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Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007) | The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences), sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. In humans the oesophagus is continuous with the laryngeal part of the pharynx at the level of the C6 vertebra. It is usually 25-30 cm long which connects the mouth to the stomach. It is divided into cervical, thoracic, and abdominal parts. The trachea branches off the oesophagus to the lungs. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...
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The Celiac Ganglia (semilunar ganglia) are two large irregularly shaped masses having the appearance of lymph glands and placed one on either side of the middle line in front of the crura of the diaphragm close to the suprarenal glands, that on the right side being placed behind the inferior...
The vagus nerve is tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves and is the only nerve that starts in the brainstem (somewhere in the medulla oblongata) and extends all the way down past the head, right down to the abdomen. ...
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The foregut is the anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the intestine, or to the entrance of the bile duct. ...
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The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea. ...
In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ...
The larynx (plural larynges), colloquially known as the voicebox, is an organ in the neck of mammals involved in protection of the trachea and sound production. ...
The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea. ...
A diagram of a thoracic vertebra. ...
Look up trachea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Functioning
Food is passed through the oesophagus by using the process of peristalsis. Specifically, it connects the pharynx, which is the body cavity that is common to the digestive factory and respiratory system with the stomach, where the second stage of digestion is initiated. Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles to propel contents through the digestive tract. ...
The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea. ...
The oesophagus is lined with mucous membrane, and is more deeply lined with muscle that acts with peristaltic action to move swallowed food down to the stomach. The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular: mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, and are involved in absorption and secretion. ...
For other uses of Muscles, see Muscles (disambiguation). ...
The swallowing sound that we hear is the oesophagus functioning. For the Bush song, see Swallowed (song). ...
Histology The layers of the esophagus are as follows:[2] - mucosa
- submucosa: Contains the mucous secreting glands (esophageal glands), and connective structures termed papillae.
- muscularis externa (or "muscularis propria"): composition varies in different parts of the oesophagus, to correspond with the conscious control over swallowing in the upper portions and the autonomic control in the lower portions:
- adventitia
The mucous membranes (or mucosa) are linings of ectodermic origin, covered in epithelium, that line various body cavities and internal organs. ...
H&E stain of biopsy of normal esophagus showing the stratified squamous cell epithelium Section of the human esophagus. ...
For the band, see Saliva (band). ...
The word mucous is an adjective which means pertaining to mucus or having the qualities of mucus. ...
The lamina propria is a thin vascular layer of connective tissue beneath the epithelium of an organ. ...
Section of mucous membrane of human rectum. ...
Smooth muscle Layers of Esophageal Wall: 1. ...
In the gastrointestinal tract. ...
The esophageal glands are small compound racemose glands of the mucous type: they are lodged in the submucous tissue, and each opens upon the surface by a long excretory duct. ...
The muscular coat (or muscular layer, or muscular fibers, or muscularis externa) is a region of smooth muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the mucous membrane. ...
For the Bush song, see Swallowed (song). ...
Structure of a skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle, attached to the skeleton. ...
Smooth muscle Layers of Esophageal Wall: 1. ...
Structure of a skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle, attached to the skeleton. ...
This article needs to be wikified. ...
Gastroesophageal junction The junction between the esophagus and the stomach (the gastroesophageal junction or GE junction) is not actually considered a valve, although it is sometimes called the cardiac sphincter, cardia or cardias, but is actually more of a stricture. This article is about the cardia in the human body. ...
Esophageal diseases and conditions Many people experience a burning sensation in their chest occasionally, caused by stomach acids refluxing into the oesophagus, normally called heartburn. Extended exposure to heartburn may erode the lining of the oesophagus, leading potentially to Barrett's oesophagus which is associated an increased risk of adenocarcinoma most commonly found in the distal one-third of the oesophagus. SkÃrnir tries to woo Gerd for Freyr as related in SkÃrnismál. ...
Some people also experience a sensation known as globus oesophagus, where it feels as if a ball is lodged in the lower part of the oesophagus.
The following are additional diseases and conditions that affect the oesophagus:
Achalasia, also known as esophageal achalasia, achalasia cardiae, cardiospasm, dyssynergia esophagus, and esophageal aperistalsis, is an esophageal motility disorder. ...
For other uses, see Burn. ...
Esophageal atresia is a congenital medical condition (birth defect) which effects the alimentary tract. ...
A tracheoesophageal fistula is a connection (fistula) between the esophagus and the trachea. ...
Esophageal cancer is malignancy of the esophagus. ...
Esophageal webs are thin membranes located in the middle or upper esophagus. ...
Esophagitis (or Oesophagitis) is inflammation of the esophagus. ...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD or GORD using the British Å“sophageal) is defined as chronic symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux in the esophagus[1]. This is commonly due to transient or permanent changes in the barrier between the esophagus and the stomach. ...
A hiatus hernia or hiatal hernia is the protrusion (or herniation) of the upper part of the stomach into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm. ...
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome refers to bleeding from tears in the mucosa at the junction of the stomach and esophagus, usually caused by severe retching, coughing, or vomiting. ...
Dysphagia () is a medical term defined as difficulty swallowing. ...
Schatzkis Ring are mucosal rings in the distal esophagus. ...
In anatomy, Zenkers diverticulum is a diverticulum of the mucous membrane of the oesophagus through a defect in the wall of oesophagus. ...
Boerhaave syndrome (also called Boerhaaves syndrome) is rupture of the esophagus. ...
Additional images H&E stain of biopsy of normal oesophagus showing the stratified squamous cell epithelium Image File history File links Esophagus_path. ...
H&E stained lung tissue sample from an end-stage emphysema patient. ...
Brain biopsy A biopsy (in Greek: bios = life and opsy = look/appearance) is a medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues for examination. ...
Squamous cells are basically types of cells which can be identified histologically by the fact that they look flattened and thin under a microscope. ...
This article is about the epithelium as it relates to animal anatomy. ...
| Layers of the esophagus. Image File history File linksMetadata Illu_esophageal_layers. ...
| Mid-esophageal mass Image File history File links Mid_esophageal_mass. ...
| Stomach Image File history File links Illu_stomach2. ...
| Accessory digestive system. Image File history File links Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct. ...
| Organs of the digestive tract. Image File history File links Illu_dige_tract. ...
| Section of the neck at about the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. Image File history File links Gray384. ...
| Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery. Image File history File links Gray503. ...
| Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x861, 185 KB) Summary See image:Gray994-adenoid. ...
| The position and relation of the oesophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind. | Image File history File links Gray1032. ...
| Section of the human oesophagus. Moderately magnified. Image File history File links Gray1033. ...
| Microscopic shot of a cross section of human gastro-esophageal junction wall. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 2. ...
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References - ^ Physiology at MCG 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30
- ^ Histology at BU 10801loa
In 1828 the Medical Academy of Georgia was chartered by the state of Georgia with plans to offer a single course of lectures leading to a bachelors degree. ...
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External links Look up oesophagus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. | Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract | | Upper GI: to stomach | Mouth • Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx) • Esophagus • Crop | | Upper GI: stomach | rugae - gastric pits - cardia/gland - fundus/gland - pylorus/gland - pyloric antrum - pyloric canal - greater curvature - lesser curvature - angular incisure | | Lower GI: intestines | Small intestine: Duodenum (Suspensory muscle, Major duodenal papilla, Minor duodenal papilla) • Duodenojejunal flexure • Jejunum • Ileum • continuous (intestinal villus, crypts of Lieberkühn, circular folds) Junction: Vermiform appendix • Ileocecal valve Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ...
The University of Iowa, also commonly called Iowa or locally UI, is a major coeducational research university located on a 1,900-acre (8 km²) campus in Iowa City, Iowa, US, on the banks of the Iowa River in East Central Iowa. ...
List of bones of the human skeleton Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. ...
The human torso Torso is an anatomical term for the greater part of the human body without the head and limbs. ...
what was here was sick and improperly spelled. ...
Gut redirects here. ...
Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx. ...
The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea. ...
The nasopharynx (nasal part of the pharynx) lies behind the nose and above the level of the soft palate: it differs from the oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent (open). ...
The pharynx is the part of the digestive system of many animals immediately behind the mouth and in front of the esophagus. ...
In human anatomy, the hypopharynx is the bottom part of the pharynx, and is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. ...
A crop is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion that is found in many animals, including gastropods, earthworms[1], leeches[2], insects, birds and clowns. ...
In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ...
Stomach. ...
Gastric pits are indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the glands. ...
This article is about the cardia in the human body. ...
The cardiac glands of the stomach are few in number and occur close to the cardiac orifice where the esophagus joins the stomach. ...
The left portion of the body of the stomach is known as the fundus, and is marked off from the remainder of the body by a plane passing horizontally through the cardiac orifice. ...
The fundus glands (or fundic glands) are found in the body and fundus of the stomach; they are simple tubes, two or more of which open into a single duct. ...
From Greek pylorus; pyl- = gate, -orus = guard. ...
The pyloric glands are found in the pyloric portion of the stomach. ...
Pyloric antrum is initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach, which may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric sphincter; it is demarcated, sometimes, from the second part of the pyloric part of the...
The pyloric canal, also known as the canalis pyloricus, is the opening between the stomach and the small intestine [1]. Pylorus University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago Health Library Category: ...
The greater curvature of the stomach is directed mainly forward, and is four or five times as long as the lesser curvature. ...
The lesser curvature of the stomach, extending between the cardiac and pyloric orifices, forms the right or posterior border of the stomach. ...
In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ...
In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ...
The suspensory muscle of the duodenum is the proper name of what is commonly known as the ligament of Treitz, and it refers to tissue that connects the duodenum of the small intestines to the diaphragm. ...
The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct together perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum obliquely, some 7 to 10 cm. ...
The minor duodenal papilla is the opening of the accessory pancreatic duct into the duodenum. ...
The ascending portion of the duodenum ascends on the left side of the aorta, as far as the level of the upper border of the second lumbar vertebra, where it turns abruptly forward to become the jejunum, forming the duodenojejunal flexure. ...
Diagram of the Human Intestine In anatomy of the digestive system, the jejunum is the central of the three divisions of the small intestine and lies between the duodenum and the ileum. ...
Grays Fig. ...
Intestinal villi (singular: villus) are tiny, finger-like structures that protrude from the wall of the intestine and have additional extensions called microvilli (singular: microvillus) which protrude from epithelial cells lining villi. ...
The crypts of Lieberkühn are glands found in the epithelial lining of the small intestine. ...
The circular folds (valves of Kerkring) are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the bowel. ...
In human anatomy, the vermiform appendix (or appendix, pl. ...
This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: lack of content If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. ...
Large intestine: Cecum • Colon (ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon) • continuous (taenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendix) | | Lower GI: termination | Rectum: Houston valve • rectal ampulla • pectinate line Anal canal: anal valves • anal sinuses • anal columns • Hilton's white line The large intestine, an organ which is now more commonly referred to by its Greek name, the colon, is the last part of the digestive system: the final stage of the alimentary canal in vertebrate animals. ...
The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is a pouch connected to the ascending colon of the large intestine and the ileum. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Large intestine. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon or large intestine or large bowel is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ...
A colic flexure is a flexure (a bend) in the colon. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ...
Grays Fig. ...
The Descending Colon passes downward through the left hypochondriac and lumbar regions along the lateral border of the left kidney. ...
The sigmoid colon is the part of the large intestine after the descending colon and before the rectum. ...
The Taenia Coli are three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons. ...
The haustra of the colon are the small pouches caused by sacculation, which give the colon its segmented appearance. ...
The epiploic appendices (or epiploic appendages) are small pouches of the peritoneum filled with fat and situated along the colon and upper part of the rectum. ...
The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ...
Although the term rectum means straight, the human rectum is not. ...
The rectum is about 12 cm. ...
The pectinate line (anocutaneous line, dentate line, anal verge, anorectal junction) is a line which marks the end of the rectum and the beginning of the anal canal. ...
The anal canal is the terminal part of the large intestine. ...
The rectal sinuses, end in small valve-like folds, termed anal valves, which join together the lower ends of the rectal columns. ...
The rectal columns are separated from one another by furrows, or rectal sinuses, which end below in small valve-like folds, termed anal valves. ...
The lumen of the anal canal presents, in its upper half, a number of vertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue. ...
Anus: Sphincter ani internus muscle • Sphincter ani externus muscle | | Lower GI: lymph | GALT: Peyer's patches (M cells) | This article is about the bodily orifice. ...
The Sphincter ani internus muscle is a muscle of the human body. ...
The Sphincter ani externus muscle is a muscle of the human body. ...
Overview About 70% of the bodys immune system is found in the digestive tract. ...
Peyers patches are secondary lymphoid organs, named after the 17th-century Swiss anatomist Johann Conrad Peyer. ...
M cells (or Microfold cells) are cells found in the follicle-associated epithelium of the Peyers patch that have the unique ability to sample antigen from the lumen of the small intestine and deliver it via transcytosis to antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes located in a unique pocket-like...
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