis) is a painful inflammation of the pharynx, and is colloquially referred to as a sore throat. ...

Alternative names

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy may be abbreviated EGD, or OGD if one uses the British, Portugeese, Spanish, French, Italian, Latin, Greek, Croatian, Serbian, Albanian, Rumanian, Retoromaninan, German, Dutch, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Sami, Russian, Polish, Belarus, and mostly the rest of the non-american speaking world spelling 'oesophago-'. Commonly it is refered to as gastroscopy, upper GI endoscopy (UGIE), or simply endoscopy (Please use standard INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL LATIN in wikipedia and not amerified latin to avoid the Americocentric bias)

Indications

Diagnostic

• Unexplained anemia (usually along with a colonoscopy)
• Upper gastrointestinal bleeding as evidenced by hematemesis or melena
• Persistent dyspepsia in patients over the age of 40-45 years
• Heartburn and chronic acid reflux - this can lead to a precancerous lesion called Barrett's esophagus
• Persistent vomiting
• Dysphagia - difficulty in swallowing
• Odynophagia - painful swallowing
• Surveillance of Barrett's esophagus
• Surveillance of gastric ulcer or duodenal ulcer
• Occasionally after gastric surgery
• Abnormal barium swallow or barium meal

Anemia (AmE) or anæmia (BrE), from the Greek () meaning without blood, is a deficiency of red blood cells (RBCs) and/or hemoglobin. ... Colonoscopy is the minimally invasive endoscopic examination of the large colon and the distal part of the small bowel with a CCD camera or a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus. ... Endoscopic image of a posterior wall duodenal ulcer with a clean base, which is a common cause of upper GI hemorrhage. ... Hematemesis or haematemesis is the vomiting of fresh red blood. ... In medicine, melena or melaena refers to the black, tarry feces that are associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. ... Endoscopic image of Barretts esophagus, which is the area of red mucosa projecting like a tongue. ... Dysphagia () is a medical term defined as difficulty swallowing. ... Odynophagia refers to a medical term that describes a painful swallowing experience. ... Endoscopic image of Barretts esophagus, which is the area of red mucosa projecting like a tongue. ... A barium meal is a procedure in which barium barium sulfate is ingested by a patient and, in conjunction with X-rays, images depicting the the distal esophagus, stomach and duodenum can be obtained digestive system. ... Preprepared Barium Sulfate suspension for oral consumption A barium meal is a procedure in which barium sulfate is ingested by a patient and, in conjunction with X-rays, images depicting the digestive system: the distal esophagus, stomach and duodenum, are obtained. ...

Therapeutic

• Treatment (banding/sclerotherapy) of esophageal varices
• Injection of liquids through a needle (e.g. adrenalin in bleeding lesions)
• Cutting off of larger pieces of tissue with a snare device (e.g. polyps, endoscopic mucosal resection)
• Application of cautery to tissues
• Retrieval of foreign bodies that have been ingested
• Tamponade of bleeding esophageal varices with a balloon
• Application of photodynamic therapy for treatment of esophageal malignancies
• Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst
• Tightening the lower esophageal sphincter.

Epinephrine (INN) or adrenaline (BAN) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. ... Anatomy of a coral polyp. ... Cauterization is a medical term describing the burning of the body to remove or close a part of it. ... The word Foreign means originating elsewhere or in the physiological context outside the body. ... In medicine (gastroenterology), esophageal varices are extreme dilations of sub mucosal veins in the mucosa of the esophagus in diseases featuring portal hypertension, secondary to cirrhosis primarily. ... A Sengstaken-Blakemore tube in original packaging Balloon tamponade refers to the use of mercury weighted balloons instilled into typically the esophagus or stomach, and inflated to stop refractory bleeding from vascular structures -- including esophageal varices and gastric varices -- in the upper gastrointestinal tract. ... A pancreatic pseudocyst is a circumscribed collection of pancreatic fluid typically located in the lesser omentum. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Cardia. ...

Newer interventions

• Endoscopic trans-gastric laparoscopy
• Instillation of gastric balloons in bariatric surgery

Bariatrics is the specialty of medicine dealing with the surgical treatment of obesity. ...

Equipment

• Endoscope
  • Non-coaxial optic fibre system to carry light to the tip of the endoscope
  • A chip camera at the tip of the endoscope - this has now replaced the coaxial optic fibres of older scopes that were prone to damage and consequent loss of picture quality
  • Irrigation channel to clean the lens
  • Suction/Insufflation/Working channels - these may be in the form of one or more channels
  • Control handle - this houses the controls
• Stack
  • Light source
  • Insufflator
  • Suction
  • Electrosurgical unit
  • Video recorder/photo printer
• Instruments
  • Biopsy forceps
  • Snares
  • Injecting needles

Endoscopy means looking inside and refers to looking inside the human body for medical reasons. ... Fiber Optic strands An optical fiber in American English or fibre in British English is a transparent thin fiber for transmitting light. ... Electrosurgery is the application of a high-frequency electric current to human (or other animal) tissue as a means to remove lesions, staunch bleeding, or cut tissue. ...

Procedure

The patient is told not to eat for at least 4-6 hours before the procedure. Most patients tolerate the procedure with only topical anaesthesia of the oropharynx using lignocaine spray. However, some patients may need sedation and the very anxious/agitated patient may even need a general anaesthetic. Informed consent is obtained before the procedure. The main risks are bleeding and perforation. The risk is increased when a biopsy or other intervention is performed. Anesthesia (AE), also anaesthesia (BE), is the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. ... The pharynx is the part of the digestive system of many animals immediately behind the mouth and in front of the esophagus. ... Lidocaine (INN) or lignocaine (former BAN) is a popular local anesthetic often used in dentistry or topically. ... Informed consent is a legal condition whereby a person can be said to have given consent based upon an appreciation and understanding of the facts and implications of an action. ...

The patient lies on his/her left side with the head resting comfortably on a pillow. A mouth-guard is placed between the teeth, partly to protect the patient's teeth but more importantly to prevent the patient from biting on the very expensive endoscope. The endoscope is then passed over the tongue and into the orpharynx. This is the most uncomfortable stage for the patient. Quick and gentle manipulation under vision guides the endoscope into the esophagus. The endoscope is gradually advanced down the esophagus making note of any pathology. Excessive insufflation of the stomach is avoided at this stage. The endoscope is quickly passed through the stomach and through the pylorus to examine the first and second parts of the duodenum. Once this has been completed, the endoscope is withdrawn into the stomach and a more thorough examination is performed including a J-maneuver. This involves bending the tip of the scope so it resembles a 'J' shape in order to examine the fundus. Any additional procedures are performed at this stage. The air in the stomach is aspirated before removing the endoscope. Still photographs can be made during the procedure and later shown to the patient to help explain any findings. In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ... In anatomy, the stomach (in ancient Greek στόμαχος) is an organ in the alimentary canal used to digest food. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

In its most basic use, the endoscope is used to inspect the lining of the digestive tract. Often inspection alone is sufficient, but biopsy is a very valuable adjunct to endoscopy. Small biopsies can be made with a pincer (biopsy forceps) which is passed through the scope and allows sampling of 1 to 3 mm pieces of tissue under direct vision. The intestinal mucosa heals quickly from such biopsies. Brain biopsy A biopsy (in Greek: bios = life and opsy = look/appearance) is a medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues for examination. ... Plastic forceps are intended to be disposable Forceps are a handheld, hinged instrument used for grasping and holding objects. ...

Biopsy allows the pathologist to render an opinion on later histologic examination of the biopsy tissue with light microscopy and/or immunohistochemistry. Biopsied material can also be tested on urease to identify Helicobacter pylori. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Microscopy is any technique for producing visible images of structures or details too small to otherwise be seen by the human eye. ... Immunohistochemistry or IHC refers to the process of localizing proteins in cells of a tissue section exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues. ... Helicobacter Pylori Urease drawn from PDB 1E9Z. Urease (EC 3. ... Binomial name Helicobacter pylori ((Marshall 1985) Goodwin 1989) Helicobacter pylori is a helical shaped Gram-negative bacterium that colonises the mucus layer of gastric epithelium in the stomach, and also the duodenum when it has undergone gastric metaplasia. ...

Limitations

Problems of gastrointestinal function are usually not well diagnosed by endoscopy since motion or secretion of the gastrointestinal tract are not easily inspected by EGD. Nonetheless, findings such as excess fluid or poor motion of gut during endoscopy can be suggestive of disorders of function. Irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia is not diagnosed with EGD, but EGD may be helpful in excluding other diseases that mimic these common disorders. Dyspepsia is a constant pain in the stomach. ...