Essays and Reviews, published in 1860, is a collection of seven essays on religion, covering topics including the Biblical researches of the German critics, the evidences of Christianity, religious thought in England, and the cosmology of Genesis. 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Essay, a short work that treats of a topic from an authors personal point of view, often taking into account subjective experiences and personal reflections upon them. ... Christianity is an Abrahamic religion based on the life, teachings, death by crucifixion, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth as described in the New Testament. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Religion... This article is about Genesis, the first book of the Hebrew Bible. ...

Today the essay topics and conclusions may seem innocuous enough. At the time, they were considered heretical and the essayists were called "The Seven Against Christ." The book was important solely because of its date and its authors. Appearing the year after Darwin's Origin of Species, it summed up a three-quarter-century-long challenge to Biblical history by the Higher Critics and to Biblical prehistory by scientists working in the new fields of geology and biology. Referring to "Mr Darwin's masterly volume" and restating his argument that God is a lawgiver, miracles break the lawful edicts issued at Creation, therefore belief in miracles is atheistic, Harry Baden-Powell wrote that the Origin of Species "must soon bring about an entire revolution in opinion in favour of the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature." Heresy, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a theological or religious opinion or doctrine maintained in opposition, or held to be contrary, to the ‘catholic’ or orthodox doctrine of the Christian Church, or, by extension, to that of any church, creed, or religious system, considered as orthodox. ... Charles Darwin, about the same time as the publication of The Origin of Species. ... The 1859 edition of On the Origin of Species First published in 1859, The Origin of Species (full title On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life) by British naturalist Charles Darwin is one of the pivotal... Rev Harry Baden-Powell, FRS, (August 22, 1796 - June 11, 1860) was an English mathematician: He held the Savilian Chair of Geometry at the University of Oxford from 1827 to 1860. ...

Interestingly, considering that the book is rarely mentioned outside academic theological circles today, Essays sold 22,000 copies in two years, more than the Origin sold in twenty years, and sparked five years of increasingly polarised debate with books and pamphlets furiously contesting the issues.

Later in 1860 Bishop Samuel Wilberforce attacked Essays and Reviews both in the Quarterly, and in a letter to The Times signed by the Archbishop of Canterbury and 25 bishops which threatened the theologians with the ecclesiastical courts. Darwin quoted a proverb: "A bench of bishops is the devil's flower garden", and joined others including the eminent geologist Charles Lyell in signing a counter-letter supporting Essays and Reviews for trying to "establish religious teachings on a firmer and broader foundation". 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... A photo of Samuel Wilberforce by Lewis Carroll Samuel Wilberforce (September 7, 1805 - July 19, 1873), English bishop, third son of William Wilberforce, was born at Clapham Common, London. ... The Times is a national quality daily newspaper in the United Kingdom. ... The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior bishop of the Church of England and of the worldwide Anglican Communion, outranking the other English archbishop, the Archbishop of York. ... A bishop is an ordained member of the Christian clergy who holds a specific position of authority in any of a number of Christian churches. ... Charles Lyell Sir Charles Lyell ( November 14, 1797 – February 22, 1875), British geologist, and popularizer of uniformitarianism. ...

Despite this alignment of pro-evolution scientists and Unitarians with liberal churchmen, two of the authors were indicted for heresy and lost their jobs by 1862. They appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and in 1864 it overturned the judgement, "dismissing hell with costs", to the fury of Wilberforce. 137,000 laity signed a letter of thanks to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York for voting against the Committee, and a declaration in favour of biblical inspiration and eternal torments was drawn up at Oxford and circulated to the 24,800 clergy. Wilberforce went to the Convocation of Canterbury and in June obtained "synodical condemnation" of Essays and Reviews. 1862 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... 1864 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the city of Oxford in England. ... St Peters St, Canterbury, from the West Gate, 1993 Canterbury is a cathedral city in the county of Kent in southeast England. ...

Authors

The authors of Essays and Reviews were seven liberal Anglican churchmen: The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ...

• Frederick Temple (who later became Archbishop of Canterbury)
• Rowland Williams (tutor at Cambridge and later Professor and Vice-Principal of St David's University College, Lampeter
• Harry Baden-Powell (clergyman and Professor of Geometry at Oxford
• Henry Bristow Wilson (fellow of St John's College, Oxford)
• Charles Wycliffe Goodwin
• Mark Pattison (tutor at Lincoln College, Oxford)
• Benjamin Jowett (Master of Balliol College and Regius professor of Greek, Oxford University)