NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Estradiol

Estradiol (17β-estradiol) (also oestradiol) is a sex hormone. Labelled the "female" hormone but also present in males, it represents the major estrogen in humans. Estradiol has not only a critical impact on reproductive and sexual functioning, but also affects other organs including bone structure. In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body 1. ... Sex hormones are hormones that affect the reproductive system. ... Estriol. ...

Synthesis

Estradiol, like other steroids, is derived from cholesterol. After side chain cleavage and utilizing the delta-5 pathway or the delta-4 pathway androstenedione is the key intermediary. Androstenedione is either converted to testosterone which in turn undergoes aromatization to estradiol, or, alternatively, androstenedione is aromatized to estrone which is converted to estradiol. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Steroid skeleton of lanosterol. ... Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. ... The term Side chain can have different meanings depending on the context: In chemistry and biochemistry a side chain is a part of a molecule attached to a core structure. ... Androstenedione (also known as 4-androstenedione) is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol. ... Androstenedione (also known as 4-androstenedione) is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol. ... Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ... Aromatase belongs to the group of cytochrome P450 enzymes (EC 1. ... Androstenedione (also known as 4-androstenedione) is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol. ... Estrone (also oestrone) is an estrogenic hormone secreted by the ovary. ...

Production

During the reproductive years, most estradiol in women is produced by the granulosa cells of the ovaries by the aromatization of androstenedione (produced in the theca folliculi cells) to estrone, followed by conversion of estrone to estradiol by 17β-hydroxysteroid reductase. Smaller amounts of estradiol are also produced by the adrenal cortex, and (in men), by the testes. A granulosa cell is a supporting cell for the developing female gamete in the ovary of mammals. ... For ovary as part of plants see ovary (plants) Ovaries are egg-producing reproductive organs found in female organisms. ... The theca folliculi comprise a layer of the ovarian follicles. ... Estrone (also oestrone) is an estrogenic hormone secreted by the ovary. ... Layers of cortex. ... Human male anatomy The testicles, known medically as testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands in animals. ...

Estradiol is not only produced in the gonads: in both sexes, precursor hormones, specifically testosterone, are converted by aromatization to estradiol. In particular, fat cells are active to convert precursors to estradiol, and will continue to do so even after menopause. Estradiol is thus also produced in the brain and in arterial walls. Aromaticity is a chemical property in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. ... It has been suggested that Subcutaneous fat be merged into this article or section. ... Section of an artery For other uses, see Artery (disambiguation). ...

Mechanism of action

Estradiol enters cells freely and interacts with a cytoplasmic target cell receptor. When the estrogen receptor has bound its ligand it can enter the nucleus of the target cell, and regulate gene transcription which leads to formation of messenger RNA. The mRNA interacts with ribosomes to produce specific proteins that express the effect of estradiol upon the target cell. In biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm that binds to a specific factor (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. ... The estrogen receptor is a receptor for estradiol (the main endogenous estrogen); it is located intracellularly, in parallel with other steroid hormone receptors. ... In chemistry, a ligand is an atom, ion, or molecule (see also: functional group) that generally donates one or more of its electrons through a coordinate covalent bond to, or shares its electrons through a covalent bond with, one or more central atoms or ions (these ligands act as a... The eukaryotic cell nucleus. ... In genetics, transcription is the first of the two-step protein biosynthesis process. ... The life cycle of an mRNA in a eukaryotic cell. ... Figure 1: Ribosome structure indicating small subunit (A) and large subunit (B). ...

Estradiol binds well to both estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, in contrast to certain other estrogens, notably medications that preferentially act on one of these receptors. These medications are called selective estrogen receptor modulators, or SERMs. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) is a class of medication that acts on the estrogen receptor. ...

Metabolism

In plasma, estradiol is largely bound to sex hormone binding globulin, also to albumin, -only a fraction is free and biologically active. Deactivation includes conversion to less active estrogens such as estrone and estriol. Estriol is the major urinary metabolite. Estradiol is conjugated in the liver by sulfate and glucuronide formation and as such excreted via the kidneys. Some of the watersoluble conjugates are excreted via the bile duct, and partly reabsorbed after hydrolysis from the intestinal tract. This enterohepatic circulation contributes to maintaining estradiol levels. Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein that binds to sex hormones, specifically testosterone and estradiol. ... Estrone (also oestrone) is an estrogenic hormone secreted by the ovary. ... Chemical structure of estriol Estriol (also oestriol) is one of the three main estrogens produced by the human body. ... Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound reacts with water. ... Enterohepatic circulation, is the excretion of a drug (or a metabolite of it) through the bile to be re-absorbed in the gut and sent again to the liver along the portal vein, so the excretion-reabsortion cycle can start again. ...

Measurement

Serum estradiol measurement in women reflect primarily the activity of the ovaries. As such they are useful the detect baseline estrogen in women with amenorrhea or menstrual dysfunction and to detect state of hypoestrogenicity and menopause. Furthermore estrogen monitoring during fertility therapy assesses follicular growth and useful to monitor the treatment. Estrogen-producing tumors will demonstrate persistent high levels of estradiol and other estrogens. In precocious puberty estradiol levels are inappropriately increased. Amenorrhoea (BE) or amenorrhea (AmE) is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age. ... Menopause is the physiological cessation of menstrual cycles associated with advancing age in women. ... Precocious puberty means early puberty. ...

In the normal menstrual cycle estradiol levels measure typically <50 ng/ml at menstruation, rise with follicular development, drop briefly at ovulation, and rise again during the luteal phase for a second peak. At the end of the luteal phase estradiol levels drop to their menstrual levels unless there is a pregnancy. Image File history File links Estradiol. ... Image File history File links Estradiol. ... Menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiological changes in the females of some animal species that is associated with reproductive fertility. ...

During pregnancy estrogen levels including estradiol rise steadily towards term. The source of these estrogens is the placenta that aromatizes prehormones produced in the fetal adrenal gland. A pregnant woman near the end of her term Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more embryos or fetuses by female mammals, including humans, inside their bodies. ... The placenta is an ephemeral (temporary) organ present in female placental vertebrates during gestation (pregnancy), but a placenta has evolved independently also in other animals as well, for instance scorpions and velvet worms. ...

Effects

Female reproduction

In the female, estradiol acts as a growth hormone for tissue of the reproductive organs, supporting the lining of the vagina, the cervical glands, the endometrium and the lining of the fallopian tubes. It enhances growth of the myometrium. Estradiol appears necessary to maintain oocytes in the ovary. During the menstrual cycle, estradiol that is produced by the growing follicle triggers via a positive feedback system the hypothalamic-pituitary events that lead to the luteinizing hormone surge, inducing ovulation. In the luteal phase estradiol , in conjunction with progesterone, prepares the endometrium for implantation. During pregnancy estradiol increases due to placental production. In baboons, blocking of estrogen production leads to pregnancy loss suggesting that estradiol has a role in the maintenance of pregnancy. Research is investigating the role of estrogens in the process of initiation of labor. The vagina, (from Latin, literally sheath or scabbard ) is the tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles. ... The endometrium is the inner membrane of the mammalian uterus. ... The myometrium is the middle layer of the uterine wall consisting of smooth muscle cells and supporting stromal and vascular tissue. ... An oocyte or ovocyte is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction. ... For ovary as part of plants see ovary (plants) Ovaries are egg-producing reproductive organs found in female organisms. ... Menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiological changes in the females of some animal species that is associated with reproductive fertility. ... Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ... Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. ... Implantation occurs when a fertilized zygote attaches itself onto the lining of the uterus. ... A pregnant woman near the end of her term Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more embryos or fetuses by female mammals, including humans, inside their bodies. ... The placenta is an ephemeral (temporary) organ present in female placental vertebrates during gestation (pregnancy), but a placenta has evolved independently also in other animals as well, for instance scorpions and velvet worms. ...

Sexual development

The development of secondary sex characteristics in women is driven by estrogens, specifically estradiol. These changes are initiated at the time of puberty, most enhanced during the reproductive years, and become less pronounced with declining estradiol support after the menopause. Thus, estradiol enhances breast development, and is responsible for changes in the body shape affecting bones, joints, fat deposition. Fat structure and skin composition are modified by estradiol. Secondary sex characteristics are traits that distinguish the two sexes of a species, but that are not directly part of the reproductive system. ...

Male reproduction

The effect of estradiol (and estrogens) upon male reproduction is complex. Estradiol is produced in the Sertoli cell of the testes. There is evidence that estradiol is to prevent apoptosis of male germ cells.^[1] A cell undergoing apoptosis. ...

Several studies have noted that sperm counts have been declining in many parts of the world and it has been postulated that this may be related to estrogen exposure in the environment. ^[2] Suppression of estradiol production in a subpopulation of subfertile men may improve the semen analysis.^[3]

Males with sex chromosome genetic conditions such as Klinefelters Syndrome will have a higher level of estradiol. XXY karyotype Klinefelters syndrome is a condition caused by a chromosome abnormality in males (specifically, a nondisjunction); sufferers have a pair of X sex chromosomes instead of just one. ...

Bone

There is ample evidence that estradiol has a profound effect on bone. Individuals without estradiol (or other estrogens) will become tall and eunuchoid as epiphysieal closure is delayed or may not take place. Bone structure is affected resulting in early osteopenia and osteoporosis. ^[4] Also, women past menopause experience an accelerated loss of bone mass due to a relative estrogen deficiency.

Liver

Estradiol has complex affects on the liver. It can lead to cholestasis. It affects the production of multiple proteins including lipoproteins, binding proteins, and proteins responsible for blood clotting. In medicine, cholestasis is a condition where bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum. ... A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids. ... Coagulation is the thickening or congealing of any liquid into solid clots. ...

Brain

Estrogens can be produced in the brain from steroid precursors. As an antioxidant, they have been found to have neuroprotective function.^[5] Space-filling model of the antioxidant metabolite glutathione. ...

The positive and negative feedback loop of the menstrual cycle involve ovarian estradiol as the link to the hypothalamic-pituitary system to regulate gonadotropins. In cybernetics and control theory, feedback is a process whereby some proportion or in general, function, of the output signal of a system is passed (fed back) to the input. ... Menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiological changes in the females of some animal species that is associated with reproductive fertility. ... Gonadotropins are protein hormones secreted by gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of vertebrates. ...

Blood vessels

Estrogen affects certain blood vessels. Improvement in arterial blood flow has been demonstrated in coronary arteries.^[6] The coronary circulation consists of the blood vessels that supply blood to, and remove blood from, the heart. ...

Oncogene

Estrogen is considered an oncogene as its supports certain cancers, notably breast cancer and cancer of the uterine lining. In addition there are several benign gynecologic conditions that are dependent on estrogen such as endometriosis, leiomyomata uteri, and uterine bleeding. An oncogene is a modified gene that increases the malignancy of a tumor cell. ... Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. ... The endometrium is the uterine membrane in mammals which is thickened in preparation for fertilization, and into which a fertilized egg is implanted upon its arrival into the uterus. ... A leiomyoma (plural is leiomyomata) is a benign smooth muscle neoplasm that is not premalignant. ...

Pregnancy

The effect of estradiol, together with estrone and estriol, in pregnancy is less clear. They may promote uterine blood flow, myometrial growth, sitmulate breast growth and at term, promote cervical softening and expression of myometrial oxytocin receptors. A pregnant woman near the end of her term Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more embryos or fetuses by female mammals, including humans, inside their bodies. ...

Role in sex differentiation of the brain

One of the fascinating twists to mammalian sex differentiation is that estradiol is one of the two active metabolites of testosterone in males (the other being dihydrotestosterone), and since fetuses of both sexes are exposed to similarly high levels of maternal estradiol, this source cannot have a significant impact on prenatal sex differentiation. Estradiol cannot be transferred readily from the circulation into the brain, while testosterone can, thus sex differentiation can be caused by the testosterone in the brain of most male mammals, including humans, aromatizing in significant amounts into estradiol. There is also now evidence that the programming of adult male sexual behavior in animals is largely dependent on estradiol produced in the central nervous system during prenatal life and early infancy from testosterone. ^[7] However, we do not know yet whether this process plays a minimal or significant part in human sexual behaviors although evidence from other mammals tends to indicate that it does. ^[8] Sexual differentiation is the process of development of the differences between males and females from an undifferentiated zygote (fertilized egg). ... For other uses, see DHT (disambiguation). ...

Recently, it was discovered that volumes of sexually dimorphic brain structures in phenotypical males changed to approximate those of typical female brain structures when exposed to estradiol over a period of months. ^[9] This would suggest that estradiol has a significant part to play in sex differentiation of the brain, both pre-natal and throughout life. Female (left) and male Common Pheasant, illustrating the dramatic difference in both color and size between the sexes Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. ...

Estradiol medication

Estrogen is marketed in a number of ways to address issues of hypoestrogenism. Thus there are oral, transdermal, topical, injectable, and vaginal preparations. Furthermore, the estradiol molecule may be linked to an alkyl group at C3 position to facilitate the administration. Such modifications give rise to estradiol acetate (oral and vaginal applications) and to estradiol cyprionate (injectable). Hypoestrogenism refers to a lower than normal level of estrogen. ... An alkyl is a univalent radical containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in a chain. ...

Oral preparations are not necessarily predictably absorbed and subject to a first pass through the liver where they can be metabolized and also initiate unwanted side effects. Thus, alternative routes of administration have been developed that bypass the liver before primary target organs are hit. Transdermal and transvaginal routes are not subject to the initial liver passage.

A more profound alteration is ethinylestradiol, the most common estrogen ingredient in combined oral contraceptive pills Ethinylestradiol, also ethinyl estradiol (EE), is a synthetic derivative of estradiol. ... The combined oral contraceptive pill, often referred to as the Pill, is a combination of an estrogen (oestrogen) and a progestin (progestogen), taken by mouth to inhibit normal fertility. ...

Therapy

Hormone replacement therapy

If severe side effects of low levels of estradiol in a woman's blood are experienced (commonly at the beginning of menopause or after oophorectomy), hormone replacement therapy may be prescribed. Often such therapy is combined with a progestin. Menopause is the physiological cessation of menstrual cycles associated with advancing age in women. ... Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of the ovaries of a female animal. ... Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a system of medical treatment for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, based on the assumption that it may prevent discomfort and health problems caused by diminished circulating estrogen hormones. ... A progestin is a synthetic progestagen. ...

Estrogen therapy may be used in treatment of infertility in women when there is a need to develop sperm-friendly cervical mucus or an appropriate uterine lining. Infertility is the inability to naturally conceive a child or to carry a pregnancy to full term. ... Schematic frontal view of female anatomy The cervix (from Latin neck) is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. ...

Estrogen therapy is also used to maintain female hormone levels in male-to-female transsexuals. Transwomen or trans-women are transsexual or transgender people who were assigned male at birth but believe that this is not an accurate or complete description of themselves and therefore usually identify and live as women. ...

Blocking estrogens

Inducing a state of hypoestrogenism may be beneficial in certain situations where estrogens are contributing to unwanted effects, e.g, certain forms of breast cancer, gynecomastia, and premature closure of epiphyses. Estrogen levels can be reduced by inhibiting production using gonadotropin- releasing factor agonists (GnRH agonists) or blocking the aromatase enzyme using an aromatase inhibitor, or estrogen effects can be reduced with estrogen antagonists such as tamoxifen. Flaxseed is known to reduce estradiol.^[10] Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. ... Gynecomastia (pronounced GUY-nuh-ko-MASS-tee-uh; IPA pronunciation: ) is the development of abnormally large mammary glands in males resulting in breast enlargement, which can sometimes cause secretion of milk. ... Bone age is a way of describing the degree of maturation of a childs bones. ... A GnRH agonist is a synthetic peptide that acts like the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) but has a much longer biological half life. ... Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are a class of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer in post- menopausal women. ... Tamoxifen is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator which is used in breast cancer treatment, and is currently the worlds largest selling breast cancer treatment. ...

Hormonal contraception

A synthetic form of estradiol, called ethinylestradiol is a major component of hormonal contraceptive devices. Combined forms of hormonal contraception contain ethinylestradiol and a progestin, which both contribute to the inhibition of GnRH, LH, and FSH. The inhibition of these hormones accounts for the ability of these birth control methods to prevent ovulation and thus prevent pregnancy. Other types of hormonal birth control contain only progestins and no ethinylestradiol. Ethinylestradiol, also ethinyl estradiol (EE), is a synthetic derivative of estradiol. ... Hormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the hormonal system. ... Ethinylestradiol, also ethinyl estradiol (EE), is a synthetic derivative of estradiol. ... A progestin is a synthetic progestagen. ... Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. ... Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone released by gonadotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ... Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone produced by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. ... Hormone is also the NATO reporting name for the Soviet/Russian Kamov Ka-25 military helicopter. ... Birth control is a regimen of one or more actions, devices, or medications followed in order to deliberately prevent or reduce the likelihood of a woman becoming pregnant or giving birth. ... Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are hormones similar in effect to progesterone, the only natural progestagen. ... Ethinylestradiol, also ethinyl estradiol (EE), is a synthetic derivative of estradiol. ...

List of estradiol medications

Estradiol is also part of conjugated estrogen preparations, including Premarin®. Premarin is a mixture of estrogens isolated from mares urine (PREgnant MARes urINe) made by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. ...

Contraindications

Estradiol should not be given to women who are pregnant or are breastfeeding, women with unexplained uterine bleeding, certain forms of cancer, or prone to blood clotting disorders. The medication is to be kept away from children. Detailed prescription information is available ^[11]

Side effects

Side effects of estradiol therapy may include uterine bleeding, breast tenderness, nausea and vomiting, chloasma, cholestasis, and migraine headaches. Melasma on adult females cheek. ...

References

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (67th in leap years). ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (67th in leap years). ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ...

See also

The estrogen insensitivity syndrome (EIS) is a form of congenital estrogen deficiency and refers to a condition in which the estrogen receptor (ER) is defective. ... Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a system of medical treatment for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, based on the assumption that it may prevent discomfort and health problems caused by diminished circulating estrogen hormones. ... Gender often refers to the distinctions between males and females in common usage. ... Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. ... Oral contraceptives come in a variety of formulations. ...

Additional images

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Endocrine system: hormones and endocrine glands

Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones Major endocrine glands. ... Norepinephrine A hormone (from Greek ÏŒÏÎ¼Î® - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... An endocrine gland is one of a set of internal organs involved in the secretion of hormones into the blood. ... Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. ... Steroid hormones are steroids which act as hormones. ...

Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin, lipotropin - Anterior pituitary: α (FSH, LH, TSH), GH, prolactin, POMC (ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin) - Pineal gland: melatonin The hypothalamus (from Greek á½‘Ï€Î¿Î¸Î±Î»Î±Î¼Î¿Ï‚ = under the thalamus) is a region of the mammalian brain located below the thalamus, forming the major portion of the ventral region of the diencephalon and functioning to regulate certain metabolic processes and other autonomic activities. ... Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), also called thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) or protirelin, is a tripeptide hormone that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin by the anterior pituitary. ... Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), also called corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or corticoliberin, is a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. ... Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GNRH1 also called LHRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. ... Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), also known as growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF or GHRF), is a 44-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. ... Somatostatin is a hormone. ... Dopamine is a chemical naturally produced in the body. ... The posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ... Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as argipressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a human hormone that is released when the body is low on water; it causes the kidneys to conserve water, but not salt, by concentrating the urine and reducing urine volume. ... Oxytocin should not be confused with oxycodone hydrochloride whose trade name is OxyContin. ... Lipotropin is a pituitary hormone It comes in two forms: gamma lipotropin (Î³-LPH) beta lipotropin (Î²-LPH) It is derived from proopiomelanocortin. ... The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis) comprises the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ... The Alpha subunit of glycoprotein hormones is a peptide formed by gene found on chromosome 6. ... Follicle stimulating hormone Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone synthesised and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. ... Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ... Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as TSH or thyrotropin) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland. ... Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin) is a 191-amino acid, single chain polypeptide hormone which is synthesised, stored and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland, which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals. ... Prolactin is a peptide hormone synthesised and secreted by lactotrope cells in the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland). ... Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor polypeptide with 241 amino acid residues. ... Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) is a polypeptide hormone synthesised (from POMC, pre-opiomelanocortin) and secreted from corticotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to the hormone corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released by the hypothalamus. ... Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is a peptide hormone produced by cells in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. ... // Runners high redirects here. ... Lipotropin is a pituitary hormone It comes in two forms: gamma lipotropin (Î³-LPH) beta lipotropin (Î²-LPH) It is derived from proopiomelanocortin. ... The pineal gland (also called the pineal body or epiphysis) is a small endocrine gland in the brain. ... Melatonin, 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, is a hormone found in all living creatures from algae[1] to humans, at levels that vary in a diurnal cycle. ...

Thyroid: thyroid hormone (T₃ and T₄) - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH - Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA - Pancreas: glucagon- insulin, somatostatin The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. ... The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. ... The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. ... Calcitonin is a 32 amino acid polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the C cells of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body. ... Categories: Anatomy stubs | Endocrine system ... Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids. ... In mammals, the adrenal gland (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad, near or at + renes, kidneys). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol... Adrenaline redirects here. ... Norepinephrine (INN) or noradrenaline (BAN) is a catecholamine and a phenethylamine with chemical formula C8H11NO3. ... In mammals, the adrenal gland (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad, near or at + renes, kidneys). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol... Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol by the enzyme aldosterone synthase. ... Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that is involved in the response to stress; it increases blood pressure, blood sugar levels, may cause infertility in women, and suppresses the immune system. ... Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands, the gonads, adipose tissue and the brain. ... The pancreas is an organ in the digestive and endocrine system (of vertebrates[2]). It is both exocrine (secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin). ... Glucagon ball and stick model A microscopic image stained for glucagon. ... Insulin (from Latin insula, island, as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. ... Somatostatin is a hormone. ...

Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Liver: IGF-1 - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin It has been suggested that Renal anomalies and Renal plasma threshold be merged into this article or section. ... Renin, also known as angiotensinogenase, is a circulating enzyme (EC 3. ... Erythropoietin (IPA pronunciation: , alternative pronunciations: ) or EPO is a glycoprotein hormone that is a cytokine for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. ... Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. ... Chemical structure of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). ... In anatomy, the atrium (plural: atria) is the blood collection chamber of a heart. ... Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) or atriopeptin, is a polypeptide hormone involved in the homeostatic control of body water and sodium. ... With the exception of the animal varients box, this article deals with the human stomach. ... In humans, gastrin is a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the stomach. ... Ghrelin is a hormone that is produced by cells lining the stomach and stimulates the appetite. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ... Cholecystokinin (from Greek chole, bile; cysto, sac; kinin, move; hence, move the bile-sac (gall bladder)) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. ... Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is a member of the secretin family of hormones. ... Secretin is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum. ... Motilin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the small intestine that increases gastrointestinal motility and stimulates the production of pepsin. ... VIP is a peptide hormone containing 28 amino acid residues. ... Grays Fig. ... An editor has expressed a concern that the topic of this article may be unencyclopedic. ... The liver is an organ in some animals, including vertebrates (and therefore humans). ... Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a polypeptide protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin. ... It has been suggested that Subcutaneous fat be merged into this article or section. ... Leptin (from the Greek word leptos, meaning thin) is a 16 kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including the regulation of appetite and metabolism. ... Adiponectin (also referred to as Acrp30, apM1) is a protein hormone that modulates a number of metabolic processes, including glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism. ...

Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin (pregnancy) - Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone Human male anatomy The testicles, known medically as testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands in animals. ... Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ... Anti-MÃ¼llerian hormone (AMH) is a dimeric glycoprotein that inhibits the development of the MÃ¼llerian ducts in a male embryo. ... Inhibin is a peptide that is an inhibitor of FSH synthesis and secretion and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. ... For ovary as part of plants see ovary (plants) Ovaries are egg-producing reproductive organs found in female organisms. ... Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. ... Inhibin is a peptide that is an inhibitor of FSH synthesis and secretion and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. ... Activin is a peptide that enhances FSH synthesis and secretion and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... The placenta is an ephemeral (temporary) organ present in female placental vertebrates during gestation (pregnancy), but a placenta has evolved independently also in other animals as well, for instance scorpions and velvet worms. ... Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a peptide hormone produced in pregnancy, that is made by the embryo soon after conception and later by the syncytiotrophoblast (part of the placenta). ... Human placental lactogen (HPL), also called human chorionic somatomammotropin, is a polypeptide placental hormone. ... Estriol. ... Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. ...

Target-derived NGF, BDNF, NT-3 Nerve growth factor (NGF), is a small secreted protein which induces the differentiation and survival of particular target neurons (nerve cells). ... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is exactly as it states; a neurotrophic factor usually derived in the brain. ... Neurotrophin-3, or NT-3 is a neurotrophic factor, in the NGF (Nerve Growth Factor)-family of neurotrophins. ...

Category: Estrogens Sex steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones which interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are hormones similar in effect to progesterone, the only natural progestagen. ... The progesterone receptor is an intracellular steroid receptor that specifically binds progesterone. ... Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. ... Desogestrel is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... A progestin is a synthetic progestagen. ... Dydrogesterone is a progestogen hormone. ... Ethisterone is a progestogen hormone. ... Etonogestrel is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... A progestin is a synthetic progestagen. ... Gestodene is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... Gestonorone is a progestagen hormone. ... Levonorgestrel (or l-norgestrel or D-norgestrel) is the hormonally active levorotatory enantiomer of the racemic mixture norgestrel used in some hormonal contraceptives. ... Lynestrenol is a progestagen hormone. ... Medroxyprogesterone is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... Megestrol is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... Norelgestromin is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... Norethisterone (or norethindrone) is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... Norethynodrel was the progestin used in Enovid, the first oral contraceptive. ... A progestin is a synthetic progestagen. ... A progestin is a synthetic progestagen. ... Norgestrienone is a progestogen hormone. ... Tibolone is a synthetic hormone-type drug. ... Spontaneous: Miscarriage Debate & social issues Breast cancer Â· Crime effect Crisis pregnancy centers Fetal pain Â· Religion Â· Mental health Pro-choice Â· Pro-life Selective abortion and infanticide Unsafe abortion Â· Violence History of abortion This box: Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid compound used as a pharmaceutical. ... Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. ... The androgen receptor is an intracellular steroid receptor that specifically binds testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. ... Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ... Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (Full name: 5Î±-Dihydrotestosterone, abbreviating to 5Î±-DHT; INN: androstanolone) is a biologically active metabolite of the hormone testosterone, formed primarily in the prostate gland, testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands by the enzyme 5Î±-reductase by means of reducing the Î”4,5 double-bond. ... Fluoxymesterone is an androgen hormone. ... Mesterolone is an androgen hormone. ... Methyltestosterone is a hormone used to treat men with a testosterone deficiency. ... Anabolic steroids are a class of natural and synthetic steroid hormones that promote cell growth and division, resulting in growth of muscle tissue and sometimes bone size and strength. ... An antiandrogen, or androgen antagonist, is any of a group of hormone antagonist compounds that are capable of preventing or inhibiting the biologic effects of androgens, male sex hormones, on normally responsive tissues in the body (see androgen insensitivity syndrome). ... Bicalutamide is an oral non-steroidal anti-androgen for prostate cancer. ... Cyproterone acetate (Androcur®, Cyprostat®) is an antiandrogen, i. ... Flutamide is an oral antiandrogen drug primarily used to treat prostate cancer. ... Nilutamide is an antiandrogen medication used in the treatment of advanced stage prostate cancer. ... Spironolactone (marketed as AldactoneÂ®, Novo-SpirotonÂ®, SpiractinÂ®, SpirotoneÂ®, or BerlactoneÂ®) is a synthetic 17-lactone steroid which is a renal competitive aldosterone antagonist in a class of pharmaceuticals called potassium-sparing diuretics, used primarily to treat ascites in patients with liver disease, low-renin hypertension, hypokalemia, and Conns syndrome. ... Estriol. ... The estrogen receptor is a receptor for estradiol (the main endogenous estrogen); it is located intracellularly, in parallel with other steroid hormone receptors. ... Chemical structure of estriol Estriol (also oestriol) is one of the three main estrogens produced by the human body. ... Estrone (also oestrone) is an estrogenic hormone secreted by the ovary. ... Chlorotrianisene is a synthetic estrogen. ... Dienestrol is a synthetic estrogen. ... Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a drug, a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen that was first synthesized in 1938. ... Ethinylestradiol, also ethinyl estradiol (EE), is a synthetic derivative of estradiol. ... Fosfestrol is a estrogen used as an antineoplastic agent. ... Mestranol is the 3-methyl ether of ethinylestradiol. ... Polyestradiol phosphate is an estrogen used as an antineoplastic agent. ... Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) is a class of medication that acts on the estrogen receptor. ... Bazedoxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. ... Clomifene (INN) or clomiphene (USAN and former BAN) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), used mainly in female infertility due to anovulation (e. ... Fulvestrant is a drug treatment of hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer in post-menopausal women with disease progression following anti-estrogen therapy. ... Raloxifene is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator which is used in the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. ... Tamoxifen is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator which is used in breast cancer treatment, and is currently the worlds largest selling breast cancer treatment. ... Toremifene is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which helps oppose the actions of estrogen in the body. ... Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are a class of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer in post- menopausal women. ... Aminoglutethimide is a first generation aromatase inhibitor used in the treatment of breast cancer and Cushings syndrome. ... Anastrozole (Arimidex) is a drug used to treat breast cancer in post-menopausal women. ... Exemestane (Trade name: AromasinÂ®) is an oral steroidal aromatase inhibitor used in the treatment of hormonally-responsive breast cancer. ... Formestane is an enzyme inhibitor used as an antineoplastic agent. ... Letrozole (INN, trade name FemaraÂ®) is an oral non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor that has been introduced for the adjuvant treatment of hormonally-responsive breast cancer. ... Vorozole is an enzyme inhibitor used as an antineoplastic agent. ... Gonadotropins are protein hormones secreted by gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of vertebrates. ... The follicle stimulating hormone receptor or FSH-receptor (FSHR) is a transmembrane receptor that interacts with the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and represents a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). ... The luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), also lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LCGR) is a transmembrane receptor that interacts with both luteinizing hormone (LH) and chorionic gonadotropins (such as hCG in humans) and represents a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). ... Ovulation is the process in the menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and discharges an ovum (also known as an oocyte, female gamete, or casually, an egg) that participates in reproduction. ... Clomifene (INN) or clomiphene (USAN and former BAN) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), used mainly in female infertility due to anovulation (e. ... Urofollitropin (brand names BravelleÂ®, FertinexÂ®, FollistimÂ®, and Gonal-FÂ®)is a purified form of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). ... Danazol is a derivative of the synthetic steroid ethisterone, a modified testosterone. ... Gestrinone is a synthetic steroid hormone that acts as an anti-progestin and also has some androgenic activity. ... Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GNRH1 also called LHRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. ... Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR) is a member of the seven-transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. ... A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) is a synthetic peptide modeled after the hypothalamic neurohormone GnRH that interacts with its receptor to elicit its biologic response, the release of the pituitary hormones FSH and LH. Agonists do not quickly dissociate from the GnRH receptor. ... Buserelin is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist). ... Goserelin is an injectable luteinising hormone-releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa). ... Histrelin acetate is an injectable gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist). ... Leuprolide is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist). ... Nafarelin is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist). ... Triptorelin is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist). ... A gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist) is a synthetic peptide that competes with the neurohormone GnRH for its receptor, thus decreasing or blocking GnRH action. ... Abarelix also called plenaxis is a drug used to reduce the amount of testosterone made in patients with advanced symptomatic prostate cancer for which no other treatment options are available. ... Cetrorelix acetate is an injectable gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist). ... Ganirelix acetate (or diacetate) is an injectable gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist). ...

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